How to perform brain surgery without making a single cut - Hyunsoo Joshua No

255,137 views

2020-09-28 ・ TED-Ed


New videos

How to perform brain surgery without making a single cut - Hyunsoo Joshua No

255,137 views ・ 2020-09-28

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

κ²€ν† : Hyeona Seo
00:06
Every year, tens of thousands of people world-wide have brain surgery
0
6962
4958
맀년 μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ 수만 λͺ…이
절개λ₯Ό μ „ν˜€ ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ λ„ λ‡Œ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ λ°›λŠ”λ°
00:11
without a single incision:
1
11920
2280
00:14
there’s no scalpel, no operating table, and the patient loses no blood.
2
14200
5340
수술용 λ©”μŠ€λ‚˜ μˆ˜μˆ λŒ€λ„ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  ν™˜μžκ°€ ν”Όλ₯Ό ν˜λ¦¬λŠ” 일도 μ—†μ£ .
00:19
Instead, this procedure takes place in a shielded room
3
19540
4101
λŒ€μ‹  이 μˆ˜μˆ μ€ μ™„μ „νžˆ 차폐된 λ°©μ—μ„œ 이루어지고
00:23
with a large machine that emits invisible beams of light
4
23641
4532
μ»€λ‹€λž€ 기계가 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” 빛을 λ‚΄λΏœμ–΄
00:28
at a precise target inside the brain.
5
28173
3320
λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ˜ λͺ©ν‘œλ¬Όμ„ μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ‘°μ€€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
This treatment is called stereotactic radiosurgery,
6
31493
4000
이 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ€ μ •μœ„ 방사선 수술이라 λΆ€λ₯΄λ©°
00:35
and those light beams are beams of radiation:
7
35493
3830
κ·Έ 빛은 방사선이고,
00:39
their task is to destroy tumors by gradually scrubbing away malignant cells.
8
39323
6060
방사선은 μ•…μ„± 세포λ₯Ό μ„œμ„œνžˆ μ œκ±°ν•΄μ„œ 쒅양을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λŠ” 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
For patients, the process begins with a CT-scan,
9
45383
3760
ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ CT κ²€μ‚¬λ‘œ 이 과정을 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ”λ°
00:49
a series of x-rays that produce a three-dimensional map of the head.
10
49143
4870
일련의 μ—‘μŠ€λ ˆμ΄ 촬영으둜 머리의 μž…μ²΄ 지도λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이둜써 λ‚΄λΆ€ μ’…μ–‘μ˜ μ •ν™•ν•œ μœ„μΉ˜, 크기, ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
This reveals the precise location, size, and shape of the tumor within.
11
54013
5641
00:59
The CT-scans also help to calculate something called "Hounsfield Units,"
12
59654
5394
CT κ²€μ‚¬λ‘œ β€˜ν•˜μš΄μŠ€ν•„λ“œ λ‹¨μœ„β€™λΌ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 것을 계산할 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°
01:05
which show the densities of different tissues.
13
65048
3270
μ΄λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‘°μ§λ“€μ˜ 밀도λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μˆ˜μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
This offers information about how radiation
14
68318
2920
이 정보λ₯Ό 톡해
방사선이 λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν†΅κ³Όν•΄μ„œ 효과λ₯Ό κ·ΉλŒ€ν™”ν• μ§€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
will propagate through the brain, to better optimize its effects.
15
71238
4165
01:15
Doctors might also use magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI’s,
16
75403
4928
μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ λ˜ν•œ 자기곡λͺ…μ˜μƒλ²•, 즉 MRIλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ”λ°
01:20
that produce finer images of soft tissue,
17
80331
3310
이λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ—°μ‘°μ§μ˜ μ˜μƒμ„ 더 λ―Έμ„Έν•˜κ²Œ λ³Ό 수 있고
01:23
to assist in better outlining a tumor’s shape and location.
18
83641
4607
μ’…μ–‘μ˜ ν˜•νƒœμ™€ μœ„μΉ˜μ˜ μœ€κ³½μ„ 더 잘 μž‘μ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
Mapping its precise position and size is crucial
19
88248
3550
μ’…μ–‘μ˜ μ •ν™•ν•œ μœ„μΉ˜μ™€ 크기λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 것은 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•œλ°
01:31
because of the high doses of radiation needed to treat tumors.
20
91798
4406
쒅양을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” κ³ μ„ λŸ‰ 방사선이 ν•„μš”ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
Radiosurgery depends on the use of multiple beams.
21
96204
4102
방사선 μˆ˜μˆ μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬ 갈래의 빛을 μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
Individually, each delivers a low dose of radiation.
22
100306
