How bones make blood - Melody Smith

850,010 views ใƒป 2020-01-27

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Hemu
00:06
At any given moment, trillions of cells are traveling through your blood vessels,
0
6920
4130
ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชืื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื,
00:11
sometimes circling the body in just one minute.
1
11050
3554
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
00:14
Each of these cells has its origins deep in your bones.
2
14604
3931
ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืงื•ืจื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื›ื.
00:18
Bones might seem rock-solid, but theyโ€™re actually quite porous inside.
3
18535
4450
ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื›ืื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
00:22
Large and small blood vessels enter through these holes.
4
22985
3037
ืชืื™ ื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:26
And inside most of the large bones of your skeleton is a hollow core
5
26022
3553
ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื—ืœื•ืœื”
00:29
filled with soft bone marrow.
6
29575
2500
ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžื— ืขืฆื ืจืš.
00:32
Marrow contains fat and other supportive tissue,
7
32075
2580
ืžื— ืขืฆื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื•ืจืžืงื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
00:34
but its most essential elements are blood stem cells.
8
34655
3590
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื.
00:38
These stem cells are constantly dividing.
9
38245
2707
ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื.
00:40
They can differentiate into red blood cells,
10
40952
2353
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื“ืœ ืœืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื,
00:43
white blood cells, and platelets,
11
43305
2200
ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช,
00:45
and send about hundreds of billions of new blood cells
12
45505
2640
ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืชืื™ ื“ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
00:48
into circulation every day.
13
48145
2630
ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
00:50
These new cells enter the bloodstream
14
50775
2030
ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื
00:52
through holes in small capillaries in the marrow.
15
52805
3266
ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื.
00:56
Through the capillaries,
16
56071
1280
ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื™ืžื™ื,
00:57
they reach larger blood vessels and exit the bone.
17
57351
3670
ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืชืื™ ื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืขืฆื.
01:01
If thereโ€™s a problem with your blood,
18
61021
1807
ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื,
01:02
thereโ€™s a good chance it can be traced back to the bone marrow.
19
62828
3043
ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื— ื”ืขืฆื.
01:05
Blood cancers often begin with genetic mutations in the stem cells.
20
65871
3990
ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
01:09
The stem cells themselves are not cancerous,
21
69861
2496
ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืขืฆืžื ื”ื ืœื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื,
01:12
but these mutations can interfere with the process of differentiation
22
72357
3584
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื”
01:15
and result in malignant blood cells.
23
75941
2790
ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื™ ื“ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
01:18
So for patients with advanced blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma,
24
78731
3924
ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืžื”,
01:22
the best chance for a cure is often an allogeneic bone marrow transplant,
25
82655
4249
ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืจืคื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืžื— ืขืฆื,
01:26
which replaces the patientโ€™s bone marrow with a donorโ€™s.
26
86904
3557
ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื.
01:30
Hereโ€™s how it works.
27
90461
1970
ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
01:32
First, blood stem cells are extracted from the donor.
28
92431
3355
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื.
01:35
Most commonly,
29
95786
1130
ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
01:36
blood stem cells are filtered out of the donorโ€™s bloodstream
30
96916
2860
ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื ืžืกื•ื ื ื™ื ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื
01:39
by circulating the blood through a machine
31
99776
2070
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ื“ืจืš ืžื›ื•ื ื”
01:41
that separates it into different components.
32
101846
2760
ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:44
In other cases, the marrow is extracted directly
33
104606
2824
ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ื ืœืงื— ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
01:47
from a bone in the hip, the iliac crest, with a needle.
34
107430
4276
ืžืขืฆื ื”ื™ืจืš, ืขืฆื ื”ื›ืกืœ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื˜.
01:51
Meanwhile, the recipient prepares for the transplant.
35
111706
3258
ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”.
01:54
High doses of chemotherapy or radiation kill the patientโ€™s existing marrow,
36
114964
4388
ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืื• ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื—ืกืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
01:59
destroying both malignant cells and blood stem cells.
37
119352
3540
ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื.
02:02
This also weakens the immune system,
38
122892
2226
ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
02:05
making it less likely to attack the transplanted cells.
39
125118
3908
ืžื” ืฉืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืชืœื™ื.
02:09
Then the donor cells are infused into the patientโ€™s body through a central line.
