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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: I-Hsiang Lin
審譯者: Audrey Her
00:15
Once upon a time, the world was a big, dysfunctional family.
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很久以前,世界就像是一個大且運作不良的家庭。
00:21
It was run by the great and powerful parents,
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由一對強而有力的父母經營,
00:24
and the people were helpless
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而人們是無助
00:26
and hopeless naughty children.
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且不懷抱希望的調皮小孩。
00:29
If any of the more rowdier children questioned
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如果有比較吵鬧的小孩
00:31
the authority of the parents, they were scolded.
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質疑父母的權威,他們會被責罵。
00:35
If they went exploring into the parents' rooms,
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如果他們跑到父母的房間裡探險,
00:38
or even into the secret filing cabinets, they were punished,
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或者甚至跑到隱密的檔案室內,他們會被處罰,
00:42
and told that for their own good
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且被提醒為了他們好,
00:45
they must never go in there again.
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他們絕對不能再走進去。
00:48
Then one day, a man came to town
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有一天,一個男人到鎮上來,
00:51
with boxes and boxes of secret documents
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帶著從父母的房間裡偷來的
00:53
stolen from the parents' rooms.
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裝著秘密檔案的好幾個箱子。
00:55
"Look what they've been hiding from you," he said.
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「看他們一直對你們隱瞞的是什麼」他說。
00:59
The children looked and were amazed.
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小孩們看了感到很驚奇。
01:02
There were maps and minutes from meetings
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這些是他們父母彼此怒罵過程的
01:05
where the parents were slagging each other off.
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圖像和會議記錄。
01:09
They behaved just like the children.
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他們的舉止就像小孩。
01:11
And they made mistakes, too, just like the children.
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而且他們也會犯錯,就像小孩一樣。
01:15
The only difference was, their mistakes
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唯一的差異是,他們的錯誤
01:18
were in the secret filing cabinets.
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放在秘密資料庫內。
01:21
Well, there was a girl in the town, and she didn't think
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鎮上有一個女孩,她不認為
01:23
they should be in the secret filing cabinets,
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這些資料應該放在秘密資料庫內,
01:26
or if they were, there ought to be a law
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就算放在那裡,應該要有條法律
01:28
to allow the children access.
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允許小孩們能取得資料。
01:30
And so she set about to make it so.
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所以她打算要這麼做。
01:34
Well, I'm the girl in that story, and the secret documents
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我就是故事中的女孩,而我感興趣的秘密文件
01:38
that I was interested in were located in this building,
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就位於這座建築物中,
01:41
the British Parliament, and the data that I wanted
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也就是英國國會大廈,我要取得的資料
01:45
to get my hands on were the expense receipts
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是國會議員的
01:48
of members of Parliament.
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開支收據。
01:52
I thought this was a basic question to ask in a democracy. (Applause)
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我想這是民主社會中要問的基本問題。(掌聲)
01:58
It wasn't like I was asking for the code to a nuclear bunker,
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我不是在問核子避難所的密碼,
02:01
or anything like that, but the amount of resistance I got
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或者那類的事情,但我出自於尋求資訊的自由
02:04
from this Freedom of Information request,
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而遭遇到的種種阻力
02:07
you would have thought I'd asked something like this.
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會讓人以為我在問那種機密的問題。
02:10
So I fought for about five years doing this,
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於是我花了大概五年在爭取,
02:14
and it was one of many hundreds of requests that I made,
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而這只是我所提的好幾百個請求中的一個。
02:17
not -- I didn't -- Hey, look, I didn't set out, honestly,
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事實上,我的本意不是要
02:20
to revolutionize the British Parliament.
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徹底改革英國國會。
02:22
That was not my intention. I was just making these requests
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那不是我的原本企圖,我只是為我第一本書的研究
02:25
as part of research for my first book.
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提了這些請求。
02:29
But it ended up in this very long, protracted legal battle
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但卻演變成冗長,拖延的法律戰,
02:32
and there I was after five years fighting against Parliament
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於是過了五年跟國會抗戰後
02:36
in front of three of Britain's most eminent High Court judges
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我站在英國最有名望的三位高等法院法官前,
02:39
waiting for their ruling about whether or not Parliament had to release this data.
