Your body vs. implants - Kaitlyn Sadtler

2,195,578 views ・ 2019-06-17

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Soyun Cho κ²€ν† : Eunice Yunjung Nam
00:06
Insulin pumps improve the lives
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인슐린 νŽŒν”„λŠ” 삢을 κ°œμ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:08
of many of the 415 million people with diabetes around the world
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세계 κ°μ§€μ˜ 당뇨 ν™˜μž 4μ–΅1500만 λͺ…μ˜
00:13
by monitoring blood sugar, delivering insulin,
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ν˜ˆλ‹Ήμ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜κ³  μΈμŠλ¦°μ„ λΆ„λΉ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
and preventing the need for constant finger-pricking and blood testing.
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손가락 λ‹¨μž κ²€μ‚¬λ‘œ ν˜ˆλ‹Ήμ„ 계속 체크할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
These small machines include a pump and a needle, which can sense glucose levels,
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이 μž‘μ€ κΈ°κ³„λŠ” νŽŒν”„μ™€ λ°”λŠ˜λ‘œ 이루어져 있으며, ν˜ˆλ‹Ήμ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•΄μ„œ
00:25
feed back to the pump,
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νŽŒν”„μ— λ‹€μ‹œ νˆ¬μž…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
and then calculate how much insulin to deliver through the needle.
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κ·Έ ν›„ λ°”λŠ˜μ„ ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λŠ”λ° λ“œλŠ” μΈμŠλ¦°μ–‘μ„ κ³„μ‚°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
But they have a catch: they’re temporary.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 단점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ΅¬μ μ΄μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
Within a few days, glucose sensors have to be moved and replaced.
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2~3일 μ•ˆμ—, ν˜ˆλ‹Ή μΈ‘μ •κΈ°λ₯Ό 제거 ν›„ λ‹€μ‹œ λΆ€μ°©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
And it’s not just glucose monitors and insulin pumps that have this problem,
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ν˜ˆλ‹Ή 감지기와 인슐린 νŽŒν”„λ§Œμ˜ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
but all bodily implants, at different time scales.
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κΈ°κ°„μ˜ 차이만 μžˆμ„ 뿐 λͺ¨λ“  신체 이식물에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
Plastic prosthetic knees have to be replaced after about 20 years.
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ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± 보철 무릎 κ΄€μ ˆμ€ 20λ…„ 후에 κ΅μ²΄λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
Other implants, such as those used for cosmetic reasons,
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λ―Έμš©μƒ λͺ©μ μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ³΄ν˜•λ¬Όλ„
00:54
can meet the same fate in about 10.
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μ•½ 10년이면 같은 μ‹ μ„Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
That isn’t just a nuisance: it can be expensive and risky.
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μ„±κ°€μ‹  κ²ƒλ§Œμ΄ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„μš©μ΄ 많이 λ“€κ³  μœ„ν—˜ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
This inconvenience happens because of our bodies’ immune systems.
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이런 λΆˆνŽΈν•¨μ€ 우리 λͺΈμ˜ 면역체계 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
Honed by several hundred million years of evolution,
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수백만 λ…„μ˜ 진화에 μ˜ν•΄ κ°•ν™”λœ
01:08
these defensive fronts
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°©μ–΄ 전선은
01:10
have become exceptionally good at identifying foreign objects.
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μ™ΈλΆ€ 물체λ₯Ό νƒμ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것에 νŠΉν™”λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
Our immune systems boast
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우리의 λ©΄μ—­μ²΄κ³„λŠ”
01:15
an impressive arsenal of tools to tackle, intercept, and destroy
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있으면 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” 것이라면 무엇이든지
01:20
anything they believe shouldn’t be there.
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괴둭히고, λ°©ν•΄ν•˜κ³  νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λŠ” κ°•λ ₯ν•œ λ¬΄κΈ°κ³ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
But the consequence of this constant surveillance
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 지속적인 κ°μ‹œμ˜ 결과둜
01:25
is that our bodies treat helpful implants, like insulin pumps,
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우리의 λͺΈμ€ 인슐린 νŽŒν”„μ²˜λŸΌ 이둜운 이식도
01:29
with the same suspicion as they would a harmful virus or bacteria.
