How I use Minecraft to help kids with autism | Stuart Duncan

103,608 views ・ 2018-02-26

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:12
My name is Stuart Duncan,
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我的名字是史都華鄧肯,
00:14
but I'm actually probably better known online as "AutismFather."
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但其實在網路上更為人熟知的 名字是「自閉症爸爸」。
00:19
That's me on the internet.
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那是在網路上的我。
00:21
I know the resemblance is uncanny.
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我知道這相似到不可思議。
00:23
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:25
But I'm going to talk a little bit today about Minecraft.
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但我今天想要談談《當個創世神》。 (《Minecraft》遊戲)
00:27
That's my Minecraft character.
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這個是我在該遊戲中的角色。
00:29
If you don't know the game very well, don't worry too much about it.
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如果你不怎麼了解這遊戲,別擔心。
這只是我當時用來滿足需求的媒介。
00:32
It's just the medium that I used at the time to fill a need.
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00:36
And what I want to talk about applies to pretty much every situation.
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我想要談的內容, 適用在幾乎所有的情況。
00:39
So about four years ago, I started a Minecraft server
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大約四年前,我開始建 《當個創世神》的伺服器,
00:43
for children with autism and their families,
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為了自閉症孩童及他們的家人做的,
00:45
and I called it "Autcraft."
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我稱之為《自閉創世神》。 (《Autcraft》)。
00:47
And since then, we've been in the news all around the world,
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從那之後,就一直 出現在全世界的新聞中,
00:50
on television and radio and magazines.
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在電視上、在廣播中、在雜誌上。
00:53
Buzzfeed called us "one of the best places on the internet."
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Buzzfeed 將我們的網站稱為 「網路上最棒的地方之一」。
00:57
We're also the subject of an award-winning research paper called
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我們也是一項得獎研究論文的 研究對象,論文名為:
01:00
"Appropriating Minecraft as an Assistive Technology for Youth with Autism."
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「將《當個創世神》做為 輔助技術來協助自閉症青年」。
01:04
It's a bit of a mouthful.
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有點冗長難念。
01:06
But you get the idea, I think.
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但,我想你知道意思的。
01:08
So I want to talk a little bit about that research paper
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我想要談一下那篇研究論文,
01:11
and what it's about,
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它是在講什麼,
01:12
but first I have to give you a little bit of history
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但首先,我想先 給各位一些歷史資訊,
01:15
on how the server came to be.
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了解這台伺服器怎麼誕生的。
01:16
Back in 2013, everybody was playing Minecraft,
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在 2013 年,大家 都在玩《當個創世神》,
01:20
kids and adults alike,
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小朋友和成人都在玩,
01:22
with and without autism, of course.
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當然,不論有沒有自閉症。
01:24
But it was the big thing.
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它很火紅。
01:26
But I saw parents on social media reaching out to other parents,
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但我看到有的父母 在社交媒體上尋求其他父母,
01:29
asking if their autistic children could play together.
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詢問能否讓他們的 自閉症孩子一起玩。
01:32
And the reason is that when they tried to play on public servers,
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理由是因為,若他們 想在公共的伺服器上玩,
01:35
they kept running into bullies and trolls.
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就不斷遇到愛欺負弱小的人。
01:37
When you have autism, you behave a little differently sometimes,
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若你有自閉症, 你的行為有時會有點不同,
01:40
sometimes a lot differently.
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有時會非常不同。
01:42
And we all know a little bit of difference is all you really need
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我們都知道,只要有一點點不同,
01:45
for a bully to make you their next target.
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就會讓你成為惡霸的下個目標了。
01:48
So these terrible, terrible people online,
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所以,線上這些相當糟糕的人,
01:50
they would destroy everything that they tried to make,
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他們會摧毀自閉症孩子 試圖做的任何事物,
01:53
they would steal all their stuff,
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會偷他們所有的東西,
01:55
and they would kill them over and over again,
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一而再,再而三地殺死他們,
01:57
making the game virtually unplayable.