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等待他們裁定國會是否必須釋出這些資料。
02:43
And I've got to tell you, I wasn't that hopeful,
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我必須誠實以告,當時我沒抱什麼希望。
02:45
because I'd seen the establishment. I thought,
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因為我已經見識過這些機關組織。我心想,
02:48
it always sticks together. I am out of luck.
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他們會聯合起來。我沒那麼幸運。
02:51
Well, guess what? I won. Hooray. (Applause)
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猜猜看?我贏了。萬歲。(掌聲)
02:56
Well, that's not exactly the story, because the problem was
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但故事不是到此結束,因為問題是
02:59
that Parliament delayed and delayed releasing that data,
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國會一再拖延釋出資料的時間,
03:03
and then they tried to retrospectively change the law
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接著他們試著回顧性地改變法律
03:06
so that it would no longer apply to them.
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以致於法律不適用於他們。
03:08
The transparency law they'd passed earlier that applied to everybody else,
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他們較早前通過的透明法適用於其他所有人,
03:11
they tried to keep it so it didn't apply to them.
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但他們試著保存這法律以致於他們能置身事外。
03:14
What they hadn't counted on was digitization,
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他們沒想到的是數位化,
03:18
because that meant that all those paper receipts
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因為這代表著所有紙張收據
03:20
had been scanned in electronically, and it was very easy
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都經過電子掃描存檔,於是若有人要
03:23
for somebody to just copy that entire database,
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複製整個資料檔,這是易如反掌的事,
03:26
put it on a disk, and then just saunter outside of Parliament,
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插入一個磁碟,資料就流到國會外了,
03:30
which they did, and then they shopped that disk
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有人確實這麼做了,接著他們將磁碟
03:33
to the highest bidder, which was the Daily Telegraph,
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賣給出價最高的競標者,也就是《每日電訊報》,
03:36
and then, you all remember, there was weeks and weeks
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於是,你也都記得,接下來持續好幾周的披露,
03:39
of revelations, everything from porn movies
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什麼都有,從色情電影
03:42
and bath plugs and new kitchens
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浴缸塞和新的廚房
03:45
and mortgages that had never been paid off.
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還有從來沒有付清的貸款。
03:49
The end result was six ministers resigned,
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結果是六個大臣辭職,
03:53
the first speaker of the house in 300 years was forced to resign,
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300年以來,第一個下議院議長被強迫辭職,
03:57
a new government was elected on a mandate of transparency,
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根據透明化的指令,一個新政府被推選成立了,
04:01
120 MPs stepped down at that election,
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120個國會議員在此選舉中下台,
04:05
and so far, four MPs and two lords
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截至目前為止,四個國會議員和兩個上議院議員
04:10
have done jail time for fraud.
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因詐欺被而坐牢。
04:13
So, thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝。(掌聲)
04:19
Well, I tell you that story because it wasn't unique to Britain.
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我講這個故事是因為這並不只發生在英國。
04:23
It was an example of a culture clash that's happening
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這是文化衝突的例子,
04:27
all over the world between bewigged and bestockinged
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發生在全世界戴假髮和穿襪子的官員身上,
04:30
officials who think that they can rule over us
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他們認為他們可以統治我們
04:34
without very much prying from the public,
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而不用受到大眾的窺探,
04:36
and then suddenly confronted with a public
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接著突然間受到不滿於此種安排的
04:39
who is no longer content with that arrangement,
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社會大眾對質,
04:42
and not only not content with it, now, more often,
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社會大眾不只是不滿足現狀,更常見地,
04:45
armed with official data itself.
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還有官方資料當靠山。
04:50
So we are moving to this democratization of information,
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於是我們進入資訊民主化的時代,
04:55
and I've been in this field for quite a while.
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而我已經在這領域有一段時間。
04:57
Slightly embarrassing admission: Even when I was a kid,
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有點難為情的自白:當我還是個孩子的時候,
05:00
I used to have these little spy books, and I would, like,
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我有小本的間諜筆記本,我所做的是
05:02
see what everybody was doing in my neighborhood and log it down.
