Toby Eccles: Invest in social change

譯者: Jen-Huei Wu 審譯者: Shi Tan

I'm here today to talk about social change,

今天我要談談社會變革

not a new therapy or a new intervention

但並不是用什麼像新的醫療、干預、

or a new way of working with kids or something like that,

或是與孩子接觸的新方式之類的

but a new business model for social change,

而是一個促進社會變革的嶄新企業模式

a new way of tackling the problem.

一個對付社會問題的新方法

In Britain, 63 percent of all men

在英國，百分之六十三

who come out of short sentences from prison

短期服刑的囚犯在釋放後

re-offend again within a year.

一年內就會回鍋

Now how many previous offenses

你想想看

do you think they have on average

他們在這之前

managed to commit?

平均犯下多少案件?

Forty-three.

43件

And how many previous times do you think they've been in prison?

那你認為當中有幾位是累犯?

Seven.

七位

So we went to talk to the Ministry of Justice,

所以我們就跟司法行政部談

and we said to the Ministry of Justice,

跟司法行政部說

what's it worth to you

若減少累犯

if fewer of these guys re-offend?

對你有多少價值?

It's got to be worth something, right?

總該要有價值的嘛! 對不對?

I mean, there's prison costs,

我是說，會有監獄運行的費用

there's police costs, there's court costs,

出警的費用，法庭訴訟的費用等等。

all these things that you're spending money on

這一大堆你花的費用

to deal with these guys. What's it worth?

應付這方面的人事，花得有價值嗎?

Now, of course, we care about the social value.

理所當然的，我們重視社會價值

Social Finance, the organization I helped set up,

所以我幫忙設立了一個機構叫作社會理財

cares about social stuff.

來應對社會問題

But we wanted to make the economic case,

但我們也希望可以從經濟方面著手

because if we could make the economic case,

若能行的話

then the value of doing this would be completely compelling.

就可讓推動社會價值十分鼓舞人心

And if we can agree on both a value

若我們可以同意在價值觀

and a way of measuring whether we've been

和衡量是否真的有

successful at reducing that re-offending,

成功減少累犯方式等方面取得共識

then we can do something

我們就可以去做

we think rather interesting.

更大膽有趣的事情

The idea is called the social impact bond.

稱為社會效益債券

Now, the social impact bond is simply saying,

簡單的說

if we can get the government to agree,

就是在取得政府的同意下

that we can create a contract where

我們可以簽署一張合約

they only pay if it worked.

上面寫著只有在成功條件下，政府才付錢

So that means that they can try out new stuff

這樣政府就可以大膽去嘗試新鮮事物

without the embarrassment

而無後顧之憂

of having to pay if it didn't work,

不用擔心在失敗的情況下

which for still quite a lot of bits of government,

還要做可能超過政府能承擔費用的窘境

that's a serious issue.

這是很嚴肅的議題

Now, many of you may have noticed

在座的各位可能也開始

there's a problem at this point,

注意到一些問題了

and that is that it takes a long time to measure

那就是這需要很長時間

whether those outcomes have happened.

去衡量效果

So we have to raise some money.

所以我們得去籌錢

We use the contract to raise money

我們就使用這些契約

from socially motivated investors.

去跟希望投資於社會的人籌錢

Socially motivated investors:

積極想要投資於社會的人

there's an interesting idea, right?

很有意思，對吧!

But actually, there's a lot of people who,

但其實，有許多人

if they're given the chance,

一旦有機會

would love to invest in something

他們十分願意投資

that does social good.

對社會有益的事

And here's the opportunity.

他們的機會來了

Do you want to also help government find

您想要幫助政府

whether there's a better economic model,

找出是否有更好的經濟模式

not just leaving these guys to come out of prison

而不是等到這些從監獄出來的人

and waiting till they re-offend and putting them back in again,

重新再犯，然後再關回去

but actually working with them

而是實際上幫他們

to move to a different path

找出新的路途

to end up with fewer crimes

真的達到減少犯罪

and fewer victims?

和受害人的目的

So we find some investors,

所以我們找到了一些投資者

and they pay for a set of services,

他們承擔了服務的費用

and if those services are successful,

若這些服務成功的話

then they improve outcomes,

他們可以繼而改善結果

and with those measured reductions in re-offending,

藉由這些可衡量的方式減少累犯

government saves money,

政府也可以在這方面省下一筆錢

and with those savings,

省下的這筆錢

they can pay outcomes.

