How could so many people support Hitler? - Joseph Lacey

1,236,749 views ・ 2024-05-09

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hwiseok Jung κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
In Jerusalem, on April 11th, 1961,
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1961λ…„ 4μ›” 11일, μ˜ˆλ£¨μ‚΄λ ˜μ—μ„œ
00:10
Adolf Eichmann stood trial for crimes against humanity.
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μ•„λŒν”„ μ•„μ΄νžˆλ§Œμ€ 반인λ₯˜μ  범죄 혐의둜 μž¬νŒμ •μ— μ„°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
Eichmann had been a Nazi official tasked with organizing the transport
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μ•„μ΄νžˆλ§Œμ€ λ‚˜μΉ˜ κ΄€λ£Œλ‘œ 150만이 λ„˜λŠ” 유럽의 μœ λŒ€μΈλ“€μ„
00:17
of over 1.5 million European Jews to ghettos and concentration camps.
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집단 거주지와 μˆ˜μš©μ†Œλ‘œ λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 것을 λ‹΄λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
He was popularly described as an evil mastermind
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κ·ΈλŠ” 독일에 μžˆλŠ” νŽΈμ•ˆν•œ 사무싀에 앉아
00:26
who orchestrated atrocities from a cushy German office,
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μž”ν˜Ή ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό κ³„νšν•œ μ•…λ‹ΉμœΌλ‘œ 유λͺ…ν–ˆκ³ ,
00:29
and many were eager to see the so-called β€œdesk murderer” tried for his crimes.
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ β€˜μ±…μƒ μ•žμ˜ μ‚΄μΈμžβ€™κ°€ μž¬νŒλ°›λŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ 보고 μ‹Άμ–΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
But the squeamish man who took the stand seemed more like a dull bureaucrat
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μž¬νŒμ •μ— μ„  κΉŒνƒˆμŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ λ‚¨μžλŠ”
가학적인 μ‚΄μΈλ§ˆλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” λ”°λΆ„ν•œ 곡무원에 κ°€κΉŒμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
than a sadistic killer.
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00:39
The disparity between Eichmann’s nature and his actions
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μ•„μ΄νžˆλ§Œμ˜ λ³Έμ„±κ³Ό 행동 사이 간극은
00:43
was unsettling for many viewers,
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ λ§ˆμŒμ„ ν”λ“€μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
00:45
but for philosopher Hannah Arendt,
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μ² ν•™μž ν•œλ‚˜ μ•„λ ŒνŠΈλŠ”
00:47
this contradiction inspired a disturbing revelation.
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이 λͺ¨μˆœμ—μ„œ λΆˆνŽΈν•œ 사싀을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
Arendt was a German Jew who fled her homeland in 1933
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독일계 μœ λŒ€μΈμΈ μ•„λ ŒνŠΈλŠ” λΉ„λ°€ κ²½μ°°μ—κ²Œ μž μ‹œ 감금된 이후
00:55
after being briefly imprisoned by the German secret police.
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1933년에 κ³ ν–₯을 λ– λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
As a refugee in France and then the United States,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ™€ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ λ‚œλ―Ό μƒν™œμ„ ν•˜λ©°,
01:02
she dedicated herself to understanding how the Nazi regime came to power,
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λ‚˜μΉ˜ μ •κΆŒμ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ꢌλ ₯을 μ–»μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€,
01:06
and more specifically, how it inspired so many atrocities.
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λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μž”ν˜Ή ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό 저지λ₯΄κ²Œ λλŠ”μ§€ μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
A common opinion at the time was that the Third Reich was a historical oddity;
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λ‹Ήμ‹œμ˜ 지배적인 μ˜κ²¬μ€ 제3 제ꡭ의 역사적 νŠΉμ΄μ„±μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
a perfect storm of uniquely evil leaders
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전둀없이 μ•…λž„ν•œ μ§€λ„μžμ™€
01:18
supported by German citizens looking for revenge
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제 1μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „ νŒ¨μ „ 이후 λ³΅μˆ˜μ‹¬μ— λΆˆνƒ„ 독일 μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ΄
01:21
after their defeat in World War I.
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μ •ν™•νžˆ 맞물린 μ†Œμš©λŒμ΄λΌλŠ” 것이죠.
01:23
But Arendt believed the true conditions behind this unprecedented rise
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„λ ŒνŠΈλŠ” μ „λ‘€μ—†λŠ” μ „μ²΄μ£Όμ˜μ˜ λΆ€ν₯ 뒀에 μˆ¨κ²¨μ§„ λ³Έμ§ˆμ€
01:27
of totalitarianism weren’t specific to Germany.
