The pharaoh that wouldn't be forgotten - Kate Green

4,636,626 views ใƒป 2014-12-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Three and a half thousand years ago in Egypt,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื,
00:10
a noble pharaoh was the victim of a violent attack.
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ืคืจืขื” ืืฆื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืคื” ืืœื™ืžื”.
00:14
But the attack was not physical.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
00:16
This royal had been dead for 20 years.
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ื”ืืฆื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ 20 ืฉื ื”.
00:19
The attack was historical,
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ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช,
00:21
an act of damnatio memoriae, the damnation of memory.
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ืืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื ื˜ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืจื™ืื”, ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
00:26
Somebody smashed the pharaoh's statues,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื™ืคืฅ ืืช ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื”,
00:29
took a chisel and attempted to erase the pharaoh's name and image from history.
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ืœืงื— ืื–ืžืœ ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื” ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ืžื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:35
Who was this pharaoh, and what was behind the attack?
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ืžื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื”?
00:39
Here's the key:
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืคืชื—:
00:40
the pharaoh Hatshepsut was a woman.
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ื”ืคืจืขื” ื—ื˜ืฉืคืกื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ืฉื”.
00:44
In the normal course of things, she should never have been pharaoh.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืจืขื”.
00:48
Although it was legal for a woman to be a monarch,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
00:50
it disturbed some essential Egyptian beliefs.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื›ืžื” ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
00:54
Firstly, the pharaoh was known as the living embodiment
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื’ื™ืœื•ื ื—ื™
00:57
of the male god Horus.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ืก.
01:00
Secondly, disturbance to the tradition of rule by men
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
01:04
was a serious challenge to Maat,
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ื”ื™ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืžืืื˜,
01:07
a word for "truth," expressing a belief in order and justice,
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ืžื™ืœื” ืœ"ืืžืช" ืฉืžื‘ื™ืขื” ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื•ืฆื“ืง,
01:11
vital to the Egyptians.
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื.
01:13
Hatshepsut had perhaps tried to adapt
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ื—ื˜ืฉืคืกื•ื˜ ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืืžืฅ
01:16
to this belief in the link between order and patriarchy through her titles.
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ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืืจื™ื ืฉืœื”.
01:20
She took the name Maatkare,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ืžืืื˜ืงืจื”,
01:22
and sometimes referred to herself
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœืขืฆืžื”
01:24
as Hatshepsu, with a masculine word ending.
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ื›ื—ื˜ืฉืคืกื•, ืขื ืกื™ื•ืžืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช.
01:28
But apparently, these efforts didn't convince everyone,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืืช ื›ื•ืœื,
01:31
and perhaps someone erased Hatshepsut's image
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื—ืง ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ืฉืคืกื•ื˜
01:34
so that the world would forget the disturbance to Maat,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉื›ื— ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืžืืื˜,
01:37
and Egypt could be balanced again.
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ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื–ื ืช.
01:40
Hatshepsut, moreover, was not the legitimate heir to the thrown,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื—ื˜ืฉืคืกื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:44
but a regent, a kind of stand-in co-monarch.
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ืืœื ืขื•ืฆืจืช, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื.
01:48
The Egyptian kingship traditionally passed from father to son.
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ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ.
01:51
It passed from Thutmose I to his son Thutmose II,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืชื•ื˜ืžื•ื– ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื• ืชื•ื˜ืžื•ื– ื”ืฉื ื™,
01:56
Hatshepsut's husband.
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ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ืฉืคืกื•ื˜.
01:57
It should have passed from Thutmose II directly to his son Thutmose III,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื˜ืžื•ื– ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื• ืชื•ื˜ืžื•ื– ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
02:02
but Thutmose III was a little boy when his father died.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ื˜ืžื•ื– ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ืžืช.
02:06
Hatshepsut, the dead pharaoh's chief wife and widow,
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ื—ื˜ืฉืคืกื•ื˜ , ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืืœืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ืžืช,
02:10
stepped in to help as her stepson's regent
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ื ื›ื ืกื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื›ืขื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืจื’
02:13
but ended up ruling beside him as a fully fledged pharaoh.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื˜ื” ืœื™ื“ื• ื›ืคืจืขื” ืžืœืื”.
02:18
Perhaps Thutmose III was angry about this.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื˜ืžื•ื– ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ื–ื”.
02:20
Perhaps he was the one who erased her images.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉืžื—ืง ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื”.
02:23
It's also possible that someone wanted to dishonor Hatshepsut
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจืฆื” ืœื—ืœืœ ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ืฉืคืกื•ื˜
02:26
because she was a bad pharaoh.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืจืขื” ืจืขื”.
02:28
But the evidence suggests she was actually pretty good.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
02:32
She competently fulfilled the traditional roles of the office.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื”.
02:35
She was a great builder.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
02:37
Her mortuary temple, Djeser-Djeseru,
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ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื’'ืกืจ-ื’'ืกืจื•,
02:39
was an architectural phenomenon at the time
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ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
02:42
and is still admired today.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขืจืฅ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:44
She enhanced the economy of Egypt,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื,
02:46
conducting a very successful trade mission to the distant land of Punt.
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ื•ืขืจื›ื” ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืžืกื—ืจ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืคื•ื ื˜.
02:51
She had strong religious connections.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
02:53
She even claimed to be the daughter of the state god, Amun.
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ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืžื•ืŸ.
02:57
And she had a successful military career, with a Nubian campaign,
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืงืจื™ื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช, ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื” ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช,
03:02
and claims she fought alongside her soldiers in battle.
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ื•ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื ืœื—ืžื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘.
03:06
Of course, we have to be careful when we assess the success
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
03:09
of Hatshepsut's career,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ืฉืคืกื•ื˜,
03:11
since most of the evidence was written by Hatshepsut herself.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื˜ืฉืคืกื•ื˜ ืขืฆืžื”.
03:15
She tells her own story in pictures and writing
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘
03:18
on the walls of her mortuary temple
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ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื”
03:20
and the red chapel she built for Amun.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืœืืžื•ืŸ,
03:23
So who committed the crimes against Hatshepsut's memory?
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ืื– ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ืฉืคืกื•ื˜?
03:27
The most popular suspect is her stepson, nephew and co-ruler, Thutmose III.
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ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืจื’, ื”ืื—ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืชื•ื˜ืžื•ื– ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
03:32
Did he do it out of anger because she stole his throne?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืžื›ืขืก ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”?
03:35
This is unlikely since the damage wasn't done
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ื–ื” ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื–ืง ืœื ื ืขืฉื”
03:38
until 20 years after Hatshepsut died.
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ืขื“ ืœ 20 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ืฉืคืกื•ื˜.
03:41
That's a long time to hang onto anger and then act in a rage.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื›ืขืก ื•ืื– ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื–ืขื.
03:46
Maybe Thutmose III did it to make his own reign look stronger.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื˜ืžื•ื– ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:49
But it is most likely that he or someone else erased the images
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืžื—ืง ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช
03:53
so that people would forget that a woman ever sat on Egypt's throne.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ืฉืื™ืฉื” ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื›ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™.
03:58
This gender anomaly was simply too much of a threat to Maat
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ื—ืจื™ื’ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืืื˜
04:02
and had to be obliterated from history.
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืžื—ืง ืžื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
04:05
Happily, the ancient censors were not quite thorough enough.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
04:09
Enough evidence survived for us to piece together what happened,
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”,
04:13
so the story of this unique powerful woman can now be told.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคืจืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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