Your body vs. implants - Kaitlyn Sadtler

2,172,891 views ใƒป 2019-06-17

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Soyun Cho ๊ฒ€ํ† : Eunice Yunjung Nam
00:06
Insulin pumps improve the lives
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์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ํŽŒํ”„๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:08
of many of the 415 million people with diabetes around the world
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ๋‹น๋‡จ ํ™˜์ž 4์–ต1500๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜
00:13
by monitoring blood sugar, delivering insulin,
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ํ˜ˆ๋‹น์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
and preventing the need for constant finger-pricking and blood testing.
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์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๋‹จ์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น์„ ๊ณ„์† ์ฒดํฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
These small machines include a pump and a needle, which can sense glucose levels,
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ํŽŒํ”„์™€ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ˆ๋‹น์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด์„œ
00:25
feed back to the pump,
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ํŽŒํ”„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
and then calculate how much insulin to deliver through the needle.
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋“œ๋Š” ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์–‘์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
But they have a catch: theyโ€™re temporary.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
Within a few days, glucose sensors have to be moved and replaced.
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2~3์ผ ์•ˆ์—, ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํ›„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
And itโ€™s not just glucose monitors and insulin pumps that have this problem,
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ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ์™€ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ํŽŒํ”„๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
but all bodily implants, at different time scales.
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๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋งŒ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹ ์ฒด ์ด์‹๋ฌผ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
Plastic prosthetic knees have to be replaced after about 20 years.
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ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ณด์ฒ  ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ๊ด€์ ˆ์€ 20๋…„ ํ›„์— ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
Other implants, such as those used for cosmetic reasons,
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๋ฏธ์šฉ์ƒ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณดํ˜•๋ฌผ๋„
00:54
can meet the same fate in about 10.
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์•ฝ 10๋…„์ด๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ์„ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
That isnโ€™t just a nuisance: it can be expensive and risky.
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์„ฑ๊ฐ€์‹  ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
This inconvenience happens because of our bodiesโ€™ immune systems.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
Honed by several hundred million years of evolution,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ
01:08
these defensive fronts
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ „์„ ์€
01:10
have become exceptionally good at identifying foreign objects.
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์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํŠนํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
Our immune systems boast
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š”
01:15
an impressive arsenal of tools to tackle, intercept, and destroy
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์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“ ์ง€
01:20
anything they believe shouldnโ€™t be there.
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๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
But the consequence of this constant surveillance
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ
01:25
is that our bodies treat helpful implants, like insulin pumps,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ์€ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ํŽŒํ”„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด๋กœ์šด ์ด์‹๋„
01:29
with the same suspicion as they would a harmful virus or bacteria.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋‚˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์นจ์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜์‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
As soon as the insulin pump has been implanted in the skin,
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์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ํŽŒํ”„๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์ด์‹๋˜์ž๋งˆ์ž
01:37
its presence triggers whatโ€™s known as a โ€œforeign body response.โ€
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"์ด๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘"์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
This starts with free-floating proteins
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ด์„œ
01:44
that stick themselves to the surface of the implant.
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์ด์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
Those proteins include antibodies,
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
which attempt to neutralize the new object
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
01:52
and send out a signal that calls other immune cells to the site
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์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด
01:55
to strengthen the attack.
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
Early-responding inflammatory cells,
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์„ธํฌ๋Š”
02:00
like neutrophils and macrophages,
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ํ˜ธ์ค‘๊ตฌ์™€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
respond to the emergency call.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋น„์ƒ ํ˜ธ์ถœ์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
Neutrophils release little granules filled with enzymes
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ํ˜ธ์ค‘๊ตฌ๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง„ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณผ๋ฆฝ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ด์„œ
02:08
that try to break down the surface of the insulin pumpโ€™s needle.
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์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ํŽŒํ”„์˜ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
Macrophages secrete enzymes too,
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๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ํšจ์†Œ์™€
02:14
together with nitric oxide radicals,
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์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
which create a chemical reaction that degrades the object over time.
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
If the macrophages are unable to dispatch the foreign body rapidly,
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๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:25
they fuse together, forming a mass of cells called a โ€œgiant cell.โ€
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์œตํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ "๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์„ธํฌ"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
At the same time, cells called fibroblasts
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๋™์‹œ์—, ์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ๋Š”
02:34
travel to the site and begin to deposit layers of dense connective tissue.
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๊ทธ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ธต์ธต์ด ์Œ“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Those enclose the needle that the pump uses to deliver insulin
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์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ถ„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋Š”
02:43
and test for glucose levels.
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์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ํŽŒํ”„๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:45
Over time this scaffolding builds up,
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์ ์ฐจ ์ด ์ดˆ์„์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ ,
02:47
forming a scar around the implant.
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์ด์‹ ๋ถ€์œ„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ํ‰ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
The scar functions as an almost impenetrable wall
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ํ‰ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
02:54
that might start to block vital interactions
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๋ชธ๊ณผ ์ด์‹๋ฌผ๊ฐ„์˜
02:57
between the body and the implant.
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์ค‘์š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
For example, scarring around pacemakers can interrupt
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋งฅ๋ฐ• ์กฐ์ •๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋Š”
03:03
the electrical transmission thatโ€™s crucial for their functioning.
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ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
Synthetic knee joints may give off particles as theyโ€™re worn down,
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ๊ด€์ ˆ์€ ๋‹ณ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ,
03:11
causing immune cells to inflame around these fragments.
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๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
Tragically, the immune systemโ€™s attack can even be life-threatening.
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๋น„๊ทน์ ์ด๊ฒŒ๋„, ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
However, researchers are finding ways to trick the immune system
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ต๋ž€ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
into accepting the new devices we introduce into our bodily tissues.
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์ƒˆ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒด๋‚ด ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
Weโ€™ve discovered that coating implants with certain chemicals and drugs
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์ด์‹๋ฌผ์„ ํŠน์ • ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
03:31
can dampen the immune response.
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋‘”ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
03:33
Those basically make the implants invisible to the immune system.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ํˆฌ๋ช…์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
Weโ€™re also making more implants out of natural materials
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์ž์—ฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ด์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
and in forms that directly mimic tissues,
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์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์š”.
03:44
so that the body launches a weaker attack
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์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก์š”.
03:46
than it would if it came across a completely artificial implant.
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์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต ์ด์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:50
Some medical treatments involve implants
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜ํ•™์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ด์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
03:53
designed to regenerate lost or damaged tissues.
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์†์‹ค๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†์ƒ๋œ ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์„ ์žฌ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
In those cases, we can design the implants to contain ingredients
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ
04:00
that will release specific signals,
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์ด์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
04:02
and carefully tailor our bodiesโ€™ immune reactions.
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์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ธธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
In the future, this way of working alongside the immune system
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š”, ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด
04:11
could help us develop completely artificial organs,
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์ธ๊ณต ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
totally integrative prostheses,
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ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ณด์ฒ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ,
04:16
and self-healing wound therapies.
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์ž๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
These treatments might one day revolutionize medicineโ€“
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์— ํฐ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ 
04:22
and transform, forever, the bodies we live in.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชธ์„ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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