Why are blue whales so enormous? - Asha de Vos

1,061,804 views ใƒป 2013-02-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
0
0
7000
ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
00:31
Blue whales are the largest animals that have ever roamed the planet.
1
31110
3420
ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ื—ื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:34
Theyโ€™re at least two times as big as the biggest dinosaursโ€”
2
34530
2920
ื”ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื -
"ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ!"
00:39
โ€œthatโ€™s big!โ€œโ€”
3
39077
1167
00:40
the length of a basketball court,
4
40244
1669
- ื›ืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ,
00:41
and as heavy as 40 African elephants.
5
41913
2878
ื•ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• 40 ืคื™ืœื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื.
00:44
If thatโ€™s not enough to make you marvel, hereโ€™s something that will.
6
44791
3378
ื•ืื ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืืชื›ื,
ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืŸ:
00:48
Theyโ€™ve grown to this enormous size
7
48586
1793
ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:50
by feeding exclusively on tiny shrimp-like creatures called krillโ€”
8
50379
4171
ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ืงืจื™ืœ"
00:58
that are no bigger than your little finger.
9
58471
2085
ืฉืื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื–ืจืช ืฉืœื›ื.
01:00
In many ways, the sheer size of krill
10
60556
2002
ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื ืจืื” ืฉืขืฆื ื’ื•ื“ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืœ
01:02
seems to have driven the evolution of the blue whale.
11
62558
2878
ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
01:08
See, krill are so small but are found in dense patches.
12
68022
3796
ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืงืจื™ืœ ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื™ื
ืืš ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื‘ืฆื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื.
01:11
For increased efficiency,
13
71984
1502
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช,
01:13
blue whales have evolved to use a feeding strategy called lunge feeding.
14
73486
3670
ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
ืœื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”
ื”ื ืงืจืืช "ืฆื™ื“ ื‘ื–ื™ื ื•ืง".
01:17
Basically, the whale accelerates towards a prey patch
15
77865
2962
ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืžืื™ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืจื‘ืฅ ื”ื˜ืจืฃ
01:20
and opens its mouth wide.
16
80827
1751
ื•ืคื•ืขืจ ืืช ืคื™ื• ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”.
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืœืช, ืคื™ื• ืžืชืจื—ื‘.
01:23
To increase the capacity, its mouth expands.
17
83037
3003
01:26
The special, accordion-like blubber layer
18
86040
2127
ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ืช ื”ืžืคื•ื—
01:28
that extends from its snout to its belly button
19
88167
2544
ืฉื ืžืฉื›ืช ืžื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื• ื•ืขื“ ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•
01:30
enables the whale to engulf large quantities of prey-laden water.
20
90711
4213
ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืกื™ ื˜ืจืฃ.
01:42
With each giant gulp,
21
102849
1418
ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ืขื ืงื™ืช,
01:44
the whale takes in 125% of its body weight in water and krill.
22
104267
5297
ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืžืข 125% ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื•ืคื•
ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ืœ.
01:50
The whale must then expel the water while retaining the yummy krill.
23
110189
3462
ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืื–ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื™ื.
01:54
To do this, it uses its baleen,
24
114110
2335
ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื•,
01:56
the comb-like structure made of the same stuff our nails and hair are made of,
25
116445
3796
ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ืžืกืจืง ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ
ืฉืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื ื• ื•ืฉืขืจื•ืชื™ื ื•,
02:00
and its tongue.
26
120825
1543
ื•ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื•.
02:08
Itโ€™s pretty crazy that the blue whaleโ€™s heart is as big as a small car,
27
128875
3962
ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ
ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”,
02:12
a child could crawl through its arteries,
28
132837
2294
ื™ืœื“ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจืงื™ื•,
02:15
its tongue weighs as much as an elephant,
29
135131
2127
ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉื•ืงืœืช ื›ืžืฉืงืœื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœ,
02:17
but its esophagus is so small,
30
137258
3003
ืืš ื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜ ืฉืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ืŸ,
02:20
the whale could choke on a loaf of bread.
31
140261
2419
ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ื ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืœื—ื.
02:23
These whales are really not designed to feed on anything larger than krill.
32
143139
3754
ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื ื•ืขื“ื•
ืœื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืงืจื™ืœ.
02:31
Itโ€™s estimated that blue whales eat four tons of krill per day.
33
151439
3503
ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื 4 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื.
02:35
Because of their incredible design,
34
155484
1711
ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
ื›ืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ
02:37
each dive provides the blue whale with 90 times as much energy as is used.
35
157195
4462
ืคื™ 90 ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื•ืฆืœืช ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื”.
02:42
Every mouthful of krill provides almost 480,000 calories,
36
162325
4588
ื›ืœ ืœื’ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืœ ืžืกืคืงืช ื›ืžืขื˜ 480,000 ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
02:46
the same amount you get from eating 1,900 hamburgers.