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看在我家附近每個人在做什麼,記錄下來。
05:05
I think that was a pretty good indication
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我想那是我未來選擇
05:07
about my future career as an investigative journalist,
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作為一個調查型記者的好指標,
05:10
and what I've seen from being in this access to information field for so long
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而我在這個要取得資訊的領域待了這麼久,所看到的是
05:14
is that it used to be quite a niche interest,
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過去大家為的是利基利益,
05:17
and it's gone mainstream. Everybody, increasingly, around the world,
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現在這已經成為主流。全世界裡,愈來愈多人
05:20
wants to know about what people in power are doing.
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想要知道有權力的人在做什麼。
05:23
They want a say in decisions that are made in their name
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對於以他們之名和花他們金錢下所做的決定,
他們有權表達意見。
05:27
and with their money. It's this democratization of information
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我認為資訊民主化
05:30
that I think is an information enlightenment,
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就像是資訊的啟蒙期,
05:33
and it has many of the same principles of the first Enlightenment.
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它跟第一個啟蒙時代有很多相同的原則。
05:36
It's about searching for the truth,
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都是要尋找真相,
05:39
not because somebody says it's true, "because I say so."
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不是因為有人說那是真的,「因為我這麼說。」
05:43
No, it's about trying to find the truth based on
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不是的,而是根據你所看到的,
05:46
what you can see and what can be tested.
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還有可以被驗證的,來試圖找出真相。
05:48
That, in the first Enlightenment, led to questions about
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在第一個啟蒙時代,這點引發種種問題,
05:51
the right of kings, the divine right of kings to rule over people,
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像是國王的權利,國王統治人民的神聖正當性,
05:55
or that women should be subordinate to men,
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或者女性應該順從男性,
05:57
or that the Church was the official word of God.
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或者教會是上帝的官方語言。
05:59
Obviously the Church weren't very happy about this,
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顯然教會不樂見此情形,
06:02
and they tried to suppress it,
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於是他們試著壓制它,
06:04
but what they hadn't counted on was technology,
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但他們沒想到的是科技,
06:07
and then they had the printing press, which suddenly
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接著報紙印刷出現了,
06:09
enabled these ideas to spread cheaply, far and fast,
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突然間這些想法可以很便宜地散播出去,又遠又快,
06:13
and people would come together in coffee houses,
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於是人們會聚集在咖啡店,
06:16
discuss the ideas, plot revolution.
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討論這些想法,策畫革命。
06:19
In our day, we have digitization. That strips all the physical mass out of information,
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在我們的時代,我們有數位化。
刪減了資訊的實體體積,
06:23
so now it's almost zero cost to copy and share information.
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所以現在複製和分享資訊幾乎是不需要成本的。
06:27
Our printing press is the Internet. Our coffee houses are social networks.
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我們的報紙印刷是網際網路,
我們的咖啡店是社群網路。
06:31
We're moving to what I would think of as a fully connected system,
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我們進入我所認為的一個完整連接的系統,
06:36
and we have global decisions to make in this system,
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在這個系統內,我們可以作全球的決定,
06:39
decisions about climate, about finance systems,
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關於氣候、關於財政系統、
06:42
about resources. And think about it --
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關於資源等的決定。仔細想想 --
06:46
if we want to make an important decision about buying a house,
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如果我們要做買房子的重大決定,
06:48
we don't just go off. I mean, I don't know about you,
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我們不會一次決定。我不清楚你們會怎麼做,
06:51
but I want to see a lot of houses before I put that much money into it.
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但在我花了這麼多錢之前,我會去看很多房子。
06:54
And if we're thinking about a finance system,
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如果我們想到一個財政系統,
06:56
we need a lot of information to take in. It's just not possible
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我們需要吸收很多的資訊。
07:00
for one person to take in the amount, the volume
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一個人不可能吸收這麼大量的資訊,
07:04
of information, and analyze it to make good decisions.
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進行分析而下對決定。
07:08
So that's why we're seeing increasingly this demand
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這也是為什麼我們可看到日漸增加的
07:11
for access to information.
