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Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Chen-Han Hsiao
審譯者: Geoff Chen
00:15
Living with a physical
disability isn't easy
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對世界各地的身障人士來說
00:19
anywhere in the world,
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生活並不容易
00:21
but if you live in a country
like the United States,
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但如果你居住在美國
00:24
there's certain appurtenances available
to you that do make life easier.
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有不少的輔助可以幫忙你生活地容易一些
00:27
So if you're in a building,
you can take an elevator.
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當你在一棟建築 你可以搭乘電梯
00:29
If you're crossing the street,
you have sidewalk cutouts.
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如果你要穿越馬路 你可以使用人行道無障礙坡道
00:32
And if you have to travel
some distance farther
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如果要到遠一點,你無法靠自己力量到達的地方
00:34
than you can do under your own power,
there's accessible vehicles,
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你可以駕駛無障礙車輛
00:37
and if you can't afford one of those,
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如果你負擔不起
00:39
there's accessible public transportation.
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你也可以搭乘公共運輸工具
00:41
But in the developing world,
things are quite different.
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但是在開發中國家不是這樣的
00:44
There's 40 million people who need
a wheelchair but don't have one,
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有四千萬人口缺乏輪椅
00:47
and the majority of these
people live in rural areas,
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而他們大多居住在鄉下
00:51
where the only connections to community,
to employment, to education,
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進入社會、取得工作、教育的唯一方式
00:55
are by traveling long
distances on rough terrain
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就是依靠他們自己的力量
00:57
often under their own power.
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在崎嶇的路面上遠行
01:00
And the devices usually
available to these people
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而他們所擁有的器材不是設計來這樣使用的
01:02
are not made for that context,
break down quickly,
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所以很快地就壞了
01:05
and are hard to repair.
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並且難以修復
01:07
I started looking at wheelchairs
in developing countries in 2005,
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從2005年起 我開始研究開發中國家的輪椅
01:12
when I spent the summer assessing
the state of technology in Tanzania,
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我花了一個夏天了解坦尚尼亞的現況
01:15
and I talked to wheelchair users, wheelchair
manufacturers, disability groups,
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我訪問了輪椅使用者、輪椅製造商、身障社團
01:19
and what stood out to me
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實際情況是
01:21
is that there wasn't a device available
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沒有任何器具
01:24
that was designed for rural
areas, that could go fast
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是為鄉村地形而設計
01:26
and efficiently on many types of terrain.
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而可以快速且有效率地移動
01:29
So being a mechanical engineer,
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身為一名在麻省理工學院的機構工程師
01:31
being at MIT and having lots
of resources available to me,
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有很多資源可以取用的我
01:33
I thought I'd try to do
something about it.
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我想試試為他們做點什麼
01:36
Now when you're talking
about trying to travel
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當大家開始談到
01:39
long distances on rough terrain,
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在崎嶇的路面上移動到遠處
01:41
I immediately thought of a mountain bike,
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我立刻想到了一台登山自行車
01:43
and a mountain bike's good at doing this
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登山自行車很適合於這樣的環境
01:44
because it has a gear train,
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是因為它有一條傳動鍊
01:46
and you can shift to a low gear
if you have to climb a hill
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如果你要爬坡,或是穿越沙土泥地
01:49
or go through mud or sand
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可以將它切換到低檔位
01:50
and you get a lot of torque
but a low speed.
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以大扭力及低速的移動
01:52
And if you want to go
faster, say on pavement,
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如果你在道路上 想走得快一點
01:54
you can shift to a high gear,
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你可以切換到高檔位
01:56
and you get less torque,
but higher speeds.
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以小扭力高速地移動
01:58
So the logical evolution here
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想法上的演進是這樣的
02:00
is to just make a wheelchair
with mountain bike components,
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將登山自行車的元件加入到輪椅上
02:02
which many people have done.
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而這已經有很多人做到了
02:04
But these are two products
available in the U.S. that
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有兩款在美國已經買得到的產品
02:07
would be difficult to transfer
into developing countries
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因為它們實在是相當的貴
很難將它們導入到發展中國家
02:10
because they're much, much too expensive.
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02:12
And the context I'm talking about is where
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而我想談的是
02:14
you need to have a product
that is less than 200 dollars.