3730
κ°œλ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 각각의 빛은 μ €μ„ λŸ‰ 방사선을 μ „λ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¬΄λŒ€ μ‘°λͺ… μ—¬λŸ¬ 개λ₯Ό ν•œ 곳에 λͺ¨μ•„
01:44
But, like several stage lights converging on the same point
23
104036
4321
01:48
to create a bright and inescapable spotlight, when combined,
24
108357
4658
ν•©μ³μ„œ 밝고 κ°•λ ¬ν•œ 집쀑 μ‘°λͺ…을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
방사선듀이 λͺ¨μ΄λ©΄ μ§‘ν•©μ μœΌλ‘œ 쒅양을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•  μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ νž˜μ„ λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
the rays of radiation collectively produce enough power to destroy tumors.
25
113015
5508
01:58
In addition to enabling doctors to target tumors in the brain
26
118523
3820
빛을 λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ˜ 쒅양을 겨λƒ₯ν•  λ•Œ
02:02
while leaving the surrounding healthy tissue relatively unharmed,
27
122343
3410
쒅양을 λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 쑰직을 μƒν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:05
the use of multiple beams also gives doctors flexibility.
28
125753
4103
μ—¬λŸ¬ 갈래의 빛듀은 μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ μœ΅ν†΅μ„±μ„ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
They can optimize the best angles and routes through brain tissue
29
129856
4533
λ‡Œ 쑰직을 톡해 λͺ©ν‘œλ¬Όμ— λ„λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 졜적의 각도와 경둜λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ μˆ˜λ„ 있고
02:14
to reach the target and adjust the intensity within each beam
30
134389
4052
ν•„μš”ν•œ 만큼 각 λΉ›μ˜ μ„ΈκΈ°λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
as necessary.
31
138441
1500
02:19
This helps spare critical structures within the brain.
32
139941
3010
μ΄λŠ” λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ˜ μ€‘μš” ꡬ쑰듀을 λ³΄ν˜Έν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ„μ™€μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
But what exactly does this ingenious approach do to the tumors in question?
33
142951
5167
이 κΈ°λ°œν•œ 접근법이 문제의 쒅양에 μ •ν™•νžˆ μ–΄λ–€ 효과λ₯Ό λ―ΈμΉ κΉŒμš”?
02:28
When several beams of radiation intersect to strike a mass of cancerous cells,
34
148118
5678
μ—¬λŸ¬ 방사선이 암세포 덩어리λ₯Ό νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨μ΄λ©΄
02:33
their combined force essentially shears the cells’ DNA,
35
153796
4407
합쳐진 νž˜μ€ 기본적으둜 μ„Έν¬λ“€μ˜ DNAλ₯Ό λΆ€λŸ¬λœ¨λ¦¬κ³ 
02:38
causing a breakdown in the cells’ structure.
36
158203
3140
세포 ꡬ쑰의 λΆ•κ΄΄λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
Over time, this process cascades into destroying the whole tumor.
37
161343
4855
μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ 이 과정은 전체 쒅양을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
Indirectly, the rays also damage the area immediately surrounding the DNA,
38
166198
5472
방사선은 DNA와 μΈμ ‘ν•œ 뢀뢄을 κ°„μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ μ†μƒμ‹œν‚€κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λŠ”λ°
02:51
creating unstable particles called free radicals.
39
171670
4149
κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό 유리기라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” λΆˆμ•ˆμ •ν•œ μž…μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
This generates a hazardous microenvironment
40
175819
2540
이것은 μœ ν•΄ν•œ λ―Έμ„Έ ν™˜κ²½μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ°
02:58
that’s inhospitable to the tumor,
41
178359
2080
이런 ν™˜κ²½μ€ 쒅양에 쒋지 μ•Šμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:00
as well as some healthy cells in the immediate vicinity.
42
180439
3400
λ°”λ‘œ κ°€κΉŒμ΄μ— μžˆλŠ” κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 세포에도 쒋지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
The risk of harming non-cancerous tissue is reduced
43
183839
3440
λΉ„μ•”μ„± 쑰직을 μ†μƒμ‹œν‚€λŠ” μœ„ν—˜μ„ 쀄이렀면
03:07
by keeping the radiation beam coverage
44
187279
2420
λ°©μ‚¬μ„ μ˜ λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό
03:09
as close to the exact shape of the tumor as possible.
45
189699
4411
μ’…μ–‘μ˜ μ •ν™•ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ™€ μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ μœ μ§€ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
Once radiosurgery treatment has destroyed the tumor’s cells,
46
194110
3890
방사선 수술 치료둜 μ’…μ–‘ 세포λ₯Ό νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κ³  λ‚˜λ©΄