40
129026
4479
ืื– ืชืื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืžื•ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื“ืจืš ืขื•ืจืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
02:13
They initially circulate in the recipientโ€™s peripheral bloodstream,
41
133505
3582
ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื ื”ืคืจื™ืคืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
02:17
but molecules on the stem cells, called chemokines, act as homing devices
42
137087
4560
ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข, ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื, ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืช
02:21
and quickly traffic them back to the marrow.
43
141647
2987
ื•ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื ืชื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื— ื”ืขืฆื.
02:24
Over the course of a few weeks,
44
144634
1683
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
02:26
they begin to multiply and start producing new, healthy blood cells.
45
146317
4340
ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืื™ ื“ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
02:30
Just a small population of blood stem cells
46
150657
2305
ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื
02:32
can regenerate a whole bodyโ€™s worth of healthy marrow.
47
152962
3615
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:36
A bone marrow transplant can also lead to something
48
156577
2770
ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืžื— ืขืฆื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ
02:39
called graft-versus-tumor activity,
49
159347
3030
ื”ื ืงืจื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืชืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ (GvT),
02:42
when new immune cells generated by the donated marrow
50
162377
2810
ื›ืฉืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื
02:45
can wipe out cancer cells the recipientโ€™s original immune system couldnโ€™t.
51
165187
4483
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช.
02:49
This phenomenon can help eradicate stubborn blood cancers.
52
169670
3650
ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื ืขืงืฉื ื™ื™ื.
02:53
But bone marrow transplants also come with risks,
53
173320
2986
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืžื— ืขืฆื ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื’ื ืขื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:56
including graft-versus-host disease.
54
176306
2870
ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉืชืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืื›ืกืŸ.
02:59
It happens when the immune system generated by the donor cells
55
179176
3160
ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื
03:02
attacks the patientโ€™s organs.
56
182336
2390
ืชื•ืงืคืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.
03:04
This life-threatening condition occurs in about 30โ€“50% of patients
57
184726
4450
ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืืฆืœ ื›-30-50% ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
03:09
who receive donor cells from anyone other than an identical twin,
58
189176
4241
ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืื™ ืชื•ืจื ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืชืื•ื ื–ื”ื”,
03:13
particularly when the stem cells are collected
59
193417
2235
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื ืœืงื—ื™ื
03:15
from the blood as opposed to the bone marrow.
60
195652
2334
ืžื”ื“ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื— ื”ืขืฆื.
03:17
Patients may take immunosuppressant medications
61
197986
2820
ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื›ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
03:20
or certain immune cells may be removed from the donated sample
62
200806
3200
ืื• ืฉื—ืœืง ืžืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื”ื ืชืจืžืช
03:24
in order to reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease.
63
204006
3430
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉืชืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืื›ืกืŸ.
03:27
But even if a patient avoids graft-versus-host disease,
64
207436
3345
ืืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื ืžื ืข ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉืชืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืื›ืกืŸ,
03:30
their immune system may reject the donor cells.
65
210781
2879
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื.
03:33
So itโ€™s crucial to find the best match possible in the first place.
66
213660
4310
ืื– ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืืฉ.
03:37
Key regions of the genetic code determine how the immune system
67
217970
3055
ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
03:41
identifies foreign cells.
68
221025
2035
ืชื–ื”ื” ืชืื™ื ื–ืจื™ื.
03:43
If these regions are similar in the donor and the recipient,
69
223060
2938
ืื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ืœ,
03:45
the recipientโ€™s immune system is more likely to accept the donor cells.
70
225998
4262
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื.
03:50
Because these genes are inherited, the best matches are often siblings.
71
230260
4543
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื, ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืื— ืื• ืื—ื•ืช.
03:54
But many patients who need a bone marrow transplant
72
234803
2813
ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืžื— ืขืฆื
03:57
donโ€™t have a matched family member.
73
237616
2857
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืืžื” ืขื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
04:00
Those patients turn to donor registries of volunteers
74
240473
2930
ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื
04:03
willing to offer their bone marrow.
75
243403
2480
ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:05
All it takes to be on the registry is a cheek swab to test for a genetic match.
76
245883
4310
ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžื”ืœื—ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืชืืžื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
04:10
And in many cases, the donation itself
77
250193
2259
ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขืฆืžื”
04:12
isnโ€™t much more complicated than giving blood.
78
252452
2971
ืœื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืจื•ืžืช ื“ื.
04:15
Itโ€™s a way to save someoneโ€™s life
79
255423
1870
ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื
04:17
with a resource thatโ€™s completely renewable.
80
257293
2870
ืขื ืžืฉืื‘ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7