Are there universal expressions of emotion? - Sophie Zadeh

420,943 views ใƒป 2018-07-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
The 40 or so muscles in the human face can be activated in different combinations
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40 ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:12
to create thousands of expressions.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช.
00:14
But do these expressions look the same
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
00:16
and communicate the same meaning around the world,
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ื•ืžื‘ืขื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:19
regardless of culture?
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช?
00:20
Is one personโ€™s smile anotherโ€™s grimace?
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืขืก ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ?
00:23
Charles Darwin theorized that emotional expression was a common human feature.
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ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
00:29
But he was in the minority.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜.
00:31
Until the mid-20th century,
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ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
00:33
many researchers believed that the specific ways we show emotion
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
00:37
were learned behaviors that varied across cultures.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื ืœืžื“ืช ืฉืžืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:40
Personality theorist Silvan Tomkins was one of the few to insist otherwise.
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ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืงื™ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืขืงืฉื• ืื—ืจืช.
00:45
Tomkins claimed that certain affectsโ€”
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ื˜ื•ืžืงื™ื ืก ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช --
00:47
emotional states and their associated facial expressionsโ€”
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ --
00:50
were universal.
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ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช.
00:52
In the 1960s, psychologist Paul Ekman set about testing this theory
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60, ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืคื•ืœ ืืงืžืŸ ื™ืฆื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
00:58
by examining hundreds of hours of film footage
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงืจ ืžืื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•
01:00
of remote tribes isolated from the modern world.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
01:04
Ekman found the native peoplesโ€™ expressions to be not only familiar,
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ืืงืžืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช,
01:08
but occurring in precisely the situations he would expect.
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ืืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืฆืคื” ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืฉื•.
01:12
Conversely, he ran tests with tribes who had no prior exposure to Western culture.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
01:18
They were able to correctly match photos of different facial expressions
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:21
with stories designed to trigger particular feelings.
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ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:25
Over the next few decades,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
01:27
further research has corroborated Darwinโ€™s idea
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืชืจืžื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ
01:29
that some of our most important emotional expressions are in fact universal.
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ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช.
01:34
The degrees of expression appropriate to a given situation can, however,
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ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื”, ืขื ื–ืืช,
01:38
vary greatly across cultures.
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ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:40
For instance, researchers have studied facial expression
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ืงืจื• ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื
01:43
in people who are born blind,
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ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื,
01:45
hypothesizing that if expressions are universal,
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ื•ื”ืขืœื• ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืื ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช,
01:48
they would be displayed in the same way as sighted people.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื.
01:52
In one study, both blind and sighted athletes
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“, ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ืื™ื
01:55
displayed the same expressions of emotion when winning or losing their matches.
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉื–ื›ื• ืื• ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:00
Further evidence can be found in our evolutionary relatives.
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฆื ืืฆืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:03
Comparisons of facial expression between humans and non-human mammals
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
02:07
have found similarities in the structure and movement of facial muscles.
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ื’ื™ืœื• ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื.
02:11
Chimpanzee laughter looks different from ours,
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ืฆื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืœื ื•,
02:14
but uses some of the same muscle movements.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื.
02:17
Back in the 60s, Ekman identified six core expressions.
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60, ืืงืจืžืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื” ืฉืฉ ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
02:22
Anger is accompanied by lowered eyebrows drawn together,
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ื›ืขืก ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”,
02:25
tense and narrowed eyes,
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ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ืฆื•ืช,
02:27
and tight lips;
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ื•ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช;
02:28
disgust, by the lips pulled up and the nose crinkling.
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ื’ื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืืฃ ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
02:33
In fear, the upper white of the eyes are revealed as the eyebrows raise
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ื‘ืคื—ื“, ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจืžื•ืช
02:38
and the mouth stretches open,
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ื•ื”ืคื” ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ื ืคืชื—.
02:40
while surprise looks similar,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคืชืขื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื”,
02:42
but with rounded eyebrows and relaxed lips.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืจื’ื•ืขื•ืช.
02:46
Sadness is indicated by the inner corners of the eyebrows
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ืขืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืช
02:49
being drawn inwards and upwards,
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ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืœืžืขืœื”,
02:51
drooping eyes,
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืคื•ืช,
02:52
and a downturned mouth.
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ื•ื”ืคื” ืคื•ื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”.
02:54
And of course thereโ€™s happiness:
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ:
02:56
lips drawn up and back,
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ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”,
02:58
and raised cheeks causing wrinkling around the eyes.
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ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืงืžื˜ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:01
More recently, researchers have proposed additional entries
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
03:05
such as contempt,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ื–,
03:06
shame,
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ื‘ื•ืฉื”,
03:07
and disapproval,
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ื•ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—,
03:09
but opinions vary on how distinct boundaries
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืžื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
03:11
between these categories can be drawn.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
03:14
So if Ekman and other researchers are correct,
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ืื– ืื ืืงืžืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื,
03:17
what makes certain expressions universal?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช?
03:20
And why are they expressed in these particular ways?
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ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื–ื•?
03:23
Scientists have a lot of theories rooted in our evolutionary history.
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ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฉืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
03:27
One is that certain expressions are important for survival.
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ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
03:31
Fear and surprise could signal to others an immediate danger.
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ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ืคืชืขื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืชืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืกื›ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช.
03:35
Studies of humans and some other primates
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:37
have found that we pay more attention to faces that signal threats
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ื”ืจืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ื ืฉืžืื•ืชืชื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื
03:41
over neutral faces,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช,
03:42
particularly when weโ€™re already on high alert.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
03:45
Expressions also could help improve group fitness
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ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
03:48
by communicating our internal states to those around us.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืืœื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
03:51
Sadness, for example, signals to the group that somethingโ€™s wrong.
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ืขืฆื‘, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืื•ืชืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
03:56
Thereโ€™s some evidence that expressions
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ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืขื•ืช
03:58
might be even more directly linked to our physiology.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:01
The fear expression, for instance,
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ื”ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื—ื“, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
04:03
could directly improve survival in potentially dangerous situations
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืคืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช
04:07
by letting our eyes absorb more light
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ
04:09
and our lungs take in more air, preparing us to fight or flee.
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ื•ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื™ืจ, ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ืื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
04:14
Thereโ€™s still much research to be done in understanding emotional expression,
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
04:18
particularly as we learn more about the inner workings of the brain.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
04:21
But if you ever find yourself among strangers in a strange land,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื”,
04:25
a friendly smile could go a long way.
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ื—ื™ื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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