How could so many people support Hitler? - Joseph Lacey

956,497 views ใƒป 2024-05-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: aknv tso
00:06
In Jerusalem, on April 11th, 1961,
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ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘-11 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1961,
00:10
Adolf Eichmann stood trial for crimes against humanity.
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ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
00:14
Eichmann had been a Nazi official tasked with organizing the transport
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ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคืงื™ื“ ื ืืฆื™ ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื
00:17
of over 1.5 million European Jews to ghettos and concentration camps.
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ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื’ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–.
00:22
He was popularly described as an evil mastermind
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ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžืชื›ื ืŸ-ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžืจื•ืฉืข
00:26
who orchestrated atrocities from a cushy German office,
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ืฉื ื™ืฆื— ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื–ื•ื•ืขื” ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื ื•ื— ื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
00:29
and many were eager to see the so-called โ€œdesk murdererโ€ tried for his crimes.
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช โ€œื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”โ€
ื ืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื•.
00:34
But the squeamish man who took the stand seemed more like a dull bureaucrat
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ ืฉืขืœื” ืœื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืืฉืžื™ื
ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ ืžืฉืขืžื ืžืืฉืจ ืจื•ืฆื— ืกื“ื™ืกื˜ื™.
00:37
than a sadistic killer.
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00:39
The disparity between Eichmannโ€™s nature and his actions
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ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื™ื•
00:43
was unsettling for many viewers,
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ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
00:45
but for philosopher Hannah Arendt,
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ืืš ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื—ื ื” ืืจื ื“ื˜
00:47
this contradiction inspired a disturbing revelation.
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ืžืฆืื” ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื”.
00:51
Arendt was a German Jew who fled her homeland in 1933
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ืืจื ื“ื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉื ืžืœื˜ื” ืžืžื•ืœื“ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1933,
00:55
after being briefly imprisoned by the German secret police.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื›ืœืื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช.
00:59
As a refugee in France and then the United States,
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ื›ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
01:02
she dedicated herself to understanding how the Nazi regime came to power,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžืกืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:06
and more specifically, how it inspired so many atrocities.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœืœ ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš.
01:11
A common opinion at the time was that the Third Reich was a historical oddity;
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ื“ืขื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™;
01:15
a perfect storm of uniquely evil leaders
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื•ืคื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืจื•ืฉืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:18
supported by German citizens looking for revenge
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ืฉื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ื ืงืžื”
01:21
after their defeat in World War I.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืกืชื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
01:23
But Arendt believed the true conditions behind this unprecedented rise
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ืืš ืืจื ื“ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืชืงื“ื™ื
01:27
of totalitarianism werenโ€™t specific to Germany.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
01:31
Throughout the 1950s, Arendt developed a theory of the human condition
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืืจื ื“ื˜ ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
01:35
that divided life into three facets:
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ืฉื—ื™ืœืงื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื:
01:37
laborโ€” in which we satisfy our material needs and desires;
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ื”ืขืžืœ, ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•;
01:42
workโ€” in which we build the worldโ€™s physical and cultural infrastructure;
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ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื;
01:46
and actionโ€” in which we publicly articulate our values
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ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื ืกื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•
01:50
to collectively shape the world around us.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
01:53
It was this last facet, the life of action,
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ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
01:56
that Arendt believed was under attack,
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืืจื ื“ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžืชืงืคื”,
01:58
both in Germany and many other industrialized societies.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืขืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:02
She saw modernity as an age ruled by labor,
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ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ื‘ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืžืœ ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื•,
02:05
where individuals mainly appear in the social world
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
02:07
to produce and consume goods and services
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื
02:10
rather than share ideas and shape communities.
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ื•ืœื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืขืฆื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช.
02:13
Arendt believed this had fostered societies and ideologies
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ืืจื ื“ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืคื— ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
02:17
where individuals were seen only for their economic value,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืจื›ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
02:20
rather than their moral and political capacities.
