What if there were 1 trillion more trees? - Jean-François Bastin

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2020-10-27 ・ TED-Ed


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What if there were 1 trillion more trees? - Jean-François Bastin

3,621,733 views ・ 2020-10-27

TED-Ed


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Recezent: Ivan Luka Sabolović
Ovo je stablo visoko gotovo 84 metra
00:07
Standing at almost 84 meters tall,
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00:09
this is the largest known living tree on the planet.
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i najveće je živuće stablo na planetu.
00:13
Nicknamed General Sherman,
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Nadimak mu je general Sherman.
00:15
this giant sequoia has sequestered roughly 1,400 tons of atmospheric carbon
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Ova golema sekvoja apsorbirala je oko 1400 tona ugljikovog dioksida
00:22
over its estimated 2,500 years on earth.
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tijekom 2500 godina života na Zemlji.
00:26
Very few trees can compete with this carbon impact,
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Rijetka drveća se mogu mjeriti s takvim ugljičkim učinkom,
00:30
but today, humanity produces more than 1,400 tons of carbon every minute.
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no danas, čovječanstvo stvara više od 1400 tona ugljikovog dioksida svake minute.
Za borbu s klimatskim promjenama,
00:37
To combat climate change,
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00:38
we need to steeply reduce fossil fuel emissions,
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potrebno je značajno smanjiti emisije fosilnih goriva,
00:42
and draw down excess CO2 to restore our atmosphere’s balance
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smanjiti višak ugljikovog dioksida i uspostaviti ravnotežu
00:47
of greenhouse gases.
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stakleničkih plinova.
00:49
But what can trees do to help in this fight?
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Kako drveće može pomoći u toj borbi
00:52
And how do they sequester carbon in the first place?
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te kako uopće apsorbira ugljikov dioksid?
00:55
Like all plants, trees consume atmospheric carbon
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Kao i sve biljke, stabla apsorbiraju ugljikov dioksid
00:59
through a chemical reaction called photosynthesis.
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kemijskom reakcijom naziva fotosinteza.
01:02
This process uses energy from sunlight
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Taj proces, uz pomoć sunčeve energije,
01:04
to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen
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pretvara vodu i ugljikov dioksid u kisik
01:08
and energy-storing carbohydrates.
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i ugljikohidrate u kojima se pohranjuje energija.
01:11
Plants then consume these carbohydrates in a reverse process
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Biljke zatim koriste te ugljikohidrate u obrnutom procesu,
01:15
called respiration, converting them to energy
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zvanom respiracija te ih pretvaraju u energiju
01:17
and releasing carbon back into the atmosphere.
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i otpuštaju ugljikov dioksid natrag u atmosferu.
01:21
In trees, however, a large portion of that carbon isn’t released,
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S druge strane, u drveća velik dio tog ugljikovog dioksida nije ispušten
01:25
and instead, is stored as newly formed wood tissue.
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već je pohranjen u novonastalom drvenom tkivu.
01:29
During their lifetimes, trees act as carbon vaults,
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Kroz svoj životni vijek, biljke se ponašaju kao spremišta ugljikovog dioksida
01:33
and they continue to draw down carbon for as long as they grow.
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i vežu ga sve dok rastu.
01:38
However, when a tree dies and decays,
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Međutim, kada stablo umre i krene truliti
01:41
some of its carbon will be released back into the air.
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dio pohranjenog ugljikovog dioksida otpustit će se natrag u atmosferu.
01:44
A significant amount of CO2 is stored in the soil,
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Značajna se količina ugljikova dioksida pohranjuje u tlu,
01:48
where it can remain for thousands of years.
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gdje se može zadržati tisućama godina.
01:50
But eventually, that carbon also seeps back into the atmosphere.
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No s vremenom se i taj ugljikov dioksid vraća u atmosferu.
01:55
So if trees are going to help fight a long-term problem
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Stoga, želimo li da drveće vodi bitku s dugoročnim problemom
01:58
like climate change,
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klimatskih promjena,
01:59
they need to survive to sequester their carbon
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mora moći preživjeti i vezati ugljikov dioksid
02:02
for the longest period possible, while also reproducing quickly.
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što je duže moguće te se također brzo razmnožavati.
02:07
Is there one type of tree we could plant that meets these criteria?
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Postoji li stablo koje bismo mogli posaditi, a da ispunjava te kriterije?
02:11
Some fast growing, long-lived, super sequestering species
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Neka brzo-rastuća, izarzito apsorbirajuća i dugovječna vrsta
02:16
we could scatter worldwide?
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koju bismo mogli posaditi diljem svijeta?
02:18
Not that we know of.
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Takvo drvo nije nam poznato.
02:19
But even if such a tree existed,
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Čak i da takvo drvo postoji,
02:21
it wouldn’t be a good long-term solution.
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ne bi bilo dobro dugoročno rješenje.
02:24
Forests are complex networks of living organisms,
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Šume su složene mreže živih organizama
02:28
and there’s no one species that can thrive in every ecosystem.
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i ne postoji vrtsa stabla koja može živjeti u bilo kojem ekosustavu.
02:32
The most sustainable trees to plant are always native ones;
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Najodrživije drveće uvijek je ono autohtono,
02:37
species that already play a role in their local environment.
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ono koje već igra ulogu u svom okolišu.
02:41
Preliminary research shows that ecosystems