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取得資訊的需求。
07:13
That's why we're starting to see more disclosure laws
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這也是為什麼我們開始看到愈來愈多的
07:16
come out, so for example, on the environment,
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揭露法出現,舉例來說,在環境方面,
07:18
there's the Aarhus Convention,
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有奧胡斯公約,
07:19
which is a European directive that gives people
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這是一個歐洲的指令,賦予人們強烈的
07:21
a very strong right to know, so if your water company
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可得知的權力,於是如果你的自來水公司
07:24
is dumping water into your river, sewage water
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將汙水排放到你的河流裡,
07:27
into your river, you have a right to know about it.
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你有知道的權力。
07:30
In the finance industry, you now have more of a right
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在金融業裡,你絕對有權力
07:34
to know about what's going on, so we have
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知道目前發生什麼事,於是我們有
07:37
different anti-bribery laws, money regulations,
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不同的反賄絡法,金錢管制,
07:40
increased corporate disclosure, so you can now track assets across borders.
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增加的企業揭露,所以現在你可以跨界追蹤資產。
07:44
And it's getting harder to hide assets, tax avoidance,
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而且要隱藏資產,避稅,支付不平等工資都日漸困難。
07:49
pay inequality. So that's great. We're starting to find out
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這很棒。我們正開始要在這些系統中
07:52
more and more about these systems.
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挖掘愈來愈多的東西。
07:55
And they're all moving to this central system,
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而且這些都往中央系統移動,
07:58
this fully connected system,
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這個完全連接的系統,
08:00
all of them except one. Can you guess which one?
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只缺了一個就完整了。你猜得到是哪一個嗎?
08:03
It's the system which underpins all these other systems.
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它是所有其它的系統的基礎。
08:06
It's the system by which we organize and exercise power,
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是我們組織且操用權力的根據,
08:10
and there I'm talking about politics, because in politics,
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我指的是政治,因為在政治方面,
08:13
we're back to this system, this top-down hierarchy.
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我們回歸到這個系統,這個綜合的等級制度。
08:17
And how is it possible that the volume of information
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於是需要在此系統中的大量資訊,
08:20
can be processed that needs to in this system?
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怎麼有可能會被分析呢?
08:23
Well, it just can't. That's it.
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嗯,答案就是不可能。就是如此。
08:26
And I think this is largely what's behind the crisis
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我認為這是大量隱藏在我們現有不同政府的
08:28
of legitimacy in our different governments right now.
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合法性的危機底下。
08:33
So I've told you a bit about what I did
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我已經跟你們分享一些我做過的事,
08:35
to try and drag Parliament, kicking and screaming,
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無所不用其極地想把國會帶進
08:38
into the 21st century, and I'm just going to give you
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21世紀,我要再說兩個
08:40
a couple of examples of what a few other people I know
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其他我認識的人正在做的事
08:43
are doing.
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的例子。
08:44
So this is a guy called Seb Bacon. He's a computer
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有的名叫 Seb Bacon 的人。他是個電腦程式
08:47
programmer, and he built a site called Alaveteli,
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設計師,他架了一個叫做 Alaveteli 的網站,
08:51
and what it is, it's a Freedom of Information platform.
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這網站是一個資訊自由的平台。
08:56
It's open-source, with documentation, and it allows you
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它是開放原始碼的,有文件資料,
08:59
to make a Freedom of Information request,
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且允許人們提出資訊自由的請求,
09:02
to ask your public body a question, so
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詢問相關大眾一個問題,
09:05
it takes all the hassle out of it, and I can tell you
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它把所有的麻煩都刪去,我跟你保證
09:08
that there is a lot of hassle making these requests,
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提出這些請求就是有很多麻煩,
09:10
so it takes all of that hassle out, and you just type in your question,
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它把麻煩省了,而你所做的只是輸入你的問題,
09:14
for example, how many police officers have a criminal record?
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舉例來說,多少警察有犯罪前科?
09:18
It zooms it off to the appropriate person, it tells you
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網站會將問題轉移到合適的人身上,
09:22
when the time limit is coming to an end, it keeps track of all
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當期限快到的時候,你會被網站告知,網站也會持續
09:26
the correspondence, it posts it up there,
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追蹤所有的相關通信資訊,將資訊發布在網站上,
09:27
and it becomes an archive of public knowledge.