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讓他們無法玩下去。
但,最糟糕、最傷害他們的部分
01:59
But the worst part, the part that really hurt the most,
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02:01
was what these bullies would say to these kids.
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是惡霸們對自閉症孩子說的話。
02:04
They'd call them rejects
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稱他們為「不合格品」、
02:06
and defects
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「瑕疵品」,
02:08
and retards.
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以及「智障」。
02:10
And they would tell these kids, some as young as six years old,
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這些孩子有的才六歲, 惡霸會告訴他們,
02:13
that society doesn't want them,
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社會不想要他們,
02:15
and their own parents never wanted a broken child,
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他們自己的父母 根本不想要個有問題的孩子,
02:17
so they should just kill themselves.
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所以他們應該自殺。
02:20
And of course, these kids, you understand,
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但,你們也知道,這些孩子,
02:22
they would sign off from these servers angry and hurt.
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他們會很生氣、很受傷地 退出這些伺服器。
02:25
They would break their keyboards, they'd quite literally hate themselves,
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他們會摔鍵盤發洩, 他們會真的開始去恨自己,
02:28
and their parents felt powerless to do anything.
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而他們的父母則覺得完全無能為力。
02:31
So I decided I had to try and help.
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所以,我決定我得要試著協助他們。
02:34
I have autism,
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我有自閉症,
02:36
my oldest son has autism,
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我的長子有自閉症,
02:38
and both my kids and I love Minecraft,
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我的兩個孩子都愛《當個創世神》,
02:40
so I have to do something.
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我得要做點什麼。
02:43
So I got myself a Minecraft server,
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所以我去弄了一個 《當個創世神》伺服器,
02:47
and I spent some time, built a little village with some roads
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我花了一點時間, 建了一個小村落和一些道路,
02:50
and a big welcome sign and this guy and a lodge up on a mountaintop,
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一個大型歡迎標語、一些人物, 和在山頂上的一間小屋,
02:53
and tried to make it inviting.
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試著讓一切看來很誘人。
02:55
The idea was pretty simple.
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想法很簡單,我有一份白名單
02:56
I had a white list, so only people that I approved could join,
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只有那些被我核准的人才能加入,
03:00
and I would just monitor the server as much as I could,
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且我會盡可能去監控這個伺服器,
03:03
just to make sure that nothing went wrong.
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確保不會出錯。
就這樣,整個承諾就是:
03:05
And that was it, that was the whole promise: to keep the kids safe
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確保孩子們的安全,讓他們能安心玩。
03:08
so they could play.
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完工之後,我到臉書上,
03:09
When it was done, I went to Facebook
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張貼了一段很簡單的訊息, 只讓朋友看見,不是公開的。
03:11
and posted a pretty simple message to my friends list, not publicly.
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03:14
I wanted to see if there was any interest in this,
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我只想知道是否會有人有興趣,
03:16
and if it really could help.
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是否這方式真的有幫助。
03:18
Turns out that I greatly underestimated just how much this was needed,
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結果是,我大大低估了 這個伺服器被需要的程度,
03:21
because within 48 hours, I got 750 emails.
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因為,在 48 小時內, 我收到 750 封電子郵件。
03:25
I don't have that many Facebook friends.
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我甚至沒有這麼多臉書朋友。
03:27
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:29
Within eight days, I had to upgrade the hosting package eight times,
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八天內,我得把 租用主機的方案升級八次,
03:33
from the bottom package to the most expensive package they had,
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從最便宜的方案一路換到 他們最貴的方案,
現在,已經快四年了,
03:36
and now, almost four years later,
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03:37
I have 8,000 names on the white list from all around the world.
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我的白名單上有八千人, 來自世界各地。
03:40
But the reason I'm up here today to talk to you
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但,今天我之所以會在這裡演說,
並非只因為我給了孩子們 安全的遊樂場所。
03:43
isn't just because I gave kids a safe place to play.