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ‚˜ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ μΉ¨μž…ν•œ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ μ˜μ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
As soon as the insulin pump has been implanted in the skin,
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인슐린 νŽŒν”„κ°€ 피뢀에 μ΄μ‹λ˜μžλ§ˆμž
01:37
its presence triggers what’s known as a β€œforeign body response.”
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"이물질 λ°˜μ‘"으둜 μ•Œλ €μ§„ 증상을 μœ λ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
This starts with free-floating proteins
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이 과정은 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ λΆ€μœ ν•΄μ„œ
01:44
that stick themselves to the surface of the implant.
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μ΄μ‹λ¬Όμ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ— λΆ€μ°©λ˜λ©° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
Those proteins include antibodies,
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이 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ 항체λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
which attempt to neutralize the new object
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 물체λ₯Ό μ€‘ν™”ν•˜λ©°
01:52
and send out a signal that calls other immune cells to the site
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μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내고 κ·Έ μœ„μΉ˜μ— λ‹€λ₯Έ λ©΄μ—­ 세포λ₯Ό λΆˆλŸ¬λ‚΄
01:55
to strengthen the attack.
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곡격을 κ°•ν™”ν•˜λŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
Early-responding inflammatory cells,
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초기 λ°˜μ‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 염증 유발 μ„Έν¬λŠ”
02:00
like neutrophils and macrophages,
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ν˜Έμ€‘κ΅¬μ™€ λŒ€μ€‘κ΅¬κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
respond to the emergency call.
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이듀은 비상 ν˜ΈμΆœμ— μ‘λ‹΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
Neutrophils release little granules filled with enzymes
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ν˜Έμ€‘κ΅¬λŠ” νš¨μ†Œλ‘œ 이뀄진 μž‘μ€ 과립을 λ°©μΆœν•΄μ„œ
02:08
that try to break down the surface of the insulin pump’s needle.
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인슐린 νŽŒν”„μ˜ λ°”λŠ˜ μ™ΈλΆ€λ₯Ό νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
Macrophages secrete enzymes too,
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λŒ€μ€‘κ΅¬ λ˜ν•œ νš¨μ†Œμ™€
02:14
together with nitric oxide radicals,
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μ‚°ν™”μ§ˆμ†Œλ₯Ό λΆ„λΉ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
which create a chemical reaction that degrades the object over time.
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이 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ μ„œμ„œνžˆ 물체λ₯Ό μ•½ν™”μ‹œμΌœ ν™”ν•™ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
If the macrophages are unable to dispatch the foreign body rapidly,
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λŒ€μ€‘κ΅¬κ°€ μ΄λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ œκ±°ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
02:25
they fuse together, forming a mass of cells called a β€œgiant cell.”
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μœ΅ν•©ν•΄μ„œ "κ±°λŒ€μ„Έν¬"λΌλŠ” λ‹€λŸ‰μ˜ 세포λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
At the same time, cells called fibroblasts
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λ™μ‹œμ—, μ„¬μœ λͺ¨μ„Έν¬λŠ”
02:34
travel to the site and begin to deposit layers of dense connective tissue.
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κ·Έ μœ„μΉ˜λ‘œ μ΄λ™ν•˜μ—¬ μ΄˜μ΄˜ν•œ μ—°κ²° 쑰직을 측측이 μŒ“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
Those enclose the needle that the pump uses to deliver insulin
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μΈμŠλ¦°μ„ λΆ„μΆœν•˜κ³  ν˜ˆλ‹Ή 수치λ₯Ό μž¬λŠ”
02:43
and test for glucose levels.
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인슐린 νŽŒν”„κΉŒμ§€λ„ 말이죠.
02:45
Over time this scaffolding builds up,
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점차 이 μ΄ˆμ„μ΄ μ™„μ„±λ˜κ³ ,
02:47
forming a scar around the implant.
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이식 λΆ€μœ„ 주변에 흉터가 μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
The scar functions as an almost impenetrable wall
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ν‰ν„°λŠ” μ‰½κ²Œ 톡과할 수 μ—†λŠ” μž₯벽으둜
02:54
that might start to block vital interactions
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λͺΈκ³Ό μ΄μ‹λ¬Όκ°„μ˜
02:57
between the body and the implant.