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變成大眾知識的檔案庫。
09:31
So that's open-source and it can be used in any country
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因為這網站是開放原始碼的,它可被應用在
09:34
where there is some kind of Freedom of Information law.
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任何有資訊自由法的國家。
09:37
So there's a list there of the different countries that have it,
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這裡有一張列出擁有資訊自由法的各個不同的國家清單,
09:41
and then there's a few more coming on board.
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還有幾個國家正要加入。
09:42
So if any of you out there like the sound of that
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如果你們當中有人欣賞這個想法
09:45
and have a law like that in your country,
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且在你們的國家也有類似的法律,
09:48
I know that Seb would love to hear from you
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我想 Seb 會很開心你和他聯絡,
09:50
about collaborating and getting that into your country.
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一起合作將網站推廣到你的國家。
09:54
This is Birgitta Jónsdóttir. She's an Icelandic MP.
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這是 Birgitta Jónsdóttir 。她是冰島的國會議員。
09:58
And quite an unusual MP. In Iceland, she was
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可說是位相當不尋常的國會議員。在冰島,
10:02
one of the protesters who was outside of Parliament
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當國家的經濟崩裂時,
10:05
when the country's economy collapsed,
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她是站在國會外的抗議群眾之一,
10:09
and then she was elected on a reform mandate,
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接著她被選為改革的代表,
10:13
and she's now spearheading this project.
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現在她是這個企劃的先鋒部隊。
10:15
It's the Icelandic Modern Media Initiative,
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此企劃就是冰島現代傳媒倡議,
10:18
and they've just got funding to make it an international
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而且他們剛取得資金可以將它推廣成
10:20
modern media project, and this is taking all of the best laws
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國際的現代傳媒企劃,也就是吸取
10:24
around the world about freedom of expression,
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世界上最好的法律,包括表達的自由,
10:27
protection of whistleblowers, protection from libel,
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保護告密者,不受毀謗的防護,
10:30
source protection, and trying to make Iceland a publishing haven.
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來源防護,還有嘗試將冰島變成一個發布消息的避難所。
10:34
It's a place where your data can be free, so when we think
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在那裏你的資訊可以自由,
10:36
about, increasingly, how governments want to access user data,
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當我們愈來愈常想到政府多麼想要取得使用者資訊,
10:40
what they're trying to do in Iceland is make this safe haven
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在冰島他們正在做的是建造一個可能成真的
10:43
where it can happen.
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安全避難所。
10:45
In my own field of investigative journalism, we're also
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在我所從事的調查型新聞領域,
10:49
having to start thinking globally, so this is a site called
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我們也必須有全球型思維,於是有個叫作
10:51
Investigative Dashboard. And if you're trying to track
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調查儀表版的網站。如果你要查詢
10:54
a dictator's assets, for example, Hosni Mubarak,
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一個獨裁者的資產,舉例來說, Hosni Mubarak ,
10:57
you know, he's just funneling out cash from his country
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你也知道,當他知道他身陷麻煩,
11:01
when he knows he's in trouble, and what you want to do
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他將錢從他的國家流出去,而你要調查時,
11:03
to investigate that is, you need to have access to
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你必需竭盡所能地
11:06
all of the world's, as many as you can,
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取得全世界的
11:08
companies' house registrations databases.
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公司的房屋註冊資料庫。
11:11
So this is a website that tries to agglomerate all of those
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所以這是個試著凝聚所有資料庫
11:15
databases into one place so you can start searching for,
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到一個網站,所以你可以查詢
11:19
you know, his relatives, his friends, the head of his security services.
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他的親戚,他的朋友,他的國家安全部門的首長。
11:22
You can try and find out how he's moving out assets
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你可以試著找出他如何將資產
11:25
from that country.
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移出國內。
11:28
But again, when it comes to the decisions which are
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但當我們講到影響我們最劇烈的決定,
11:31
impacting us the most, perhaps, the most important
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或許最重要的決定是
11:34
decisions that are being made about war and so forth,
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有關戰爭等等,
11:38
again we can't just make a Freedom of Information request.
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我們不可能只是個提出資訊自由的請求。
11:41
It's really difficult. So we're still having to rely on
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這是非常困難的。所以我們仍須依靠
11:44
illegitimate ways of getting information, through leaks.