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03:45
It's what happened while they played.
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而是他們玩遊戲時所發生的事。
03:47
I started hearing from parents
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我開始聽見父母說,
03:49
who said their children were learning to read and write
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他們的孩子透過在伺服器上 玩遊戲學習讀和寫。
03:51
by playing on the server.
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03:52
At first they spelled things by sound, like most kids do,
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一開始,他們會用發音來拼字, 和大部分孩子一樣,
03:55
but because they were part of a community,
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但因為他們是社群的一部分,
他們看到其他人正確拼出同樣的字,
03:57
they saw other people spelling the same words properly
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就這樣學起來了。
04:00
and just picked it up.
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04:01
I started hearing from parents who said that their nonverbal children
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我開始聽見父母說 孩子原本不會用語言表達,
現在也開始說話了。
04:04
were starting to speak.
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04:05
They only talked about Minecraft, but they were talking.
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他們只談《當個創世神》, 但至少他們在說話。
04:08
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:10
Some kids made friends at school for the first time ever.
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有些孩子初次在學校交了朋友。
04:12
Some started to share, even give things to other people.
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有些人開始分享, 甚至會把東西給其他人。
很不可思議。
04:15
It was amazing.
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04:16
And every single parent came to me and said it was because of Autcraft,
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每個父母都來跟我說, 是《自閉創世神》的功勞,
04:19
because of what you're doing.
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是因為你的所做所為。
但,為什麼?
04:21
But why, though?
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04:22
How could all of this be just from a video game server?
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這一切怎麼可能 只來自一個電玩伺服器?
04:26
Well, it goes back to that research paper I was talking about.
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這就要回到我剛提及的研究論文了。
04:29
In it, she covers some of the guidelines I used when I created the server,
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在論文中,作者談到我在創建 伺服器時所使用的一些準則,
04:33
guidelines that I think help encourage people to be their very best.
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我認為這些準則能協助 鼓勵人們去盡力做到最好。
04:36
I hope.
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我希望能。
04:37
For example, communication.
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比如,溝通。
04:39
It can be tough for kids with autism.
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對自閉症孩童來說是很困難的。
04:40
It could be tough for grown-ups without autism.
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即使沒自閉症的成人 可能也覺得困難。
04:44
But I think that kids should not be punished,
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但我不認為孩子該被懲罰,
04:46
they should be talked to.
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應該要和他們談。
04:47
Nine times out of ten, when the kids on the server act out,
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當孩子在伺服器上有所表露時,
04:50
it's because of something that's happened in the day at school or home.
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十次中有九次是因為當天 在學校或家中有事情發生。
04:53
Maybe a pet died.
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也許一隻寵物死了。
有時只是兩個孩子間溝通不良。
04:55
Sometimes it's just a miscommunication between two kids.
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04:57
One doesn't say what they're about to do.
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一個人沒說他們接著要做什麼。
04:59
And so we just offer to help.
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所以我們只是提供協助。
05:01
We always tell the children on the server that we're not mad,
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在伺服器上,我們總會 告訴孩子,我們沒有生氣,
他們沒有惹上麻煩。
05:04
and they're not in trouble;
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05:05
we only want to help.
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我們只想幫忙。
05:06
And it shows that not only do we care,
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這樣不只顯示我們在乎,
05:08
but we respect them enough to listen to their point of view.
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也顯示我們尊重他們, 願意傾聽他們的觀點。
05:11
Respect goes a long way.
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尊重是能長久的。
05:13
Plus, it shows them that they have everything they need
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此外,也讓他們知道, 有他們所需的一切,
05:16
to be able to resolve these problems on their own in the future
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在將來能夠靠自己來解決這些問題,
或甚至避免這些問題, 透過溝通來避免。
05:19
and maybe even avoid them, because, you know, communication.
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05:23
On most servers, as video games are,
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在大部分的伺服器上, 就像電玩遊戲一樣,
05:26
children are rewarded, well, players are rewarded,
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孩子會得到獎賞,玩家會得到獎賞,
05:29
for how well they do in a competition, right?