37
166913
4629
ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžืื›ื™ืœืช 1,900 ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจื™ื.
02:54
But, why are blue whales so big?
38
174795
2586
ืืš ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื?
02:57
Blue whales are considerably larger than the largest living land animal,
39
177506
3504
ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ
ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืคื™ืœ.
03:01
the elephant.
40
181010
1043
03:02
The heavier an animal is,
41
182303
1376
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื—ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:03
the greater its relative surface area.
42
183679
2253
ื›ืš ื’ื“ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื”.
03:06
As weight increases,
43
186307
1335
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืขื•ืœื”,
03:07
thereโ€™s a point at which the legs of that animal would simply collapse.
44
187642
4004
ื™ื’ื™ืข ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื”
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืงืจืกื•.
03:12
That explains why elephants donโ€™t stand on the delicate legs of a horse.
45
192355
4254
ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ืคื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื
ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื.
03:17
They need legs shaped like stout pedestals
46
197026
2294
ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ื ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื
03:19
to hold their bodies up against gravity.
47
199320
2377
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
03:25
In water, the situation is quite different.
48
205159
2586
ื‘ืžื™ื, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”.
03:28
Buoyancy counteracts the gravitational pull on the body
49
208204
2794
ื”ืฆื™ืคื” ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
03:30
and their great bulk is therefore partially supported by the water.
50
210998
3379
ื•ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืชืžืš ื—ืœืงื™ืช
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
03:34
So, the ocean is a great place for species that want to grow bigger.
51
214919
4087
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื ืคืœื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื
ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:39
The other secret to their size is their diet.
52
219340
2628
ืกื•ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
03:42
By evolving such a huge mouth,
53
222218
1835
ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
03:44
the whaleโ€™s have specialized to catch enormous quantities
54
224053
2878
ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืชืžื—ื• ื‘ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช
03:46
of highly abundant and nutritious prey,
55
226931
2627
ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืฃ ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื–ื™ืŸ,
03:49
which provides the energy needed to grow so big.
56
229558
3129
ืžื” ืฉืžืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
03:56
But, now maybe youโ€™re wondering why blue whales arenโ€™t any bigger?
57
236274
3837
ืืš ื›ืขืช ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื
ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ?
04:03
After all, the ocean sounds like nirvana for any growing beast.
58
243406
3795
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื”.
04:07
Well, while lunge feeding may have allowed blue whales
59
247201
2753
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฆื™ื“ ื‘ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื
04:09
to become the biggest animal to have ever roamed the planet,
60
249954
2919
ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:12
by enabling them to feed efficiently in dense prey patches,
61
252873
3421
ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืจื‘ืฆื™ ื˜ืจืฃ ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื,
04:16
it isn't cost free.
62
256294
1876
ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
04:18
Scientists compared all the costs involved with lunge feeding
63
258170
3420
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ ื‘ื–ื™ื ื•ืง
04:21
to the energy gained from the krill they eat.
64
261590
2336
ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ืžืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืงืจื™ืœ.
04:23
What they found is that when the whaleโ€™s body increases in size,
65
263926
3712
ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื“ืœ,
04:27
the energy that body demands rises faster
66
267638
2878
ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:30
than the extra energy they get from their food.
67
270516
2544
ืžืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืžืžื–ื•ื ื.
04:35
Feeding whales needs 15 times the energy required to remain still
68
275396
3921
ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฆื™ื“ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ 15 ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžื ื•ื—ื”
04:39
and 5 times more energy than used when swimming.
69
279317
3169
ื•ืœืคื™ 5 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื.
04:45
Calculations show that the largest a lunge feeder can grow is 33 meters,
70
285906
5214
ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื
ืฉื—ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืฆื“ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจืง ืขื“ 33 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
04:51
pretty much blue whale size.
71
291120
1793
ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
04:53
Turns out blue whales have a lot to thank krill for:
72
293122
2753
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืœืงืจื™ืœ:
04:55
neat, evolutionary adaptations that would not have been possible
73
295875
3128
ื”ื ืกืชื’ืœื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื
ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืื™ืœื•ืœื ื”ืงืจื™ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
04:59
if krill were not so small.
74
299003
1877
05:00
Itโ€™s incredible that these tiny creatures have allowed blue whales
75
300880
3503
ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ื”ื ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
05:04
to really push the limits of size on our planet.
76
304383
3170
ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
05:07
Makes you wonder if that old adage, โ€œyou are what you eat,โ€
77
307553
4254
ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืื ืื•ืชื” ืื™ืžืจื” ืขืชื™ืงื”,
"ื”ื ื›ื ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื,"
05:11
really does apply in blue whale world.
78
311807
3045
ืื›ืŸ ื™ืคื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7