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低於200美元的產品
02:18
And this ideal product
would also be able to go
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這個理想中的產品可以走大約 5 公里遠
02:21
about five kilometers a day so you
could get to your job, get to school,
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到你工作、學習的場所
02:25
and do it on many,
many different types of terrain.
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而且要在各種地形上運行
02:27
But when you get home or want
to go indoors at your work,
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當你回到家或是室內環境
02:30
it's got to be small enough and maneuverable
enough to use inside.
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它也要夠小台並具有機動性
02:34
And furthermore, if you want it to last
a long time out in rural areas,
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此外,如果你要在鄉下地區長時間地使用
02:37
it has to be repairable using the local
tools, materials and knowledge
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也要可以透過當地工具、材料
02:41
in those contexts.
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來修復它
02:44
So the real crux of the problem here is,
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問題真正的關鍵
02:47
how do you make a system
that's a simple device
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在於如何打造一個簡單的系統
02:50
but gives you a large
mechanical advantage?
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但又能發揮強大的機械優點
02:53
How do you make a mountain
bike for your arms
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如何打造一台適合你手臂操作
02:55
that doesn't have the mountain
bike cost and complexity?
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但花費較少、較簡易的登山自行車
02:57
So as is the case with simple solutions,
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這樣條件下的簡易解決方案 經常就在你眼前
03:00
oftentimes the answer is right in front
of your face, and for us it was levers.
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我們想到了槓桿
我們經常使用槓桿 在工具、門把、自行車元件上
03:04
We use levers all the time,
in tools, doorknobs, bicycle parts.
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03:08
And that moment of inspiration,
that key invention moment,
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這個關鍵的靈感
03:11
was when I was sitting
in front of my design notebook
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是當我坐在我設計的筆記型電腦前
我想像有人抓著槓桿
03:14
and I started thinking
about somebody grabbing a lever,
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03:16
and if they grab
near the end of the lever,
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如果他們抓著槓桿的末端
03:18
they can get an effectively long lever
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他們可以使用較長的力臂
03:20
and produce a lot of torque
as they push back and forth,
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產生較大的扭力
03:23
and effectively get a low gear.
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有效的得到低檔位
03:25
And as they slide
their hand down the lever,
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當他們向下握住槓桿
03:28
they can push with a smaller
effective lever length,
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使用較短的力臂
03:31
but push through a bigger
angle every stroke,
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每次出力可以轉動較大的角度
使得輪子旋轉得更快 就像是高檔位一樣
03:33
which makes a faster rotational speed,
and gives you an effective high gear.
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03:36
So what's exciting about this system
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令人興奮的是
03:38
is that it's really, really
mechanically simple,
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這個系統的構造是如此簡單
03:41
and you could make it using technology
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你可以利用已經存在數百年的科技
製造出這項產品
03:43
that's been around for hundreds of years.
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03:44
So seeing this in practice,
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來看看實際運行狀況
03:47
this is the Leveraged Freedom Chair that,
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在數年的研發後
所打造出來的槓桿式輪椅
03:49
after a few years of development,
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03:50
we're now going into production with,
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我們正要進入量產階段
03:52
and this is a full-time wheelchair user --
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這是一位在瓜地馬拉的癱瘓人士
03:54
he's paralyzed -- in Guatemala,
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他全天候使用輪椅
03:56
and you see he's able to traverse
pretty rough terrain.
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他現在可以走在很崎嶇的路面
04:00
Again, the key innovation of this technology
is that when he wants to go fast,
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這項科技的關鍵創新在於
04:04
he just grabs the levers near the pivots
and goes through a big angle every stroke,
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當他想走得快一點 他可以握住靠近軸心的位置做大角度的推動
04:08
and as the going gets tougher, he just
slides his hands up the levers,
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當進入較糟的路面 他只需要握住握桿的上緣
04:11
creates more torque, and kind
of bench-presses his way
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就可以推動較大的扭力
04:14
out of trouble through the rough terrain.
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將他自己推離顛簸的路面
04:16
Now the big, important point here is that
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重要的是
04:19
the person is the complex
machine in this system.
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操作者是整個系統中最複雜的
04:22
It's the person that's sliding
his hands up and down the levers,
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使用者移動他自己的手
04:25
so the mechanism itself can be very simple
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所以機械本身可以非常簡單
04:28
and composed of bicycle parts you
can get anywhere in the world.