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依據他們在競爭中的表現,對吧?
05:31
The better you do, the better reward you get.
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你表現越好,得到的獎賞就越好。
05:33
That can be automated; the server does the work, the code is there.
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那是自動化的;由伺服器 來進行,程式都寫好了。
05:37
On Autcraft, we don't do that.
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在《自閉創世神》,我們不這麼做。
05:38
We have things like "Player of the Week" and "CBAs,"
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我們有「每週玩家」和「CBA」,
05:41
which is "Caught Being Awesome."
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是「被發現很了得」的縮寫。
05:43
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:44
We award players ranks on the servers based on the attributes they exhibit,
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在伺服器上,我們根據玩家 展現出的特性,頒「等級」給他們,
05:49
such as the "Buddy" rank for people who are friendly towards others,
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比如,頒給對其他人友善的 玩家「夥伴」等級,
05:52
and "Junior Helper" for people that are helpful towards others.
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頒給會幫助其他人的 玩家「低年級幫手」等級。
05:55
We have "Senior Helper" for the adults.
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至於「高年級幫手」 則是頒給成人的。
05:59
But they're obvious, right?
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但,這些等級很明顯,對吧?
06:01
Like, people know what to expect and how to earn these things
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人們知道要預期什麼, 以及如何取得這些等級,
06:04
because of how they're named.
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因為等級的名稱很清楚。
06:06
As soon as somebody signs onto the server,
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當一個人登入伺服器之後,
06:08
they know that they're going to be rewarded for who they are
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他就會知道,在這裡, 獎賞的依據是他的本質,
06:11
and not what they can do.
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而非他的能力。
06:14
Our top award, the AutismFather Sword,
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我們的最高獎賞,自閉症爸爸寶劍,
06:16
which is named after me because I'm the founder,
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以我命名,因為我是創始人,
06:18
is a very powerful sword that you can't get in the game any other way
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它是把非常強大的劍, 在遊戲中只有一種方式取得,
06:22
than to show that you completely put the community above yourself,
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就是展現你完全置社群於自己之上,
06:25
and that compassion and kindness is at the core of who you are.
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且你本質的核心是同理心和仁慈。
06:28
We've given away quite a few of those swords, actually.
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我們確把這個獎頒給了幾個人。
06:31
I figure, if we're watching the server to make sure nothing bad happens,
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我認為,如果我們監控伺服器 是要確保壞事不要發生,
06:34
we should also watch for the good things that happen and reward people for them.
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那麼我們也應該要觀察發生了 什麼好事,並提供對應的獎賞。
06:38
We're always trying to show all the players
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我們一直試著要讓所有的玩家知道,
06:40
that everybody is considered to be equal, even me.
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每個人都被視為是平等的,包括我。
06:43
But we know we can't treat people equally to do that.
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但若要做到這點, 我們無法平等地對待大家。
06:45
Some of the players get angry very easily.
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有些玩家非常容易發怒。
06:48
Some of them have additional struggles on top of autism,
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有些玩家除了自閉症之外 還有其他的問題,
06:51
such as OCD or Tourette's.
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比如強迫症或妥瑞氏症。
06:53
So, I have this knack of remembering all of the players.
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我有個本領,能記住所有的玩家。
06:57
I remember their first day, the conversations we've had,
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我記得他們的第一天, 我們當時的對話,
07:00
things we've talked about, things they've built.
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我們談過的事情,他們建立過什麼。
07:02
So when somebody comes to me with a problem,
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所以,當有人帶著問題來找我時,
07:04
I handle that situation differently than I would with any other player,
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我對那情況的處理方式, 會和對其他玩家的方式不同,
根據我對他們的所知而異。
07:08
based on what I know about them.
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07:09
For the other admins and helpers, we document everything
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對於其他的管理者和幫手, 我們會把一切記錄下來,
07:12
so that, whether it's good or bad or a concerning conversation,
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所以,不論是好事、 壞事,或關心的對話,
07:16
it's there, so everybody is aware.
