The rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire - Marian H Feldman

3,077,281 views ใƒป 2018-04-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
Before the sun never set on the British Empire,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืงืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช,
00:09
before Genghis Khan swept the steppe,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื’'ื™ื ื’'ืก ื—'ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ,
00:12
before Rome extended its influence to encircle the Mediterranean Sea,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืจื•ืžื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:17
there was ancient Assyria.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืืฉื•ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
00:20
Considered by historians to be the first true empire,
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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
00:24
Assyriaโ€™s innovations laid the groundwork for every superpower thatโ€™s followed.
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ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืฆืžืช-ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืื” ืื—ืจื™ื”.
00:29
At its height, in the 7th century BCE,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืื”, ื‘ืžืื” ื” 7 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:31
the Assyrian Empire stretched across modern Iraq,
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ืช ื ืคืจืฉื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืขื™ืจืง,
00:35
Syria,
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ืกื•ืจื™ื”,
00:36
Lebanon,
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ,
00:37
Israel,
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ื™ืฉืจืืœ,
00:38
and parts of Turkey,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืชื•ืจื›ื™ื”,
00:40
Iran,
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00:40
and Egypt.
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ืื™ืจืืŸ,
ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื.
00:42
Its wonders included a vast library and large botanical and zoological park.
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ืคืœืื™ื” ื›ืœืœื• ืกืคืจื™ื”ื• ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:47
But the story of Assyriaโ€™s rise to dominance began many centuries earlier,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
00:51
in the Late Bronze Age, in a city called Ashur.
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ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืืฉื•ืจ.
00:55
Ashur was a tin and textiles trading center
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ืืฉื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืจื›ื– ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ
00:59
located along the Tigris River in northern Iraq.
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ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืก ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง.
01:02
It shared its name with a god thought to be an embodiment of the city
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืงื” ืืช ืฉืžื” ืขื ืืœ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ
01:06
and later of the entire empire.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”.
01:08
For the administration-minded Assyrians, politics and religion were closely linked.
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ืœืืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื.
01:14
Around 1300 BCE, a high priest named Ashur-uballit I took the title of king
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 1300 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื›ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืืฉื•ืจ ืื•ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื”- 1 ืœืงื— ืืช ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืžืœืš
01:21
and initiated a tradition of military campaigns,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื,
01:24
effectively transforming Assyria from a city-state to a territorial state.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืขื™ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช.
01:30
This meant that a single administrative entity
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
01:33
oversaw many places, cultures, and peoples.
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ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:36
For the next 150 years, Assyria extended its reach and thrived.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืฉื’ืฉื’ื”.
01:44
In the 12th century BCE,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 12 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
01:46
a mysterious catastrophe that still bewilders archaeologists
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ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
01:49
caused the Assyrians to lose much of their territory.
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ื’ืจืžื” ืœืืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:53
A few hundred years later, however,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื ื–ืืช,
01:55
Assyrian kings began a new round of conquests.
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ืžืœื›ื™ื ืืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืกื‘ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื.
01:59
This time, they honed their administrative system
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ื”ืคืขื, ื”ื ื”ืฉื—ื™ื–ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:02
into an empire that would last generations.
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ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืฉืชืฉืจื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
02:05
Assyrians were military innovators and merciless conquerors.
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ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ืžืœื”.
02:09
During their conquests,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
02:11
they used siege tactics and cruel punishments for those who opposed them,
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื ืœืืœื” ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื”ื,
02:15
including impalement and flaying.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ื“ ื•ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืขื•ืจ.
02:19
The growth of their empire was due, in part,
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ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื™ื•ื—ืกื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช,
02:22
to their strategy of deporting local populations,
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ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื™ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
02:25
then shifting them around the empire to fulfill different needs.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื–ื–ืชืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:29
This broke peoplesโ€™ bonds with their homelands
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ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืื
02:31
and severed loyalties among local groups.
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ื•ืงื˜ืข ื ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
02:34
Once the Assyrians conquered an area,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืื–ื•ืจ,
02:36
they built cities connected by well-maintained royal roads.
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืขืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
02:40
Often, when a new king came to power, he would build a new capital.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ืฉืžืœืš ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
02:44
With each move, new palaces and temples were erected and lavishly decorated.
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื•ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืคืข.
02:49
Although kings claimed absolute power,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืœื›ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™,
02:51
we know that an extensive system of courtiers,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
02:54
provincial officials,
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ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
02:55
and scholars influenced affairs.
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ื•ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:58
At least one woman, Sammuramat, ruled the kingdom.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช, ืกืžื™ืจืืžื™ืก [ืฉืžื•ืจืืžืช], ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื”.
03:02
Assyrian rulers celebrated their military excursions
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ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื’ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
03:05
by having representations of their exploits
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
03:07
carved into the walls of their newly built palaces.
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ื‘ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:11
But despite the picture of a ruthless war state projected by these records,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ืกืจืช ื—ืžืœื” ืฉื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืจืื™ื,
03:15
the Assyrian kings were also interested in the cultural traditions of the region,
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ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ,
03:20
especially those of Babylonia, a separate state to the south.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ืœืœ, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื.
03:24
Babylonia had been a cultural leader for millennia,
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ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
03:27
stretching back to the beginning of writing
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ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื‘
03:29
at the end of the 4th millennium BCE.
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:32
Assyria saw itself as the inheritor and protector of this tradition.
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ืืฉื•ืจ ืจืืชื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื™ื•ืจืฉืช ื•ื›ืžื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื•.
03:37
Assyrian rulers supported scholars
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ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
03:39
in specialties ranging from medicine to magic,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืขื• ืžืจืคื•ืื” ืœืงืกื,
03:42
and the capital cities, like Ninevah,
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ื•ืขืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื ื•ื”,
03:44
were home to elaborate parks and gardens
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคืืจืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื’ื ื™ื
03:47
that housed plants and animals from around the empire.
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ืฉืฉื™ื›ื ื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”.
03:51
One of Assyriaโ€™s final rulers, Ashurbanipal,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฉื•ืจ, ืืฉื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืคืœ,
03:55
sent scholars throughout Babylonia to gather up and copy ancient literary works.
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ืฉืœื— ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
04:00
Ashurbanipalโ€™s library took the form of clay tablets
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ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืฉื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืคืœ ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื›ืžืื’ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ืžืจ
04:05
inscribed with cuneiform in the languages of Akkadian and Sumerian.
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ื—ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื›ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื.
04:09
The library was lost during the final sack of Ninevah in 612 BCE.
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ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื ื•ื” ื‘ 612 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:15
But thanks to a 19th century archaeological excavation,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19,
04:19
many masterpieces of ancient literature,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”,
04:21
including the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Babylonian Creation Epic,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืืคื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ ื•ื”ืืคื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื‘ืœ,
04:25
survive today.
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ืฉืจื“ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:27
After centuries of rule,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:30
the Assyrian Empire fell to the Babylonians and Medes
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ืช ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื“ื™
04:33
between 612 and 609 BCE.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 612 ื• 609 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:37
Yet the innovations that theย Assyriansย  pioneered live on.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื.
04:41
Their emphasis on constant innovation,
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ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
04:43
efficient administration,
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ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื™ืขื™ืœ,
04:45
and excellent infrastructure
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ื•ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืžืขื•ืœื”
04:47
set the standard for every empire thatโ€™s followed them in the region
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ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ืืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืื—ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ
04:50
and across the globe.
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ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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