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不合法的手段或洩漏的消息來取來資訊。
11:48
So when the Guardian did this investigation about
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於是當英國《衛報》調查
11:51
the Afghan War, you know, they can't walk into
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阿富汗戰爭時,他們不能走進
11:54
the Department of Defense and ask for all the information.
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國防部門要求取得所有的資訊。
11:57
You know, they're just not going to get it.
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資訊不可能這樣到手。
11:59
So this came from leaks of tens of thousands of dispatches
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所以資訊來自美國軍人寫下的
12:03
that were written by American soldiers
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幾萬則有關阿富汗戰爭的快信中,
12:05
about the Afghan War, and leaked,
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而且被洩露,
12:08
and then they're able to do this investigation.
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接著他們才能進行調查。
12:12
Another rather large investigation is around world diplomacy.
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另外一個相當大規模的調查是全球外交。
12:17
Again, this is all based around leaks,
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再一次地,這也是全部根據洩露的訊息,
12:20
251,000 U.S. diplomatic cables, and I was involved
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251,000 份美國外交的越洋電報,我也參與
12:25
in this investigation because I got this leak
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了這件調查,因為我從一個
12:29
through a leak from a disgruntled WikiLeaker
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很不開心的維基解密人員所洩漏的消息中取得資訊,
12:32
and ended up going to work at the Guardian.
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結果我到英國《衛報》工作。
12:35
So I can tell you firsthand what it was like to have access
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所以我可以跟你說取得此洩密的
12:37
to this leak. It was amazing. I mean, it was amazing.
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第一手感覺。我的意思是,感覺非常的奇妙。
12:39
It reminded me of that scene in "The Wizard of Oz."
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讓我想起《綠野仙蹤》的場景。
12:43
Do you know the one I mean? Where the little dog Toto
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你知道我的意思嗎?當小狗多多
12:45
runs across to where the wizard [is], and he pulls back,
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跑到巫師旁,巫師後退,
12:48
the dog's pulling back the curtain, and --
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多多折回跑到布簾旁,接著 --
12:50
"Don't look behind the screen. Don't look at the man behind the screen."
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「不要偷瞄布簾,不要看布簾後面那個人。」
12:54
It was just like that, because what you started to see
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就像這樣,因為你開始看到的是
12:56
is that all of these grand statesmen, these very pompous
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全部這些非常高貴的,浮誇的政治家,
12:59
politicians, they were just like us.
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他們就跟我們一樣。
13:02
They all bitched about each other. I mean, quite gossipy,
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他們都互相講彼此的壞話。我指的是這些電報
13:05
those cables. Okay, but I thought it was a very important
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都滿八卦的。但我想我們應該要抓住
13:07
point for all of us to grasp, these are human beings
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一個重點,這些人是跟我們一樣的人類。
13:10
just like us. They don't have special powers.
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他們沒有特別的權力。
13:12
They're not magic. They are not our parents.
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他們沒有魔法。他們不是我們的父母。
13:16
Beyond that, what I found most fascinating
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除此之外,我發現最令人著迷的是
13:20
was the level of endemic corruption that I saw
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我在所有不同國家中看到的
13:23
across all different countries, and particularly centered
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每個地方特有的腐敗程度,
13:26
around the heart of power, around public officials
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特別是集中在中心權力附近,盜用公眾財產
13:29
who were embezzling the public's money
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來提升個人財富的公務員,
13:32
for their own personal enrichment, and allowed to do that
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因為官方機密,
13:35
because of official secrecy.
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他們可以下手。
13:38
So I've mentioned WikiLeaks, because surely what could be
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我已經提到維基解密,因為有什麼可以比
13:42
more open than publishing all the material?
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發布這些資訊更公開的事?
13:44
Because that is what Julian Assange did.
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因為這就是 Julian Assange 所做的事。
13:48
He wasn't content with the way the newspapers published it
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他不滿足於報紙講求安全和合法的
13:50
to be safe and legal. He threw it all out there.
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發行方式。他將所有資訊釋出。
13:54
That did end up with vulnerable people in Afghanistan
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的確最後在阿富汗
容易受傷害的人們被曝光。
13:58
being exposed. It also meant that the Belarussian dictator
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這也代表白俄羅斯獨裁者
14:01
was given a handy list of all the pro-democracy campaigners
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有了一份方便的名單,列出所在國家內
14:05
in that country who had spoken to the U.S. government.