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就在記錄中,人人都知道。
07:18
I want to give you one example of this one player.
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我想分享個例子,一名玩家的例子。
07:20
He was with us for a little while,
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他加入我們一陣子了,
07:23
but at some point he started spamming dashes in the chat,
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但在某個時點,在聊天中, 他開始發垃圾式的破折號,
07:26
like a big long line of dashes all the way across the screen.
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比如非常長的一條破折號, 有整個螢幕那麼長,
07:29
A little while later, he'd do it again.
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沒多久,他又再做一次。
07:31
The other players asked him not to do that, and he'd say, "OK."
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另一名玩家請他不要 這樣做,他說「好」。
然後,他又做了。
07:34
And then he'd do it again.
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07:35
It started to frustrate the other players.
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這開始讓其他玩家感到心煩。
07:37
They asked me to mute him or to punish him for breaking the rules,
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他們要求我將他消音, 或以破壞規則的名義懲罰他,
07:40
but I knew there had to be something more to it.
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但我知道一定沒有這麼單純。
07:43
So I went to his aunt, who is the contact that I have for him.
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所以我去找他的姑姑, 也就是他的聯絡人。
07:46
She explained that he had gone blind in one eye
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她解釋說,他有一隻眼睛失明了,
07:48
and was losing his vision in the other.
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另一隻正在失去視力。
07:50
So what he was doing was splitting up the chat
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所以,他在做的行為, 是在把聊天給切隔開,
07:52
into easier-to-see blocks of text,
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變成比較容易看的區塊,
07:54
which is pretty smart.
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這是很聰明的方式。
07:55
So that very same night, I talked to a friend of mine who writes code
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同一天晚上,我和寫程式的 一位朋友談及此事,
我們為伺服器做了一個全新的插件,
07:59
and we created a brand-new plug-in for the server
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08:01
that makes it so that any player on the server,
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讓在伺服器上的任何玩家,
08:03
including him, of course,
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當然,也包括他,
08:05
could just enter a command and instantly have every single line
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只要下一條指令, 就能用破折號把每一行字
08:08
separated by dashes.
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立即分隔開來。
08:10
Plus, they can make it asterisks or blank lines
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此外,也可用星號、空白, 或任何符號來做分隔線,
08:12
or anything they want -- whatever works best for them.
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只要他們覺得適合。
08:15
We even went a little bit extra and made it so it highlights your name,
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我們甚至還多做了一點, 把名字特別標記出來,
08:18
so that it's easier to see if somebody mentions you.
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所以,如果有人提及你, 會比較容易看見。
08:21
It's just one example of how doing a little bit extra,
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這個例子說明,只要多做一點點,
08:24
a small modification,
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一個小小的修改,
08:25
still helps everybody be on equal footing,
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仍然能協助讓大家的立足點平等,
即使這一點額外功夫 只是為了一個玩家而做。
08:28
even though you did a little extra just for that one player.
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08:31
The big one is to be not afraid.
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重要的是不要害怕。
08:34
The children on my server are not afraid.
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在我的伺服器上的孩子都不害怕。
08:36
They are free to just be themselves,
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他們可以自由自在做自己,
08:39
and it's because we support and encourage and celebrate each other.
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那是因為我們支持、 鼓勵,並頌揚彼此。
08:43
We all know what it feels like to be the outcast
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我們都知道被排除的感覺,
08:46
and to be hated simply for existing,
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只因為存在就被討厭的感覺,
08:47
and so when we're together on the server, we're not afraid anymore.
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所以當我們一起在這個 伺服器上時,我們不再害怕。
08:51
For the first two years or so on the server,
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在伺服器上的前兩年左右,
08:54
I talked to two children per week on average that were suicidal.
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我平均每週會和兩個 有自殺傾向的孩子說話。
08:58
But they came to me because I'm the one that made them feel safe.