인체의 μžμ • μž‘μš©μ΄ μž‘λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
the body’s natural cleaning mechanism kicks in.
47
198000
3300
03:21
The immune system rapidly sweeps up the husks of dead cells
48
201300
4000
λ©΄μ—­ μ²΄κ³„λŠ” 죽은 μ„Έν¬μ˜ μž”ν•΄λ₯Ό μ‹ μ†ν•˜κ²Œ μΉ˜μ›Œ λͺΈ λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λ°°μΆœμ‹œν‚€κ³ 
03:25
to flush them out of the body, while other cells transform into scar tissue.
49
205300
5192
ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 세포듀은 흉터 쑰직으둜 λ³€ν˜•λ˜μ£ .
03:30
Despite its innovations, radiosurgery isn’t always the primary choice
50
210492
4812
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν˜μ‹ μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ ,
방사선 수술이 λͺ¨λ“  λ‡Œμ’…μ–‘ μΉ˜λ£Œμ— 항상 μ΅œμ„ μ±…μΈ 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
for all brain cancer treatments.
51
215304
2310
03:37
For starters, it’s typically reserved for smaller tumors.
52
217614
4130
μš°μ„  μΌλ°˜μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μž‘μ€ 쒅양에 μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
Radiation also has a cumulative effect,
53
221744
2710
방사선은 λˆ„μ  νš¨κ³Όλ„ μžˆλŠ”λ°
03:44
meaning that earlier doses can overlap with those delivered later on.
54
224454
4556
즉, 초기의 λ°©μ‚¬μ„ λŸ‰μ΄ λ‚˜μ€‘μ˜ 것과 ν•©μ³μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ”°λΌμ„œ 쒅양이 재발된 ν™˜μžλ“€μ€
03:49
So patients with recurrent tumors
55
229010
2370
03:51
may have limitations with future radiosurgery treatments.
56
231380
4224
ν–₯ν›„ 방사선 수술 μΉ˜λ£Œμ— ν•œκ³„κ°€ μžˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
But these disadvantages weigh up against some much larger benefits.
57
235604
5063
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 단점듀은 훨씬 큰 μž₯점에 κ°€λ €μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
For several types of brain tumors,
58
240667
2130
λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ‡Œμ’…μ–‘μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—”
04:02
radiosurgery can be as successful as traditional brain surgery
59
242797
3840
방사선 수술이 전톡적 μˆ˜μˆ λ²•λ§ŒνΌ 효과적으둜
04:06
at destroying cancerous cells.
60
246637
1960
μ•” 세포λ₯Ό νŒŒκ΄΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
In tumors called meningiomas, recurrence is found to be equal, or lower,
61
248597
5232
μˆ˜λ§‰μ’…μ΄λΌλŠ” 쒅양은 ν™˜μžκ°€ 방사선 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ λ°›μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ
04:13
when the patient undergoes radiosurgery.
62
253829
2850
μž¬λ°œν•  κ°€λŠ₯성이 κ°™κ±°λ‚˜ 더 μ μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
And compared to traditional surgeryβ€”
63
256679
1960
그리고 전톡적 μˆ˜μˆ λ²•μ€
04:18
often a painful experience with a long recovery periodβ€”
64
258639
3340
였랜 회볡 기간이 ν•„μš”ν•œ κ³ ν†΅μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ 일인 데 λΉ„ν•΄
04:21
radiosurgery is generally pain-free,
65
261979
2760
방사선 μˆ˜μˆ μ€ λŒ€κ°œ 톡증이 μ—†κ³ 
04:24
and often requires little to no recovery time.
66
264739
3740
회볡 기간이 거의 ν˜Ήμ€ μ•„μ˜ˆ ν•„μš” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
Brain tumors aren’t the only target for this type of treatment:
67
268479
3570
이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ˜ λŒ€μƒμ΄ λ‡Œμ’…μ–‘λΏμΈ κ²ƒλ§Œμ€ μ•„λ‹ˆλ©°
04:32
its concepts have been put to use on tumors of the lungs, liver, and pancreas.
68
272049
5138
이 방법은 폐, κ°„, 췌μž₯의 쒅양에도 적용되고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
Meanwhile, doctors are experimenting with using it to treat conditions
69
277187
4000
ν•œνŽΈ, μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§ˆν™˜ μΉ˜λ£Œμ—λ„ 이λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
04:41
such as Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and obsessive compulsive disorder.
70
281187
5396
예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘, κ°„μ§ˆ, κ°•λ°• μž₯애와 같은 μ§ˆν™˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
The pain of a cancer diagnosis can be devastating,
71
286583
3110
μ•” 진단을 λ°›λŠ” 것은 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ μΆ©κ²©μ μ΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ
04:49
but advancements in these non-invasive procedures
72
289693
3040
이런 λΉ„μΉ¨μŠ΅μ μΈ 수술 λ°©λ²•μ˜ λ°œμ „μ€
04:52
are paving a pathway for a more gentle cure.
73
292733
3120
μ’€ 더 λΆ€λ“œλŸ¬μš΄ 치료λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 길을 닀지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7