How fast can a vaccine be made? - Dan Kwartler

1,074,528 views ใƒป 2020-06-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืžื™ื›ืœ ืกืœืžืŸ ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
When a new pathogen emerges,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
00:08
our bodies and healthcare systems are left vulnerable.
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ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื.
00:12
In times like these, thereโ€™s an urgent need for a vaccine
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
00:16
to create widespread immunity with minimal loss of life.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขื ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™.
00:19
So how quickly can we develop vaccines when we need them most?
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ืื– ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื— ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”?
00:23
Vaccine development can generally be split into three phases.
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ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื—ืœืง ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื.
00:27
In exploratory research, scientists experiment with different approaches
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืฉ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
00:32
to find safe and replicable vaccine designs.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉื›ืคื•ืœ.
00:35
Once these are vetted in the lab, they enter clinical testing,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืœื” ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช,
00:39
where vaccines are evaluated for safety, efficacy, and side effects
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ืฉื ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™
00:44
across a variety of populations.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช.
00:47
Finally, thereโ€™s manufacturing,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
00:49
where vaccines are produced and distributed for public use.
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
00:53
Under regular circumstances, this process takes an average of 15 to 20 years.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 15 ืขื“ 20 ืฉื ื”.
00:59
But during a pandemic, researchers employ numerous strategies
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
01:03
to move through each stage as quickly as possible.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
01:06
Exploratory research is perhaps the most flexible.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืฉืœื‘ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:09
The goal of this stage is to find a safe way
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ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”
01:12
to introduce our immune system to the virus or bacteria.
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ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
01:16
This gives our body the information it needs to create antibodies
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ืœื’ื•ืคื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื
01:21
capable of fighting a real infection.
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ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™.
01:24
There are many ways to safely trigger this immune response,
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
01:27
but generally, the most effective designs are also the slowest to produce.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
01:33
Traditional attenuated vaccines create long lasting resilience.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš.
01:37
But they rely on weakened viral strains
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ืืš ื”ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื
01:39
that must be cultivated in non-human tissue over long periods of time.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื˜ืคื— ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืจืงืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.
01:44
Inactivated vaccines take a much faster approach,
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ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
01:47
directly applying heat, acid, or radiation to weaken the pathogen.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื, ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืื• ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ.
01:53
Sub-unit vaccines, that inject harmless fragments of viral proteins,
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ืชืช-ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื™ื,
01:58
can also be created quickly.
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ื’ื ืื•ืชื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:00
But these faster techniques produce less robust resilience.
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื”, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง.
02:05
These are just three of many vaccine designs,
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ืืœื” ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
02:08
each with their own pros and cons.
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:10
No single approach is guaranteed to work,
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ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ืฉืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื›ื™ ืชืขื‘ื•ื“,
02:13
and all of them require time-consuming research.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžื—ืงืจ, ืฉื ืžืฉื›ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
02:16
So the best way to speed things up is for many labs
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
02:20
to work on different models simultaneously.
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ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
02:23
This race-to-the-finish strategy
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ "ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืœืงื• ื”ื’ืžืจ"
02:25
produced the first testable Zika vaccine in 7 months,
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ื™ืฆืจื” ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืชื•ืš 7 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
02:29
and the first testable COVID-19 vaccine in just 42 days.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ COVID-19 ืชื•ืš 42 ื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:35
Being testable doesnโ€™t mean these vaccines will be successful.
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ื‘"ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ" ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื•.
02:39
But models that are deemed safe and easily replicable
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
02:42
can move into clinical testing while other labs continue exploring alternatives.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉืืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช.
02:47
Whether a testable vaccine is produced in four months or four years,
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ื’ื ืื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš 4 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• 4 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:51
the next stage is often the longest and most unpredictable stage of development.
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
02:56
Clinical testing consists of three phases, each containing multiple trials.
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
03:02
Phase I trials focus on the intensity of the triggered immune response,
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ 1 ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœืช,
03:07
and try to establish that the vaccine is safe and effective.
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ.
03:10
Phase II trials focus on determining the right dosage and delivery schedule
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ 2 ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
03:15
across a wider population.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:17
And Phase III trials determine safety
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ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ 3 ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
03:19
across the vaccineโ€™s primary use population,
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”,
03:23
while also identifying rare side effects and negative reactions.
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ืชื•ืš ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
03:27
Given the number of variables and the focus on long-term safety,
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ืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ื•ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
03:31
itโ€™s incredibly difficult to speed up clinical testing.
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:35
In extreme circumstances, researchers run multiple trials
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื
03:39
within one phase at the same time.
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
03:41
But they still need to meet strict safety criteria before moving on.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืงืคื“ื ื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื.
03:46
Occasionally, labs can expedite this process by leveraging
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื–ืจื– ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ
03:49
previously approved treatments.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:52
In 2009, researchers adapted the seasonal flu vaccine to treat H1N1โ€”
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘-H1N1,
03:58
producing a widely available vaccine in just six months.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืชื•ืš ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:03
However, this technique only works when dealing with familiar pathogens
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื
04:08
that have well-established vaccine designs.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
04:11
After a successful Phase III trial, a national regulatory authority
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืฉืœื‘ 3 ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื, ืจืฉื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
04:16
reviews the results and approves safe vaccines for manufacturing.
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ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ืžืืฉืจืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
04:21
Every vaccine has a unique blend of biological and chemical components
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
04:25
that require a specialized pipeline to produce.
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ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
04:29
To start production as soon as the vaccine is approved,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
04:32
manufacturing plans must be designed in parallel to research and testing.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
04:37
This requires constant coordination between labs and manufacturers,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืชื™ืื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื,
04:42
as well as the resources to adapt to sudden changes in vaccine designโ€”
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื -
04:46
even if that means scrapping months of work.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
04:50
Over time, advances in exploratory research and manufacturing
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ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
04:54
should make this process faster.
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ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืœืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:56
Preliminary studies suggest that future researchers
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
04:59
may be able to swap genetic material from different viruses
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
05:03
into the same vaccine design.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
05:06
These DNA and mRNA based vaccines could dramatically expedite
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ DNA ื•-mRNA ืืœื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ืจื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™
05:11
all three stages of vaccine production.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
05:13
But until such breakthroughs arrive,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืฉืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื›ืืœื” ื™ื’ื™ืขื•,
05:15
our best strategy is for labs around the world to cooperate
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื”
05:19
and work in parallel on different approaches.
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ื•ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
05:22
By sharing knowledge and resources,
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
05:24
scientists can divide and conquer any pathogen.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื•ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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