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但,他們來找我, 是因為我讓他們感到安全。
09:01
They felt like I was the only person in the world they could talk to.
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他們覺得在這世界上 他們能談的對象只有我。
09:05
So I guess my message is:
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所以,我想傳達的訊息是:
09:07
whether you have a charity or some other organization,
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不論你有個慈善機構或其他組織,
09:10
or you're a teacher or a therapist
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或者你是個老師或治療師,
09:12
or you're a parent who is just doing your very best,
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或者你是個盡力而為的家長,
09:14
or you're an autistic, like I am,
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或你也有自閉症,跟我一樣,
09:16
no matter who you are,
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不論你是誰,
09:17
you absolutely must help these children strip away those fears
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你一定得要協助這些孩子 脫離那些恐懼,
09:22
before you do anything else,
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然後再做其他的事,
09:23
because anything else is going to feel forced
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因為,除非他們不再害怕, 不然其他一切
09:25
unless they're not afraid.
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感覺起來都會是強迫式的。
09:27
It's why positive reinforcement will always do better
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那就是為什麼正強化的 效果總是比任何
其他形式的懲罰要來得好。
09:30
than any form of punishment.
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09:31
They want to learn when they feel safe and happy.
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當感到安全且快樂時, 他們就會想學。
09:34
It just happens naturally; they don't even try to learn.
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這會自然發生; 他們甚至沒有試圖去學。
09:36
These are words from the kids on the server to describe the server.
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這些,是伺服器上的孩子 用來形容伺服器的字詞。
09:40
The one thing I would hope that you could take away
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我希望各位今天能帶走的訊息是,
09:42
is that no matter what somebody else is going through in life right now,
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不論現在其他人在人生中 正在經歷什麼事,
09:46
whether they're being bullied at school or at home,
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不論是在學校或在家被霸凌,
09:49
if they're questioning their sexuality or even their gender,
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如果他們在質疑他們的 性向或甚至性別,
09:52
which happens a lot in the autism community,
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這在自閉症社群中很常見,
09:55
if they're feeling alone or even suicidal,
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如果他們感到孤單或甚至想自殺,
09:58
you have to live your life in such a way
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你得要調整你過生活的方式,調整成
10:02
that that person feels like they can come to and tell you.
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讓那個人覺得他能夠找你、和你談。
10:05
They have to feel perfectly safe in talking to you about it.
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必須要讓他們覺得和你 談心事是完全安全的。
10:08
If you want to see a group of autistic children --
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如果你想要看一群自閉症孩子——
10:11
kids who society wrongly thinks are supposed to be antisocial
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被社會誤認為是反社會 且缺乏同理心的孩子——
10:14
and lacking in empathy --
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10:15
if you want to see them come together and build the most compassionate
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如果你想要見到他們團結起來,
建立你所見過最有同情心、 最友善且慷慨的社群,
10:19
and friendly and generous community you've ever seen,
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一個會讓人們想要在文章中稱為是
10:22
the kind of place that people would write about
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10:24
as one of the best places on the internet,
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「網路上最棒的地方之一」,
10:26
they'll do that.
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他們辦得到。
10:27
I've seen it.
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我見過那地方。
10:28
I'm there every day.
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我每天都在那裡。
10:30
But they have some huge obstacles that they have to overcome to do that,
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但,他們要做到那樣, 得要克服很大的障礙,
10:34
and it would be really helpful to have somebody there
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很有幫助的方式是,有人能在那裡,
10:37
who could help to show them that the only thing they really have to fear
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協助讓他們了解, 唯一要害怕的事是自我懷疑。
10:40
is self-doubt.
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所以我想、我請求各位, 為他們去當那個人,
10:42
So I guess I'm asking you to please be that person for them,
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10:44
because to them,
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因為,對他們來說,
10:48
those kids --
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對那些孩子來說,
10:49
it means everything.
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這是他們的全部。
10:51
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝。
10:52
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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