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ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
02:23
She believed this isolated people from their neighbors and their sense of self.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืžืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:27
And in her 1951 book, โ€œThe Origins of Totalitarianism,โ€
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ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืžืฉื ืช 1951, โ€œื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืชโ€œ,
02:31
Arendt argued these conditions provided fertile ground for totalitarian regimes,
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ืืจื ื“ื˜ ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื” ืกื™ืคืงื• ืงืจืงืข ืคื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื,
02:36
which use fear and violence to increase isolation
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“
02:40
and make it dangerous to publicly engage as freethinking political agents.
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ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ื›ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
02:44
In this lonely state, participating in the regime
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ
02:47
becomes the only way to recover a sense of identity and community.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
02:51
Arendt believed it was this kind of environment
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ืืจื ื“ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ืคืฉืขื™ื•.
02:54
where Eichmann committed his crimes.
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02:56
Most people expected the Jewish German philosopher
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื™ืคื• ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
02:59
to judge the ex-Nazi harshly.
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ืชืฉืคื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืืช ื”ื ืืฆื™-ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
03:01
But while she condemned his monstrous actions,
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ืืš ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ืžืคืœืฆืชื™ื™ื,
03:03
Arendt saw no evidence that Eichmann himself was uniquely evil.
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ืืจื ื“ื˜ ืœื ืจืืชื” ืฉื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืข ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:08
She saw him as a distinctly ordinary man who considered diligent obedience
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ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ื‘ื• ืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ืชื ื™ืช
03:13
the highest form of civic duty.
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ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช.
03:15
And for Arendt, it was exactly this ordinariness that was most terrifying.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืืจื ื“ื˜, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื”, ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื,
03:20
Her point wasn't just that anyone could do what Eichmann did,
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ืฉืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ ืขืฉื”,
03:23
but that his story suggested ordinary people
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ืืœื ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
03:26
could willingly accept their societal roleโ€”
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ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ -
03:28
even when it contributed to genocide.
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ื’ื ื›ืฉื–ื” ืชื•ืจื ืœืจืฆื— ืขื.
03:31
Arendt called this phenomenon โ€œthe banality of evil,โ€
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ืืจื ื“ื˜ ื›ื™ื ืชื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• โ€œื”ื‘ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืขโ€œ,
03:34
and warned that it can emerge whenever society inhibits our ability to think;
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ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘;
03:39
or more specifically, to question our beliefs and actions
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ืื• ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•
03:42
in a self-reflective internal dialogue.
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ื‘ื“ื•-ืฉื™ื— ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืขื ืขืฆืžื ื•.
03:45
Arendt believed this kind of thinking is the only way to confront moral problems,
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ืืจื ื“ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช,
03:50
and that our responsibility to self-reflect is especially important
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ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:54
when independent thought is threatened.
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืื™ื•ื.
03:56
She acknowledged that critical thinking in oppressive spaces
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื›ืื™ื
03:59
is a defiant act that requires personal courage.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ืžืชืจื™ืก ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืื•ืžืฅ ืื™ืฉื™.
04:02
But it must be done regardless,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš.
04:04
which is why Arendt still held Eichmann accountable.
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ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืืจื ื“ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:07
This thread runs throughout Arendt's work,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจื ื“ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื›ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™
04:10
where she continually insisted that thinking was our greatest weapon
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ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ืชื” ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืงื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:14
against the threats of modernity.
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ื ื’ื“ ืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช,
04:16
Namely, a relentless drive for economic and technological development
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ืื• ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืœืื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
04:21
which would increase social alienation and inhibit human freedom.
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ืฉื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:25
To foster this essential value,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคื— ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื–ื”,
04:27
Arendt believed we need to create formal and informal forums
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ืืจื ื“ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช
04:30
that allowed for open conversations about shaping our collective future.
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืฉื™ื— ืคืชื•ื— ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืขืชื™ื“ื ื• ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
04:34
These might include townhall meetings, self-governing workplaces,
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ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™
04:38
or student unions.
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ืื• ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.
04:40
But whatever shape they take,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื”ื ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืœื‘ืฉื•,
04:41
whatโ€™s most important to Arendt is that they value open dialogue
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ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืืจื ื“ื˜ ืฉืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•-ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคืชื•ื—
04:45
and critical self-reflection.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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