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自行車元件你到處都可以取得
04:31
Because those bicycle parts
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這些自行車元件
04:33
are so ubiquitously available,
they're super-cheap.
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很便宜,到處都買得到
04:35
They're made by the gazillions
in China and India,
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它們在中國及印度製造
04:37
and we can source them
anywhere in the world,
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我們可以引進到世界各地
04:39
build the chair anywhere,
and most importantly repair it,
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可以到處製造這輛輪椅
04:42
even out in a village
with a local bicycle mechanic
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更重要的是可以透過當地的自行車店家
04:44
who has local tools, knowledge
and parts available.
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以它們的工具、知識、元件來修理它
04:49
Now, when you want to use the LFC indoors,
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當你要在室內使用槓桿式輪椅時
04:51
all you have to do is pull
the levers out of the drivetrain,
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只要把槓桿從駕駛鍊抽出來
04:55
stow them in the frame, and it
converts into a normal wheelchair
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收到支架內 它就變成了一般的輪椅
04:58
that you can use just
like any other normal wheelchair,
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像一般輪椅的操作方式
05:01
and we sized it like a normal wheelchair,
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我們把大小設定的與一般輪椅一樣
05:03
so it's narrow enough to fit
through a standard doorway,
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讓它的寬度可以通過一般的走廊
05:07
it's low enough to fit under a table,
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也可以推進桌子內
05:11
and it's small and maneuverable
enough to fit in a bathroom
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它的機動性也足以進入浴室
05:15
and this is important so the user
can get up close to a toilet,
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這重要性在於使用者可以靠近馬桶
轉坐過去
05:18
and be able to transfer off
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05:19
just like he could in a normal wheelchair.
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就像他在一般輪椅也能做到的
05:25
Now, there's three important
points that I want to stress
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這項計劃能成功
05:28
that I think really hit
home in this project.
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有三件我想強調的部份
05:32
The first is that this
product works well because
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首先,這項產品能夠成功
05:35
we were effectively able to combine
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是因為我們有效地結合了
05:37
rigorous engineering science
and analysis with user-centered design
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嚴謹的工程科學及著重使用者的設計
05:41
focused on the social and usage
and economic factors
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聚焦在社群、可用性、經濟等因素
05:45
important to wheelchair users
in the developing countries.
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這對發展中國家的輪椅使用者很重要
05:47
So I'm an academic at MIT,
and I'm a mechanical engineer,
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我是一名在麻省理工學院的研究員,一名機構工程師
05:50
so I can do things like look at the type
of terrain you want to travel on,
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我可以檢視你們所要穿越的環境
05:53
and figure out how much
resistance it should impose,
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計算應該施加的壓力
05:56
look at the parts we have
available and mix and match them
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度量我們手上有的元件
05:59
to figure out what sort
of gear trains we can use,
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來決定我們所要取用的傳動鍊
06:02
and then look at the power and force
you can get out of your upper body
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並且計算人們上半身所能推動的力量
06:05
to analyze how fast you should
be able to go in this chair
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來分析人們在這輛輪椅上下推動握桿時
06:07
as you put your arms
up and down the levers.
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能夠走得多快
06:09
So as a wet-behind-the-ears
student, excited,
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這些菜鳥學生們很興奮
06:13
our team made a prototype,
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我們的團隊製做了一個樣版
06:15
brought that prototype to Tanzania,
Kenya and Vietnam in 2008,
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在2008年將它帶到了坦尚尼亞、肯亞、越南
06:20
and found it was terrible
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發現它並不合用
06:22
because we didn't get
enough input from users.
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因為我們沒有獲得足夠的使用者回饋
06:24
So because we tested it
with wheelchair users,
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於是我們與輪椅使用者、輪椅製造商
06:27
with wheelchair manufacturers,
we got that feedback from them,
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一起進行測試、了解他們的反應
06:30
not just articulating their problems,
but articulating their solutions,
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不只說明他們的問題,也說明他們的解決方法
06:33
and worked together to go back
to the drawing board and make a new design,
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然後我們回來重新畫設計圖
06:37
which we brought back
to East Africa in '09
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在2009年帶回來到非洲西部
06:39
that worked a lot better than a normal
wheelchair on rough terrain,
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它在顛簸的路面上運作得比一般的輪椅更好
06:42
but it still didn't work well
indoors because it was too big,
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但它太大了以致於在室內環境不適合
06:45
it was heavy, it was hard to move around,
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它太重 不容易隨意移動
06:47
so again with that user feedback,
we went back to the drawing board,
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得到了使用者的回饋 我們再次回到製圖板上
06:50
came up with a better
design, 20 pounds lighter,
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做更好的設計 也減輕20磅重量
06:53
as narrow as a regular wheelchair, tested
that in a field trial in Guatemala,
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也有如同一般輪椅的寬度 並在瓜地馬拉進行測試
06:56
and that advanced the product to the point
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於是這項產品
06:58
where we have now that it's going
into production.