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μ€‘μš” μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ„ λ°©ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
For example, scarring around pacemakers can interrupt
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, λ§₯λ°• μ‘°μ •κΈ° μ£Όλ³€μ˜ μƒμ²˜λŠ”
03:03
the electrical transmission that’s crucial for their functioning.
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ν•΄λ‹Ή κΈ°λŠ₯에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 전솑을 λ°©ν•΄ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
Synthetic knee joints may give off particles as they’re worn down,
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ν•©μ„± 무릎 κ΄€μ ˆμ€ λ‹³κ²Œ 되면 μž…μžλ₯Ό λ°°μΆœν•˜μ—¬,
03:11
causing immune cells to inflame around these fragments.
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λ©΄μ—­μ„Έν¬μ˜ 염증을 μœ λ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
Tragically, the immune system’s attack can even be life-threatening.
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λΉ„κ·Ήμ μ΄κ²Œλ„, λ©΄μ—­ μ²΄κ³„μ˜ 곡격은 생λͺ…에 μœ„ν˜‘μ μΌ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
However, researchers are finding ways to trick the immune system
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ λ©΄μ—­ 체계λ₯Ό κ΅λž€ν•  방법을 μ°Ύκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
into accepting the new devices we introduce into our bodily tissues.
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μƒˆ 기ꡬλ₯Ό 체내 쑰직으둜 μΈμ‹ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
We’ve discovered that coating implants with certain chemicals and drugs
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이식물을 νŠΉμ • ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆκ³Ό μ•½ν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ κ°μ‹ΈλŠ” 것이
03:31
can dampen the immune response.
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λ©΄μ—­ μ²΄κ³„μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ‘”ν™”ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμ£ .
03:33
Those basically make the implants invisible to the immune system.
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κΈ°λ³Έ μ›λ¦¬λŠ” 이식물이 면역체계에 투λͺ…인 μƒνƒœκ°€ λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
We’re also making more implants out of natural materials
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μžμ—° λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ†Œμž¬λ‘œ ν•œ 이식물을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
and in forms that directly mimic tissues,
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μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ 쑰직을 λͺ¨λ°©ν•˜λŠ” ν˜•νƒœλ‘œμš”.
03:44
so that the body launches a weaker attack
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신체가 더 λΆ€λ“œλŸ½κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λ„λ‘μš”.
03:46
than it would if it came across a completely artificial implant.
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μ™„μ „ν•œ 인곡 이식물을 κ°‘μžκΈ° λ°œκ²¬ν•  κ²½μš°μ™€λŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œμš”.
03:50
Some medical treatments involve implants
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일뢀 μ˜ν•™μ  μΉ˜λ£ŒλŠ” 이식물을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
03:53
designed to regenerate lost or damaged tissues.
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μ†μ‹€λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ†μƒλœ 쑰직듀을 μž¬μƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
In those cases, we can design the implants to contain ingredients
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이런 κ²½μš°μ—, νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 재료둜
04:00
that will release specific signals,
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이식 기ꡬλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ
04:02
and carefully tailor our bodies’ immune reactions.
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μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ λ©΄μ—­ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ‘°μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ κΈΈλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
In the future, this way of working alongside the immune system
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λ―Έλž˜μ—λŠ”, λ©΄μ—­ 체계와 ν˜‘μ—…ν•˜λŠ” 이런 방식이
04:11
could help us develop completely artificial organs,
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인곡 μž₯κΈ° κ°œλ°œμ„ μš©μ΄ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
totally integrative prostheses,
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톡합 보철물과,
04:16
and self-healing wound therapies.
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μžκ°€μΉ˜λ£Œλ²• λ˜ν•œ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
These treatments might one day revolutionize medicine–
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이런 μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•λ“€μ΄ μ–Έμ  κ°€λŠ” μ˜ν•™μ— 큰 혁λͺ…을 κ°€μ Έμ˜€κ³ 
04:22
and transform, forever, the bodies we live in.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λŠ” λͺΈμ„ μ˜μ›νžˆ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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