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Prema preliminarnim istraživanjima,
02:43
with a naturally occurring diversity of trees have less competition
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u ekosustavima s prirodno raznolikim drvećem nema toliko nadmetanja
02:47
for resources and better resist climate change.
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za resurse i takvi ekosustavi bolje odolijevaju klimatskim promjenama.
02:51
This means we can’t just plant trees to draw down carbon;
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Ne možemo samo saditi drveće kako bismo smanjili ugljikov dioksid,
02:54
we need to restore depleted ecosystems.
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trebamo obnoviti istrošene ekosustave.
02:58
There are numerous regions that have been clear cut
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Brojna su područja deforestirana
03:01
or developed that are ripe for restoring.
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ili je na njima nešto izgrađeno te su spremna za obnovu.
03:04
In 2019, a study led by Zurich’s Crowtherlab
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Godine 2019., znanstvenici s instituta Crowther Lab u Zürichu
03:08
analyzed satellite imagery of the world’s existing tree cover.
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analizirali su satelitske snimke postojećeg šumskog pokrova na Zemlji.
03:12
By combining it with climate and soil data
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Uz podatke o klimi i tlu
03:15
and excluding areas necessary for human use,
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isključivši područja potrebna ljudima,
odredili su da bi Zemlja mogla podržati
03:19
they determined Earth could support
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nearly one billion hectares of additional forest.
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još gotovo jednu milijardu hektara šumskog pokrova.
03:24
That’s roughly 1.2 trillion trees.
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To je oko 1.2 bilijuna drveća.
03:29
This staggering number surprised the scientific community,
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Ovaj je zapanjujući broj iznenadio znanstvenu zajednicu
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prompting additional research.
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i potaknuo dodatna istraživanja.
03:34
Scientists now cite a more conservative but still remarkable figure.
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Znanstvenici sada govore o malo manjoj, no i dalje izvanrednoj brojci.
03:39
By their revised estimates, these restored ecosystems
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Prema izmijenjenim procjenama, obnovljeni ekosustavi
03:43
could capture anywhere from 100 to 200 billion tons of carbon,
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mogli bi vezati od 100 do 200 milijardi tona ugljikova dioksida,
03:48
accounting for over one-sixth of humanity’s carbon emissions.
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što bi bilo više od jedne šestine emisija ugljikovog dioksida na Zemlji.
03:53
More than half of the potential forest canopy
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Više od polovine potencijalnog šumskog pokrova
03:55
for new restoration efforts can be found in just six countries.
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za obnovu nalazi se u samo šest zemalja.
04:00
And the study can also provide insight into existing restoration projects,
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Istraživanje također može pružiti uvid u postojeće projekte obnove,
04:04
like The Bonn Challenge,
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kao što je Izazov iz Bonna,
04:06
which aims to restore 350 million hectares of forest by 2030.
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kojem je cilj obnoviti 350 milijuna hektara šuma do 2030.
04:12
But this is where it gets complicated.
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No ovdje se stvari kompliciraju.
04:14
Ecosystems are incredibly complex,
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Ekosustavi su nevjerojatno složeni
04:17
and it’s unclear whether they’re best restored by human intervention.
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i nije sasvim jasno je li najbolje rješenje da ih obnavljaju ljudi.
04:21
It’s possible the right thing to do for certain areas
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Moguće je da je za neka područja najbolje rješenje
04:24
is to simply leave them alone.
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da ih se jednostavno ostavi na miru.
04:27
Additionally, some researchers worry that restoring forests
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Također, neki se znanstvenici brinu da bi obnavljanje šuma
04:31
on this scale may have unintended consequences,
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tih razmjera moglo ostaviti nesagledive posljedice,
04:34
like producing natural bio-chemicals
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kao što je stvaranje prirodnih biokemikalija
04:37
at a pace that could actually accelerate climate change.
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brzinom koja bi zapravo mogla ubrzati klimatske promjene.
04:41
And even if we succeed in restoring these areas,
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Čak i kada bismo uspjeli u obnavljanju tih područja,
04:44
future generations would need to protect them
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buduće generacije trebale bi ih štititi
04:47
from the natural and economic forces that previously depleted them.
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od prirodnih i ekonomskih čimbenika koji su ih prethodno istrošili.
04:52
Taken together, these challenges have damaged confidence
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Ti su izazovi umanjili povjerenje
04:55
in restoration projects worldwide.
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u projekte obnove diljem svijeta.
04:58
And the complexity of rebuilding ecosystems
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Složenost ponovne izgradnje ekosustava
05:01
demonstrates how important it is to protect our existing forests.
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pokazuje kako je važno štititi naše postojeće šume.
05:06
But hopefully, restoring some of these depleted regions
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Nadamo se da će obnova istrošenih područja
05:09
will give us the data and conviction necessary to combat climate change
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dati podatke i vjeru potrebnu za borbu protiv klimatskih promjena
05:13
on a larger scale.
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većih razmjera.
05:15
If we get it right, maybe these modern trees will have time to grow
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Ako u tome uspijemo, možda će moderno drveće imati vremena izrasti
05:19
into carbon carrying titans.
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u titane ugljikova dioksida.
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