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進展到現在我們要開始量產的狀態
07:02
Now also being engineering scientists,
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身為科學工程師
07:04
we were able to quantify the performance
benefits of the Leveraged Freedom Chair,
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我們也量化槓桿式輪椅的優點
07:08
so here are some shots
of our trial in Guatemala
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這是幾張我們在瓜地馬拉做試驗的照片
07:10
where we tested the LFC
on village terrain,
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我們在農村裡測試槓桿式輪椅
07:14
and tested people's biomechanical outputs,
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也測量人們的生物力學輸出
07:16
their oxygen consumption,
how fast they go,
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及氧氣消耗量、行進速度
07:18
how much power they're putting out,
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及他們推動的力量
比較一般輪椅以及槓桿式輪椅
07:20
both in their regular
wheelchairs and using the LFC,
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07:23
and we found that the LFC
is about 80 percent faster
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我們發現在這些環境裡
07:25
going on these terrains
than a normal wheelchair.
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槓桿式輪椅比起一般輪椅快了百分之八十
比起一般的輪椅,也多了百分之四十的效率
07:28
It's also about 40 percent more
efficient than a regular wheelchair,
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07:31
and because of the mechanical
advantage you get from the levers,
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也由於槓桿的機械特性
07:34
you can produce 50 percent higher torque
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你可以多產生百分之五十的扭力
07:35
and really muscle your way
through the really, really rough terrain.
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讓你可以走過非常崎嶇的道路
07:39
Now the second lesson
that we learned in this is that
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第二 我們學到了
07:43
the constraints on this design
really push the innovation,
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設計上的限制也推進了創新
07:46
because we had to hit
such a low price point,
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因為我們必須壓低價格
07:48
because we had to make
a device that could travel
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因為我們要做出一樣可以在很多很多種地形行走
07:50
on many, many types of terrain
but still be usable indoors,
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但又能在室內使用
07:53
and be simple enough to repair,
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也要夠簡易地修理
07:55
we ended up with a fundamentally
new product,
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我們最後發明了全新的產品
07:58
a new product that is an innovation
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一樣新產品
08:00
in a space that really hasn't
changed in a hundred years.
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過去一百年從未出現的創新
08:03
And these are all merits that are not
just good in the developing world.
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這些優點不只能套用在開發中國家
08:06
Why not in countries like the U.S. too?
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也可以帶到像美國這樣的國家
08:09
So we teamed up with Continuum,
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我們與 Continuum 合作
08:10
a local product design firm here in Boston
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這是一間在波士頓當地的製造商
打造了一款高階版本
08:13
to make the high-end version,
the developed world version,
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08:16
that we'll probably sell primarily
in the U.S. and Europe,
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我們會在美國及歐洲
08:18
but to higher-income buyers.
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販賣給高收入的顧客
08:21
And the final point I want
to make is that I think
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最後我想說的
08:24
this project worked
well because we engaged
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這項計劃能成功
08:27
all the stakeholders that buy into this
project and are important to consider
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是因為我們結合了所有參與計劃的人
08:32
in bringing the technology
from inception of an idea
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將這項科技從概念
08:35
through innovation, validation,
commercialization and dissemination,
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到創新、驗證、商用、推廣
08:39
and that cycle has to start
and end with end users.
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這鏈結與使用者緊密相扣
08:43
These are the people that define
the requirements of the technology,
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他們有對這項科技的需求
08:46
and these are the people that have
to give the thumbs-up at the end,
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最終他們舉起大姆指稱讚
08:48
and say, "Yeah, it actually works.
It meets our needs."
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並且說「這很合用,剛好符合我們的需求」
像我一樣在學術界的人
08:51
So people like me in the academic space,
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我們可以做一些像是創新、分析、測試
08:53
we can do things like innovate
and analyze and test,
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08:56
create data and make
bench-level prototypes,
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建立資料、設計實驗階段的原型機種
08:59
but how do you get that bench-level
prototype to commercialization?
