Your body vs. implants - Kaitlyn Sadtler

2,190,861 views ใƒป 2019-06-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
Insulin pumps improve the lives
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ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
00:08
of many of the 415 million people with diabetes around the world
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ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืž- 415 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืกื•ื›ืจืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
00:13
by monitoring blood sugar, delivering insulin,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื•ื›ืจ, ืืกืคืงืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
00:16
and preventing the need for constant finger-pricking and blood testing.
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ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื“ืงื™ืจืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื.
00:20
These small machines include a pump and a needle, which can sense glucose levels,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื” ื•ืžื—ื˜, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–,
00:25
feed back to the pump,
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ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉืื‘ื”,
00:26
and then calculate how much insulin to deliver through the needle.
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ื•ืื– ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืกืคืง ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ื˜.
00:30
But they have a catch: theyโ€™re temporary.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ื•ื“: ื”ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
00:33
Within a few days, glucose sensors have to be moved and replaced.
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ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–
00:37
And itโ€™s not just glucose monitors and insulin pumps that have this problem,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœื’ืœืื™ ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื•ืœืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:42
but all bodily implants, at different time scales.
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ืืœื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:46
Plastic prosthetic knees have to be replaced after about 20 years.
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ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืฉื ื”.
00:50
Other implants, such as those used for cosmetic reasons,
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ืฉืชืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™ื•ืช,
00:54
can meet the same fate in about 10.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ืจืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
00:57
That isnโ€™t just a nuisance: it can be expensive and risky.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžื˜ืจื“: ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจ ื•ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
01:01
This inconvenience happens because of our bodiesโ€™ immune systems.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:05
Honed by several hundred million years of evolution,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฉื—ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
01:08
these defensive fronts
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืœื•
01:10
have become exceptionally good at identifying foreign objects.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื.
01:14
Our immune systems boast
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช
01:15
an impressive arsenal of tools to tackle, intercept, and destroy
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ื‘ืืจืกื ืœ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“, ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“
01:20
anything they believe shouldnโ€™t be there.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื.
01:22
But the consequence of this constant surveillance
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”
01:25
is that our bodies treat helpful implants, like insulin pumps,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉืชืœื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
01:29
with the same suspicion as they would a harmful virus or bacteria.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื.
01:34
As soon as the insulin pump has been implanted in the skin,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืชืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืจ,
01:37
its presence triggers whatโ€™s known as a โ€œforeign body response.โ€
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ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›"ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื–ืจ."
01:41
This starts with free-floating proteins
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฆืคื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™
01:44
that stick themselves to the surface of the implant.
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ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืชืœ.
01:47
Those proteins include antibodies,
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ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื,
01:49
which attempt to neutralize the new object
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ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”
01:52
and send out a signal that calls other immune cells to the site
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืจื ืœืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืืชืจ
01:55
to strengthen the attack.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื”.
01:58
Early-responding inflammatory cells,
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ืชืื™ ื“ืœืงืช ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช,
02:00
like neutrophils and macrophages,
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ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืืงืจื•ืคืื’ื™ื,
02:02
respond to the emergency call.
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ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื—ืจื•ื.
02:05
Neutrophils release little granules filled with enzymes
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื
02:08
that try to break down the surface of the insulin pumpโ€™s needle.
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ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืคืจืง ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžื—ื˜ ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
02:12
Macrophages secrete enzymes too,
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ื’ื ืžืืงืจื•ืคืื’ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื,
02:14
together with nitric oxide radicals,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื—ื ืงืŸ,
02:16
which create a chemical reaction that degrades the object over time.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:21
If the macrophages are unable to dispatch the foreign body rapidly,
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ืื ื”ืžืืงืจื•ืคืื’ื™ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:25
they fuse together, forming a mass of cells called a โ€œgiant cell.โ€
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ื”ื ื ื™ืชื›ื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืืกื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื "ืชืื™ ืขื ืง."
02:30
At the same time, cells called fibroblasts
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืชืื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜ื™ื
02:34
travel to the site and begin to deposit layers of dense connective tissue.
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ื ืขื™ื ืœืืชืจ ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช.
02:39
Those enclose the needle that the pump uses to deliver insulin
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ืืœื” ืžืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืื™ื ื•ืกืœื™ืŸ
02:43
and test for glucose levels.
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ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–.
02:45
Over time this scaffolding builds up,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื ื‘ื ื”,
02:47
forming a scar around the implant.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆืœืงืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืชืœ.
02:51
The scar functions as an almost impenetrable wall
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ื”ืฆืœืงืช ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื›ืžื• ืงื™ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจ
02:54
that might start to block vital interactions
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
02:57
between the body and the implant.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืฉืชืœ.
02:59
For example, scarring around pacemakers can interrupt
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฆืœืงืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข
03:03
the electrical transmission thatโ€™s crucial for their functioning.
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ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืชืคืขื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:07
Synthetic knee joints may give off particles as theyโ€™re worn down,
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ืžืคืจืงื™ ื‘ืจืš ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืฉื—ืงื™ื,
03:11
causing immune cells to inflame around these fragments.
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ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื“ืœืงืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
03:15
Tragically, the immune systemโ€™s attack can even be life-threatening.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™, ื”ืชืงืคืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืกื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:19
However, researchers are finding ways to trick the immune system
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
03:23
into accepting the new devices we introduce into our bodily tissues.
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:28
Weโ€™ve discovered that coating implants with certain chemicals and drugs
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืชืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
03:31
can dampen the immune response.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
03:33
Those basically make the implants invisible to the immune system.
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ืืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœื™ื ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
03:37
Weโ€™re also making more implants out of natural materials
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื
03:41
and in forms that directly mimic tissues,
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื—ืงื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืงืžื•ืช,
03:44
so that the body launches a weaker attack
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื’ืจ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:46
than it would if it came across a completely artificial implant.
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ืžืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื™ืœื• ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืฉืชืœ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:50
Some medical treatments involve implants
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ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉืชืœื™ื
03:53
designed to regenerate lost or damaged tissues.
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ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืื‘ื“ื• ืื• ื ืคื’ืขื•.
03:56
In those cases, we can design the implants to contain ingredients
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
04:00
that will release specific signals,
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ืฉื™ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
04:02
and carefully tailor our bodiesโ€™ immune reactions.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:06
In the future, this way of working alongside the immune system
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื“ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
04:11
could help us develop completely artificial organs,
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืื‘ืจื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™,
04:14
totally integrative prostheses,
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ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™,
04:16
and self-healing wound therapies.
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ื•ืชืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจืคืื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช.
04:18
These treatments might one day revolutionize medicineโ€“
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” --
04:22
and transform, forever, the bodies we live in.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืœืขื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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