How bones make blood - Melody Smith

817,689 views ・ 2020-01-27

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yoon do κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
At any given moment, trillions of cells are traveling through your blood vessels,
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맀 μˆœκ°„, 수쑰 개의 세포가 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ ν˜ˆκ΄€ 속에 νλ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:11
sometimes circling the body in just one minute.
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” 1λΆ„ λ§Œμ— λͺΈ 전체λ₯Ό μˆœν™˜ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ§€μš”.
00:14
Each of these cells has its origins deep in your bones.
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각 μ„Έν¬λŠ” 뼛속 κΉŠμ€ κ³³μ—μ„œ μœ λž˜λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
Bones might seem rock-solid, but they’re actually quite porous inside.
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λΌˆλŠ” 돌처럼 단단해 λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, 사싀 μ†μ—λŠ” λ§Žμ€ ꡬ멍이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
Large and small blood vessels enter through these holes.
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크고 μž‘μ€ ν˜ˆκ΄€μ΄ 이 ꡬ멍을 톡해 λ“€μ–΄κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
And inside most of the large bones of your skeleton is a hollow core
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골격을 μ΄λ£¨λŠ” μ»€λ‹€λž€ λΌˆλŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 속이 ν…… λΉ„μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
filled with soft bone marrow.
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λΆ€λ“œλŸ¬μš΄ 골수둜 μ±„μ›Œμ Έ μžˆμ§€μš”.
00:32
Marrow contains fat and other supportive tissue,
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κ³¨μˆ˜μ—λŠ” 지방과 λ‹€λ₯Έ 지지 쑰직이 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°
00:34
but its most essential elements are blood stem cells.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μš”μ†ŒλŠ” ν˜ˆμ•‘ μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
These stem cells are constantly dividing.
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이 μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬λŠ” λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ λΆ„μ—΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
They can differentiate into red blood cells,
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그듀은 λΆ„ν™”ν•΄μ„œ 적혈ꡬ,
00:43
white blood cells, and platelets,
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백혈ꡬ, 그리고 ν˜ˆμ†ŒνŒμ΄ 되고
00:45
and send about hundreds of billions of new blood cells
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μˆ˜μ²œμ–΅ 개의 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν˜ˆμ•‘ 세포λ₯Ό
00:48
into circulation every day.
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맀일 ν˜ˆκ΄€μœΌλ‘œ λ‚΄λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
These new cells enter the bloodstream
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ„Έν¬λŠ” 혈λ₯˜λ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ”λ°
00:52
through holes in small capillaries in the marrow.
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골수 μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” μž‘μ€ λͺ¨μ„Έν˜ˆκ΄€μ˜ ꡬ멍을 톡해 λ“€μ–΄κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
Through the capillaries,
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λͺ¨μ„Έν˜ˆκ΄€μ„ μ§€λ‚˜κ³ ,
00:57
they reach larger blood vessels and exit the bone.
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더 큰 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 뼈 λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
If there’s a problem with your blood,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ— λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
01:02
there’s a good chance it can be traced back to the bone marrow.
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κ³¨μˆ˜μ— 원인이 μžˆμ„ κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
Blood cancers often begin with genetic mutations in the stem cells.
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보톡 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ•”μ€ 쀄기세포에 μžˆλŠ” μœ μ „μž λ³€μ΄μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
The stem cells themselves are not cancerous,
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κ·Έ 쀄기세포 μžμ²΄κ°€ μ•”μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
01:12
but these mutations can interfere with the process of differentiation
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이 λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λŠ” λΆ„ν™” 과정을 λ°©ν•΄ν•΄μ„œ
01:15
and result in malignant blood cells.
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μ•…μ„± ν˜ˆμ•‘ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
So for patients with advanced blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ°±ν˜ˆλ³‘μ΄λ‚˜ 림프쒅같은 진행성 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ•”μ„ μ•“λŠ” ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ
01:22
the best chance for a cure is often an allogeneic bone marrow transplant,
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κ°€μž₯ 쒋은 μΉ˜λ£Œμ±…μ€ 보톡 동쒅이계 κ³¨μˆ˜μ΄μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
which replaces the patient’s bone marrow with a donor’s.
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ν™˜μžμ˜ 골수λ₯Ό 기증자의 골수둜 λŒ€μ²΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
01:30
Here’s how it works.
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κ³¨μˆ˜μ΄μ‹ 과정을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
01:32
First, blood stem cells are extracted from the donor.