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λ…μΌλ§Œμ˜ 일이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
Throughout the 1950s, Arendt developed a theory of the human condition
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1950λ…„λŒ€μ—, μ•„λ ŒνŠΈλŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ 쑰건에 κ΄€ν•œ 이둠을 κ°œλ°œν–ˆλŠ”λ°
01:35
that divided life into three facets:
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μ΄λŠ” 삢을 μ„Έ 가지 μ–‘μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
laborβ€” in which we satisfy our material needs and desires;
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노동은 물질적 ν•„μš”μ™€ μš•κ΅¬λ₯Ό μΆ©μ‘±ν•˜λŠ” ν™œλ™μ΄κ³ ,
01:42
workβ€” in which we build the world’s physical and cultural infrastructure;
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μž‘μ—…μ€ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 물리적, 문화적인 κΈ°λ°˜μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” ν™œλ™μ΄λ©°,
01:46
and actionβ€” in which we publicly articulate our values
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ν–‰μœ„λŠ” 우리의 κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό 곡개적으둜 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” ν™œλ™μΈλ°
01:50
to collectively shape the world around us.
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μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ μ£Όλ³€ 세계λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ•„λ ŒνŠΈλŠ” λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 양상인 ν–‰μœ„κ°€
01:53
It was this last facet, the life of action,
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독일을 λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ λ§Žμ€ μ‚°μ—…ν™”λœ μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ μœ„ν˜‘λ°›κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
that Arendt believed was under attack,
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01:58
both in Germany and many other industrialized societies.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 노동이 ν˜„λŒ€ μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό μ§€λ°°ν•˜λ©°,
02:02
She saw modernity as an age ruled by labor,
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02:05
where individuals mainly appear in the social world
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개인이 아이디어λ₯Ό κ³΅μœ ν•˜κ³  곡동체λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
02:07
to produce and consume goods and services
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단지 물건과 μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
02:10
rather than share ideas and shape communities.
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μ†ŒλΉ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
Arendt believed this had fostered societies and ideologies
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μ•„λ ŒνŠΈλŠ” 개인이 도덕적이고 μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ λŠ₯λ ₯λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
02:17
where individuals were seen only for their economic value,
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경제적 κ°€μΉ˜λ‘œλ§Œ ν‰κ°€λ˜λŠ” ν˜„μ‹€μ΄
02:20
rather than their moral and political capacities.
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μ‚¬νšŒμ™€ 이데올둜기λ₯Ό μ‘°μ„±ν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
02:23
She believed this isolated people from their neighbors and their sense of self.
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이것이 이웃과 μžμ•„ μ •μ²΄μ„±μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ κ³ λ¦½μ‹œμΌ°λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
And in her 1951 book, β€œThe Origins of Totalitarianism,”
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1951년에 μΆœκ°„ν•œ 책인 β€˜μ „μ²΄μ£Όμ˜μ˜ κΈ°μ›β€™μ—μ„œλŠ”
02:31
Arendt argued these conditions provided fertile ground for totalitarian regimes,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 쑰건이 μ „μ²΄μ£Όμ˜ μ •κΆŒμ— λΉ„μ˜₯ν•œ 토양을 μ œκ³΅ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
02:36
which use fear and violence to increase isolation
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이듀은 μ‚¬νšŒμ  고립을 μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 곡포와 폭λ ₯을 μ΄μš©ν•˜κ³ 
02:40
and make it dangerous to publicly engage as freethinking political agents.
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사상이 자유둜운 μ •μΉ˜μ  κ°œμΈλ“€μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ μΈ ꡐλ₯˜λ₯Ό μœ„ν˜‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
In this lonely state, participating in the regime
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이런 μ™Έλ‘œμš΄ μƒνƒœμ—μ„œλŠ” μ •κΆŒμ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒλ§Œμ΄
02:47
becomes the only way to recover a sense of identity and community.
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μžμ•„μ™€ μ‚¬νšŒμ„±μ„ λ˜μ°ΎλŠ” μœ μΌν•œ κΈΈμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
Arendt believed it was this kind of environment
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μ•„λ ŒνŠΈλŠ” 이런 ν™˜κ²½μ΄ μ•„μ΄νžˆλ§Œμ„
02:54
where Eichmann committed his crimes.
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λ²”μ£„λ‘œ λ‚΄λͺ¬ 것이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
Most people expected the Jewish German philosopher
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 독일계 μœ λŒ€μΈ μ² ν•™μžκ°€
02:59
to judge the ex-Nazi harshly.
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λ‚˜μΉ˜μ˜€λ˜ 자λ₯Ό κ°€ν˜Ήν•˜κ²Œ ν‰κ°€ν•˜λ¦¬λΌ μ˜ˆμƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
But while she condemned his monstrous actions,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ•„μ΄νžˆλ§Œμ˜ μ•…λž„ν•œ ν–‰μœ„λŠ” λΉ„λ‚œν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
03:03
Arendt saw no evidence that Eichmann himself was uniquely evil.
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그의 본질이 μ‚¬μ•…ν•˜λ‹€κ³  ν‰κ°€ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ„±μ‹€ν•œ 볡쒅이 μ‹œλ―Όμ˜ 의무 쀑 κ°€μž₯ 높은 ν˜•νƒœλΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•œ,
03:08
She saw him as a distinctly ordinary man who considered diligent obedience
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μœ λ‚œνžˆ ν‰λ²”ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λΌ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
the highest form of civic duty.
