How to perform brain surgery without making a single cut - Hyunsoo Joshua No

264,990 views ใƒป 2020-09-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Every year, tens of thousands of people world-wide have brain surgery
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืžื•ื—
00:11
without a single incision:
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ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืชืš ื‘ื•ื“ื“:
00:14
thereโ€™s no scalpel, no operating table, and the patient loses no blood.
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ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืžืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื“ื.
00:19
Instead, this procedure takes place in a shielded room
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ
00:23
with a large machine that emits invisible beams of light
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ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืžืฉื“ืจืช ื’ืœื™ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื
00:28
at a precise target inside the brain.
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ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
00:31
This treatment is called stereotactic radiosurgery,
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืงืจื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืจื“ื™ื• ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ืงื˜ื™,
00:35
and those light beams are beams of radiation:
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ื•ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืงืจื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื”:
00:39
their task is to destroy tumors by gradually scrubbing away malignant cells.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”.
00:45
For patients, the process begins with a CT-scan,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืกืจื™ืงืช ืกื™ ื˜ื™,
00:49
a series of x-rays that produce a three-dimensional map of the head.
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ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืคื” ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
ื–ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
00:54
This reveals the precise location, size, and shape of the tumor within.
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00:59
The CT-scans also help to calculate something called "Hounsfield Units,"
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ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืกื™ ื˜ื™ ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื โ€œื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ืกืคื™ืœื“,โ€
01:05
which show the densities of different tissues.
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ืฉืžืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:08
This offers information about how radiation
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”
01:11
will propagate through the brain, to better optimize its effects.
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ืชื—ื“ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื—, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:15
Doctors might also use magnetic resonance imaging, or MRIโ€™s,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืื• MRI,
01:20
that produce finer images of soft tissue,
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืช,
01:23
to assist in better outlining a tumorโ€™s shape and location.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
01:28
Mapping its precise position and size is crucial
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ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
01:31
because of the high doses of radiation needed to treat tumors.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
01:36
Radiosurgery depends on the use of multiple beams.
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ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:40
Individually, each delivers a low dose of radiation.
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ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื”.
01:44
But, like several stage lights converging on the same point
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื”
01:48
to create a bright and inescapable spotlight, when combined,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื,
ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
01:53
the rays of radiation collectively produce enough power to destroy tumors.
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01:58
In addition to enabling doctors to target tumors in the brain
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
02:02
while leaving the surrounding healthy tissue relatively unharmed,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืœื ืคื’ื™ืขื”,
02:05
the use of multiple beams also gives doctors flexibility.
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื.
02:09
They can optimize the best angles and routes through brain tissue
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจืš ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—
02:14
to reach the target and adjust the intensity within each beam
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืงืจืŸ
02:18
as necessary.
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ.
02:19
This helps spare critical structures within the brain.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื—ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
02:22
But what exactly does this ingenious approach do to the tumors in question?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ?
02:28
When several beams of radiation intersect to strike a mass of cancerous cells,
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ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื,
02:33
their combined force essentially shears the cellsโ€™ DNA,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืข ืืช ื” DNA ืฉืœ ื”ืชื,
02:38
causing a breakdown in the cellsโ€™ structure.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืชื.
02:41
Over time, this process cascades into destroying the whole tumor.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืžืฉืš ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
02:46
Indirectly, the rays also damage the area immediately surrounding the DNA,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื’ื ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื” DNA,
02:51
creating unstable particles called free radicals.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื.
02:55
This generates a hazardous microenvironment
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช
02:58
thatโ€™s inhospitable to the tumor,
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ืฉืœื ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
03:00
as well as some healthy cells in the immediate vicinity.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื›ืžื” ืชืื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.
03:03
The risk of harming non-cancerous tissue is reduced
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ืœื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื—ืช
03:07
by keeping the radiation beam coverage
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”
03:09
as close to the exact shape of the tumor as possible.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
03:14
Once radiosurgery treatment has destroyed the tumorโ€™s cells,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
03:18
the bodyโ€™s natural cleaning mechanism kicks in.
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03:21
The immune system rapidly sweeps up the husks of dead cells
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื ืงื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื
03:25
to flush them out of the body, while other cells transform into scar tissue.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืจืงืžืช ืฆืœืงืช.
03:30
Despite its innovations, radiosurgery isnโ€™t always the primary choice
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช
03:35
for all brain cancer treatments.
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ืœื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—.
03:37
For starters, itโ€™s typically reserved for smaller tumors.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:41
Radiation also has a cumulative effect,
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ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช,
03:44
meaning that earlier doses can overlap with those delivered later on.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ืคื•ืฃ ืœืืœื• ืฉื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืื– ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื
03:49
So patients with recurrent tumors
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03:51
may have limitations with future radiosurgery treatments.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืจื“ื™ื•.
03:55
But these disadvantages weigh up against some much larger benefits.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืฉืงืœื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:00
For several types of brain tumors,
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ืœื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื—,
04:02
radiosurgery can be as successful as traditional brain surgery
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ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืžื•ื— ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื
04:06
at destroying cancerous cells.
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ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
04:08
In tumors called meningiomas, recurrence is found to be equal, or lower,
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ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืžื ื™ื ื’ื™ื•ืžื”, ื—ื–ืจื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช,
04:13
when the patient undergoes radiosurgery.
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืจื“ื™ื•.
04:16
And compared to traditional surgeryโ€”
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ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื --
04:18
often a painful experience with a long recovery periodโ€”
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืขื ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืืจื•ื›ื” --
04:21
radiosurgery is generally pain-free,
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ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื›ืื‘,
04:24
and often requires little to no recovery time.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœืžื” ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
04:28
Brain tumors arenโ€™t the only target for this type of treatment:
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื— ื”ื ืœื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ:
04:32
its concepts have been put to use on tumors of the lungs, liver, and pancreas.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื›ื‘ื“, ื•ืœื‘ืœื‘.
04:37
Meanwhile, doctors are experimenting with using it to treat conditions
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืชื ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื
04:41
such as Parkinsonโ€™s disease, epilepsy, and obsessive compulsive disorder.
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ื›ืžื• ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืคืกื™ื”, ื•ื”ืคืจืขื” ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื˜ื•ืจื“ื ื™ืช.
04:46
The pain of a cancer diagnosis can be devastating,
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ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืง,
04:49
but advancements in these non-invasive procedures
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœื ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:52
are paving a pathway for a more gentle cure.
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ืกื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžืจืคื ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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