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첫째, 기증자의 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬λ₯Ό μ±„μ·¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
Most commonly,
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μΌλ°˜μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ”
01:36
blood stem cells are filtered out of the donor’s bloodstream
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ν˜ˆμ•‘μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬λ₯Ό 기증자의 혈λ₯˜μ—μ„œ 걸러 λ‚΄λŠ”λ°
01:39
by circulating the blood through a machine
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ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„ κΈ°κ³„λ‘œ μˆœν™˜μ‹œν‚€λ©΄μ„œ
01:41
that separates it into different components.
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각 ꡬ성 μ„±λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„λ¦¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
In other cases, the marrow is extracted directly
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λ˜λŠ” 골수λ₯Ό 직접 μΆ”μΆœν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
from a bone in the hip, the iliac crest, with a needle.
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골반 λΆ€μœ„μ˜ λΌˆμ™€, μ—‰λ©λΌˆ λŠ₯μ„ μ—μ„œ μ£Όμ‚¬κΈ°λ‘œ μΆ”μΆœν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
Meanwhile, the recipient prepares for the transplant.
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ν™˜μžλŠ” 그사이에 이식을 μœ„ν•œ μ€€λΉ„λ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
High doses of chemotherapy or radiation kill the patient’s existing marrow,
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ν™”ν•™ μš”λ²• λ˜λŠ” λ°©μ‚¬μ„ μ˜ λŒ€λŸ‰ νˆ¬μ—¬λ‘œ ν™˜μžμ˜ κΈ°μ‘΄ 골수λ₯Ό μ œκ±°ν•˜λ©΄
01:59
destroying both malignant cells and blood stem cells.
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악성세포와 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬ μ–‘μͺ½ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ νŒŒκ΄΄λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
This also weakens the immune system,
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λ˜ν•œ λ©΄μ—­ 체계λ₯Ό μ•½ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄,
02:05
making it less likely to attack the transplanted cells.
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μ΄μ‹λœ 세포λ₯Ό 곡격할 μœ„ν—˜μ΄ μ€„μ–΄λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
Then the donor cells are infused into the patient’s body through a central line.
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그러고 λ‚˜μ„œ 쀑심정λ§₯κ΄€μœΌλ‘œ 기증자의 세포λ₯Ό μ£Όμž…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
They initially circulate in the recipient’s peripheral bloodstream,
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μ΄μ‹λœ 세포듀은 μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” ν™˜μžμ˜ λ§μ΄ˆν˜ˆκ΄€μ—μ„œ μˆœν™˜ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
02:17
but molecules on the stem cells, called chemokines, act as homing devices
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ν‚€λͺ¨μΉ΄μΈμ΄λΌ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄ λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄ μœ λ„μž₯치의 역할을 ν•΄μ„œ
02:21
and quickly traffic them back to the marrow.
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λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 골수둜 λ“€μ–΄κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
Over the course of a few weeks,
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λͺ‡μ£Όλ₯Ό μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ
02:26
they begin to multiply and start producing new, healthy blood cells.
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세포가 μ¦μ‹ν•˜μ—¬ μƒˆλ‘­κ³  κ±΄κ°•ν•œ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„Έν¬λ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
Just a small population of blood stem cells
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적은 μ–‘μ˜ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ€„κΈ°μ„Έν¬λ‘œλ„
02:32
can regenerate a whole body’s worth of healthy marrow.
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온λͺΈμ—μ„œ ν•„μš”ν•œ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 골수λ₯Ό μž¬μƒν•΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
A bone marrow transplant can also lead to something
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λ˜ν•œ, κ³¨μˆ˜μ΄μ‹μ€
μ΄μ‹νŽΈλŒ€μ’…μ–‘νš¨κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄λŒμ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°
02:39
called graft-versus-tumor activity,
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02:42
when new immune cells generated by the donated marrow
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이식받은 κ³¨μˆ˜μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Έ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 면역세포가
02:45
can wipe out cancer cells the recipient’s original immune system couldn’t.
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ν™˜μžμ˜ 본래 면역체계가 없애지 λͺ»ν•œ 암세포λ₯Ό νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
This phenomenon can help eradicate stubborn blood cancers.
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이 ν˜„μƒμ€ 고질적인 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ•”μ„ 뿌리 λ½‘λŠ” 데 도움을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
But bone marrow transplants also come with risks,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ³¨μˆ˜μ΄μ‹μ—λŠ” μœ„ν—˜λ„ λ”°λ₯΄λŠ”데
02:56
including graft-versus-host disease.