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和美國政府接洽過且支持民主的倡導者。
14:08
Is that radical openness? I say it's not, because for me,
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這是很激進的開放性嗎?我覺得不是,因為對我而言,
14:13
what it means, it doesn't mean abdicating power,
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這代表的不是放棄權力,
14:16
responsibility, accountability, it's actually being a partner
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責任,可靠性,這其實是代表著擁有權力的夥伴。
14:20
with power. It's about sharing responsibility,
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這是關於分享責任,
14:23
sharing accountability. Also, the fact that
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分享責任。還有,
14:26
he threatened to sue me because I got a leak of his leaks,
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他威脅要告我因為我有他的洩密的這項事實,
14:28
I thought that showed a remarkable sort of inconsistency
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我想也這展現了一種值得注意的前後矛盾的意識,
14:31
in ideology, to be honest, as well. (Laughs)
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老實說。(笑聲)
14:37
The other thing is that power is incredibly seductive,
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另一件事是權力有令人不可置信的吸引力,
14:40
and you must have two real qualities, I think,
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所以我想你一定要有兩種真的特質,
14:43
when you come to the table, when you're dealing
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當你到桌前,當你操縱權力,
14:45
with power, talking about power,
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談論權力,
14:47
because of its seductive capacity.
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因為它的誘惑力。
14:49
You've got to have skepticism and humility.
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你一定要能懷疑和保持謙卑。
14:52
Skepticism, because you must always be challenging.
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懷疑,因為你一定要一直挑戰。
14:55
I want to see why do you -- you just say so? That's not good enough.
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我要看到你剛剛這麼說的原因。那還不夠好。
14:58
I want to see the evidence behind why that's so.
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我要看到為什麼那是這樣的證據。
15:01
And humility because we are all human. We all make mistakes.
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而要謙虛是因為我們都是人類,我們都會犯錯。
15:05
And if you don't have skepticism and humility,
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如果你不懂得懷疑和謙虛,
15:08
then it's a really short journey to go from reformer
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改革者和獨裁者之間只有一線之隔,
15:11
to autocrat, and I think you only have to read "Animal Farm"
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我想你只要讀過《動物農莊》
15:15
to get that message about how power corrupts people.
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就能明白權力如何腐蝕人心。
15:21
So what is the solution? It is, I believe, to embody
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那麼解決方案是什麼呢?
我相信是要在法律規定下,
15:27
within the rule of law rights to information.
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將取得資訊的權力具體化。
15:30
At the moment our rights are incredibly weak.
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當下我們的權力真是令人不可置信地渺小。
15:33
In a lot of countries, we have Official Secrets Acts,
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在很多國家,有實行官方機密法,
15:36
including in Britain here. We have an Official Secrets Act
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包括在英國。我們有不為大眾利益著想的
15:38
with no public interest test. So that means it's a crime,
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官方機密法。這代表著發布或者洩漏官方消息
15:41
people are punished, quite severely in a lot of cases,
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是犯罪行為,在很多案例裡,
15:45
for publishing or giving away official information.
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人們被嚴重地處罰。
15:50
Now wouldn't it be amazing, and really, this is what I want
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試想這樣不是很好嗎?
15:53
all of you to think about, if we had an Official Disclosure Act
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我要你們思考的是
如果我們有個官方的揭露法
15:57
where officials were punished if they were found
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當官員被發現封鎖或者隱藏了
16:00
to have suppressed or hidden information
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有關大眾利益的消息,
16:03
that was in the public interest?
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他們會被處罰。
16:05
So that -- yes. Yes! My power pose. (Applause) (Laughs)
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對!這就是我的權力姿勢。(掌聲)(笑聲)
16:12
I would like us to work towards that.
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我希望我們能朝這個方向努力。
16:15
So it's not all bad news. I mean, there definitely is
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所以並非全部都是壞消息。我的意思是,
16:19
progress on the line, but I think what we find is that
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當然有在進步,但我想我們發現了
16:22
the closer that we get right into the heart of power,
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當我們愈接近權力中心時,
16:25
the more opaque, closed it becomes.