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03:15
And for Arendt, it was exactly this ordinariness that was most terrifying.
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μ•„λ ŒνŠΈκ°€ κ°€μž₯ λ‘λ €μ›Œν•œ 것은 λ°”λ‘œ 이 ν‰λ²”ν•¨μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
Her point wasn't just that anyone could do what Eichmann did,
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μš”μ μ€ λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ μ•„μ΄νžˆλ§Œμ²˜λŸΌ 될 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
but that his story suggested ordinary people
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그의 이야기λ₯Ό 톡해 ν‰λ²”ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
03:26
could willingly accept their societal roleβ€”
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λŒ€λŸ‰ 학살에 κ°€λ‹΄ν•˜κ²Œ 됨에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
03:28
even when it contributed to genocide.
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기꺼이 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•  κ°€λŠ₯성을 λ³Έ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
Arendt called this phenomenon β€œthe banality of evil,”
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μ•„λ ŒνŠΈλŠ” 이 ν˜„μƒμ„ β€˜μ•…μ˜ 평범성’이라 λΆ€λ₯΄λ©°
03:34
and warned that it can emerge whenever society inhibits our ability to think;
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우리의 μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” νž˜μ„ μ‚¬νšŒκ°€ μ œμ–΄ν•  λ•Œ,
03:39
or more specifically, to question our beliefs and actions
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특히 μžμ‹ μ˜ 신념과 행동을 μ„±μ°°ν•˜κ³  μ˜λ¬Έμ„ ν’ˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ–΅μ œν•  λ•Œ
03:42
in a self-reflective internal dialogue.
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μ–Έμ œλ“  λ“±μž₯ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  κ²½κ³ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
Arendt believed this kind of thinking is the only way to confront moral problems,
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μ•„λ ŒνŠΈλŠ” 이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 생각이 도덕적 문제λ₯Ό μ§λ©΄ν•˜λŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 방법이며
03:50
and that our responsibility to self-reflect is especially important
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독립적인 생각이 μœ„ν˜‘λ°›μ„ λ•Œ
μžμ‹ μ˜ 내적 성찰에 λŒ€ν•œ 응닡이 특히 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
when independent thought is threatened.
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03:56
She acknowledged that critical thinking in oppressive spaces
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 얡압적인 κ³΅κ°„μ—μ„œ λΉ„νŒμ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬κ³ ν•˜λŠ” 것은
03:59
is a defiant act that requires personal courage.
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개인적 μš©κΈ°κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•œ λ°˜ν•­μ  ν–‰λ™μœΌλ‘œ λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
But it must be done regardless,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ μƒν™©μ—μ„œλ„ μ‹€ν˜„λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λ©°,
04:04
which is why Arendt still held Eichmann accountable.
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이것이 κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ•„μ΄νžˆλ§Œμ—κ²Œ μ±…μž„μ„ 물은 μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
This thread runs throughout Arendt's work,
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μ΄λŠ” ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ μœ„ν˜‘μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³΄μœ ν•œ κ°€μž₯ 쒋은 λ¬΄κΈ°λŠ”
04:10
where she continually insisted that thinking was our greatest weapon
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μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것이라고 μ§€μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 연ꡬλ₯Ό κ΄€ν†΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
against the threats of modernity.
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04:16
Namely, a relentless drive for economic and technological development
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ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ μœ„ν˜‘μ€ μ‚¬νšŒμ  고립을 μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚€λ©° μΈκ°„μ˜ 자유λ₯Ό μ œν•œν•˜λŠ”
04:21
which would increase social alienation and inhibit human freedom.
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κ²½μ œμ™€ 기술 λ°œμ „μ— λŒ€ν•œ 꺾이지 μ•ŠλŠ” μΆ©λ™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
To foster this essential value,
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μ•„λ ŒνŠΈλŠ” 이 ν•„μˆ˜μ  κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό κΈ°λ₯΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
04:27
Arendt believed we need to create formal and informal forums
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우리의 집단적 미래λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•œ
04:30
that allowed for open conversations about shaping our collective future.
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곡식 비곡식 μ—΄λ¦° λŒ€ν™” λ§ˆλ‹Ήμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
These might include townhall meetings, self-governing workplaces,
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μ΄λŠ” κ°„λ‹΄νšŒλ‚˜ 개인의 μž‘μ—… 곡간,
04:38
or student unions.
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λ˜λŠ” 학생 연합도 포함할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
But whatever shape they take,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–€ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ λŒ€ν™” λ§ˆλ‹Ήμ΄λ“ 
04:41
what’s most important to Arendt is that they value open dialogue
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μ•„λ ŒνŠΈκ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•œ 것은
μ—΄λ¦° λŒ€ν™”μ™€ λΉ„νŒμ  성찰을 μ‘΄μ€‘ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
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and critical self-reflection.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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