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그쀑에 μ΄μ‹νŽΈλŒ€μˆ™μ£Όλ³‘μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
It happens when the immune system generated by the donor cells
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이것은 기증받은 μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Έ λ©΄μ—­ 체계가
03:02
attacks the patient’s organs.
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ν™˜μžμ˜ μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό κ³΅κ²©ν•˜λŠ” μ§ˆν™˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
This life-threatening condition occurs in about 30–50% of patients
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 치λͺ…적인 μƒνƒœλŠ” μΌλž€μ„± 쌍λ‘₯이가 μ•„λ‹Œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ
03:09
who receive donor cells from anyone other than an identical twin,
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세포λ₯Ό 이식받은 ν™˜μžμ˜ 30-50%μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”λ°
03:13
particularly when the stem cells are collected
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특히 쀄기세포λ₯Ό 채취할 λ•Œ
03:15
from the blood as opposed to the bone marrow.
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골수 채취 λŒ€μ‹  ν˜ˆμ•‘ 채취λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•œ κ²½μš°μ— λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
Patients may take immunosuppressant medications
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ λ©΄μ—­μ–΅μ œμ œλ₯Ό λ³΅μš©ν•΄μ•Ό 할지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ³ 
03:20
or certain immune cells may be removed from the donated sample
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νŠΉμ • 면역세포λ₯Ό 기증자의 μƒ˜ν”Œμ—μ„œ μ œκ±°ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
in order to reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease.
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μ΄μ‹νŽΈλŒ€μˆ™μ£Όλ³‘μ˜ μœ„ν—˜μ„ 쀄이기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œμš”.
03:27
But even if a patient avoids graft-versus-host disease,
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ν™˜μžκ°€ μ΄μ‹νŽΈλŒ€μˆ™μ£Όλ³‘μ„ ν”Όν•˜λ”λΌλ„
03:30
their immune system may reject the donor cells.
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ν™˜μžμ˜ 면역계가 이식받은 세포λ₯Ό κ±°λΆ€ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
So it’s crucial to find the best match possible in the first place.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λ¨Όμ € κ°€μž₯ 잘 λ§žλŠ” 골수λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” 게 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
Key regions of the genetic code determine how the immune system
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μœ μ „μžμ˜ 핡심 λΆ€μœ„κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 면역계가
03:41
identifies foreign cells.
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이질적인 세포λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
If these regions are similar in the donor and the recipient,
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κΈ°μ¦μžμ™€ ν™˜μž 간에 이 λΆ€μœ„κ°€ μœ μ‚¬ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄
03:45
the recipient’s immune system is more likely to accept the donor cells.
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ν™˜μžμ˜ λ©΄μ—­κ³„λŠ” 기증자의 세포λ₯Ό 더 잘 받아듀일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
Because these genes are inherited, the best matches are often siblings.
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보톡 같은 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 물렀받은 ν˜•μ œμžλ§€κ°€ κ°€μž₯ 잘 λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
But many patients who need a bone marrow transplant
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ³¨μˆ˜μ΄μ‹μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ λ§Žμ€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄
03:57
don’t have a matched family member.
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κ³¨μˆ˜κ°€ μΌμΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μ‘± ꡬ성원이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
Those patients turn to donor registries of volunteers
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그런 ν™˜μžλŠ” μžμ›μžλ“€μ΄ λ“±λ‘ν•œ κ³¨μˆ˜μ€ν–‰μ— μ˜μ§€ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°
04:03
willing to offer their bone marrow.
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μžμ›μžλ“€μ€ 기꺼이 ν™˜μžλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 골수λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
All it takes to be on the registry is a cheek swab to test for a genetic match.
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기증자 등둝을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λ³Ό μ•ˆμ„ 문질러 μœ μ „μ  일치λ₯Ό κ²€μ‚¬ν•˜λ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
And in many cases, the donation itself
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λ§Žμ€ κ²½μš°μ— 기증 μžμ²΄λŠ”
04:12
isn’t much more complicated than giving blood.
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ν—Œν˜ˆμ„ ν•˜λŠ” 것보닀 크게 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
It’s a way to save someone’s life
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이둜써 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€μ˜ 생λͺ…을 κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
with a resource that’s completely renewable.
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ€ μ™„μ „νžˆ μž¬μƒκ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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