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但你要如何將原型機種帶入到商業產品
09:02
So we need gap-fillers like Continuum
that can work on commercializing,
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我們需要像 Continuum 這樣可以幫助我們跨越屏障的公司
09:06
and we started a whole NGO
to bring our chair to market --
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我們成立了一個非政府組識 "Global Research Innovation Technology"
09:08
Global Research Innovation Technology --
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來將我們的輪椅帶到市場上
09:11
and then we also teamed up with a big
manufacturer in India, Pinnacle Industries,
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並與印度的大型製造商 Pinnacle Industries 合作
09:14
that's tooled up now
to make 500 chairs a month
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每個月製造500台輪椅
下個月
09:17
and will make the first
batch of 200 next month,
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09:18
which will be delivered in India.
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第一批將在印度推出
09:20
And then finally, to get this
out to the people in scale,
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最後 為了將它大量的提供給人們
09:23
we teamed up with the largest
disability organization
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我們與全球最大的身障組織
Jaipur Foot 一同合作
09:26
in the world, Jaipur Foot.
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09:28
Now what's powerful about this model
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這個模式的好處
09:30
is when you bring together
all these stakeholders
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是當你結合所有
09:33
that represent each link in the chain
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參與這個鏈結的人
09:35
from inception of an idea
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從概念的發想
09:37
all the way to implementation
in the field,
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到現實中的實作
09:40
that's where the magic happens.
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神奇的事發生了
09:42
That's where you can take
a guy like me, an academic,
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你可以找到一個像我一樣
09:44
but analyze and test
and create a new technology
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做分析、測試、設計的人
09:47
and quantitatively determine
how much better the performance is.
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並且量化它的性能有多好
09:51
You can connect with stakeholders
like the manufacturers
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同時也連結從中賺錢的製造商
與他們面對面
09:54
and talk with them face-to-face
and leverage their
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整合他們的製造程序、客戶
09:56
local knowledge of manufacturing
practices and their clients
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09:59
and combine that knowledge
with our engineering knowledge
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再與我們的工程知識結合
10:01
to create something greater
than either of us could have done alone.
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做出一個比我們各自單獨能做的還要好的東西
10:05
And then you can also engage the end user
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你也必須拉進使用者一起參與設計過程
10:07
in the design process, and not
just ask him what he needs,
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不只是問他們所需要的
10:10
but ask him how he thinks
it can be achieved.
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也問他們認為什麼是行得通的
10:13
And this picture was taken
in India in our last field trial,
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這是我們最後一次在印度做試驗時拍的照片
10:16
where we had a 90-percent
adoption rate where people
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有九成的人從一般輪椅
更換到使用我們的槓桿式輪椅
10:19
switched to using our Leveraged Freedom
Chair over their normal wheelchair,
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10:22
and this picture specifically is of Ashok,
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特別的是 Ashok
10:25
and Ashok had a spinal injury
when he fell out of a tree,
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Ashok 從樹中掉下來後脊髓損傷
10:28
and he had been working at a tailor,
but once he was injured
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以前他是個裁縫師 但自從受傷後
10:31
he wasn't able to transport
himself from his house
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他沒辦法坐在一般輪椅上
10:34
over a kilometer to his shop
in his normal wheelchair.
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從1公里遠的家裡移動到市集
10:37
The road was too rough.
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路程太顛簸了
10:38
But the day after he got
an LFC, he hopped in it,
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但從他拿到槓桿式輪椅的那天
10:41
rode that kilometer, opened up his shop
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他走過那一公里 開始營業
10:43
and soon after landed a contract
to make school uniforms
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很快地拿到學校制服的合約
10:46
and started making money, started
providing for his family again.
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並且開始賺錢 再次養家活口
10:49
Ashok: You also encouraged me to work.
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Ashok: 你鼓勵我去工作
10:51
I rested for a day at home.
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我在家休息一天後
10:53
The next day I went to my shop.
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隔天我就去工作
10:58
Now everything is back to normal.
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現在一切都恢復正常了
11:01
Amos Winter: And thank you
very much for having me today.
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Amos Winter: 感謝你們來聽我演講
11:05
(Applause)
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