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它變得更模糊和封閉。
16:29
So it was only just the other week that I heard London's
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某一週我聽到
16:32
Metropolitan Police Commissioner talking about why
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倫敦警察局局長講到
16:36
the police need access to all of our communications,
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為什麼警察需要取得我們所有的通聯記錄,
16:40
spying on us without any judicial oversight,
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不在司法監督下可監視我們,
16:43
and he said it was a matter of life and death.
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他說這是攸關生死的事情。
16:45
He actually said that, it was a matter of life and death.
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他真的這麼說,攸關生死的事。
16:48
There was no evidence. He presented no evidence of that.
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沒有證據。他沒有提出任何證據。
16:52
It was just, "Because I say so.
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就像這樣,「因為我這麼說。
16:56
You have to trust me. Take it on faith."
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你必須相信我。有信心。」
16:59
Well, I'm sorry, people, but we are back
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嗯,我很抱歉,大家,但我們退化到
17:01
to the pre-Enlightenment Church,
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啟蒙時代前的教會中,
17:05
and we need to fight against that.
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所以我們必需抵抗。
17:08
So he was talking about the law in Britain which is
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他所提到的英國法律是
17:12
the Communications Data Bill, an absolutely outrageous piece of legislation.
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通訊資料法,一則相當可恥的立法。
17:16
In America, you have the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act.
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在美國有網路情報分享及保護法。
17:19
You've got drones now being considered for domestic surveillance.
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無人飛機被使來作國土監控。
17:23
You have the National Security Agency building
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有一棟世界最大的監視中心
17:26
the world's giantest spy center. It's just this colossal --
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也就是國家安全局。非常龐大 --
17:29
it's five times bigger than the U.S. Capitol,
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是美國國會大廈的五倍大,
17:32
in which they're going to intercept and analyze
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他們在裡面攔截和分析
17:34
communications, traffic and personal data
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通聯紀錄、交通和個人資料,
17:37
to try and figure out who's the troublemaker in society.
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試著找出誰是社會中製造麻煩的人。
17:40
Well, to go back to our original story, the parents
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回到我們原本的故事,
17:45
have panicked. They've locked all the doors.
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3850
父母受了驚嚇。他們把全部的門都鎖起來。
17:49
They've kitted out the house with CCTV cameras.
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他們在屋外都裝了 CCTV 監視攝影機。
17:52
They're watching all of us. They've dug a basement,
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他們在監控我們。他們挖了一個地下室,
17:54
and they've built a spy center to try and run algorithms
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而且建造一個監視中心,執行規則系統,
17:57
and figure out which ones of us are troublesome,
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找出我們當中誰會找麻煩,
18:00
and if any of us complain about that, we're arrested for terrorism.
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如果任何人抱怨,我們會因恐怖主義被逮捕。
18:04
Well, is that a fairy tale or a living nightmare?
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這到底是童話故事還是活生生的夢靨呢?
18:08
Some fairy tales have happy endings. Some don't.
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有些童話故事有美好結局。有些沒有。
18:11
I think we've all read the Grimms' fairy tales, which are,
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我想我們都讀過格林童話,
18:14
indeed, very grim.
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事實上是非常殘忍的。
18:16
But the world isn't a fairy tale, and it could be more brutal
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但這個世界不是個童話故事,甚至有可能
18:22
than we want to acknowledge.
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比我們願意承認得來的更加殘酷。
18:24
Equally, it could be better than we've been led to believe,
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相同地,世界可以比我們過去被引導而相信得還要好,
18:27
but either way, we have to start seeing it exactly as it is,
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但不管是哪個方式,我們必須開始看清事情真相,
18:30
with all of its problems, because it's only by seeing it
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和所有的問題,因為只有藉著
18:34
with all of its problems that we'll be able to fix them
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看清所有的問題,我們才能解決它們,
18:37
and live in a world in which we can all be
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且活在一個我們全部都可以過得
18:41
happily ever after. (Laughs) Thank you very much.
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更快樂的世界。(笑聲) 謝謝大家。
18:45
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
18:48
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝。(掌聲)
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