就可繼而花在結果上

And the investors do not just get their money back,

這樣一來，投資者不只得到原本投資的錢

but they make a return.

也得到了回報

So in March 2010, we signed

所以在2010年的3月

the first social impact bond

我們在彼得伯勒監獄

with the Ministry of Justice

首次跟司法行政部

around Peterborough Prison.

簽署了社會效益債券

It was to work with 3,000 offenders

共有3000位罪犯

split into three cohorts of 1,000 each.

分成3批，各批1000人

Now, each of those cohorts

每批都會

would get measured over the two years

用超過2年的時間衡量

that they were coming out of prison.

在他們出獄後

They've got to have a year to commit their crimes,

他們有一年是否犯罪的衡量時間

six months to get through the court system,

半年走司法程序的時間

and then they would be compared to a group

然後跟一組

taken from the police national computer,

從警察局的數據挑來的做比較

as similar as possible,

挑越相近的組別越好

and we would get paid

我們的報酬

providing we achieved a hurdle rate of 10-percent reduction,

只有在成功達到

for every conviction event that didn't happen.

降低犯罪率百分之十，才能獲得支付

So we get paid for crimes saved.

所以我們是在減少犯罪 的情況下才能得到支付

Now if we achieved that 10-percent reduction

假設這三批罪犯

across all three cohorts,

都全面性減少百分之十

then the investors get a seven and a half percent

我們的投資人就可以得到

annualized return on their investment,

年利率7.5%的回報

and if we do better than that,

若我們做得比這個還要好

they can get up to 13 percent

投資人就可以獲得

annualized return on their investment,

年利率13%的回報

which is okay.

這樣也不錯

So everyone wins here, right?

這樣一來，大家都是贏家了，對吧!

The Ministry of Justice can try out a new program

司法行政部可以大膽嘗試新的方案

and they only pay if it works.

只有在成功的條件下才支付費用

Investors get two opportunities:

投資人得到兩種機會

for the first time, they can invest in social change.

首先，他們可以投資於社會變革

Also, they make a reasonable return,

並得到合理的回報

and they also know that

他們也知道

first investors in these kinds of things,

在這方面做為首批的投資人

they're going to have to believers.

他們也必須相信這方法可行

They're going to have to care in the social program,

他們也必須去在乎社會方案

but if this builds a track record

若建立這記錄

over five or 10 years,

可長達五年或十年

then you can widen that investor community

就可以因為越來越多人

as more people have confidence in the product.

對此產品充滿信心 進而擴展投資者的人數

The service providers, well, for the first time,

提供這些服務的人也頭一次

they've got an opportunity to provide services

有機會可以在提供服務之餘

and grow the evidence for what they're doing

證明他們所做的工作

in a really constructive way and learn

是有貢獻意義的

and demonstrate the value of what they're doing

而且證明了他們的社會價值

over five or six years, not just one or two

在未來五或六年

as often happens at the moment.

而非一兩年的曇花一現

Society wins: fewer crimes, fewer victims.

社會也是個贏家: 罪犯降低，受害者也減少了

Now, the offenders, they also benefit.

再來就是對罪犯也是有益的

Instead of just coming out of the prison

他們得到釋放時

with 46 pounds in their pocket,

除了口袋裡的46英鎊

half of them not knowing where they're spending

一半以上的罪犯根本都不知道

their first night out of jail,

他們出獄的第一晚住哪?

actually, someone meets them in prison,

其實，某人與他們在監獄裡見面

learns about their issues,

了解他們深陷的情況

meets them at the gate,

在大門口與他們見面

takes them through to somewhere to stay,

帶領他們到某處待一晚

connects them to benefits, connects them to employment,

幫他們聯絡上救濟金，勞工局

drug rehabilitation, mental health,

戒毒所，精神院等

whatever's needed.

任何他們需要的東西

So let's think of another example:

那我們在想想另一個範例:

working with children in care.

跟托育中心合作

Social impact bonds work great

社會效益債券

for any area where there is at the moment

不管在哪一方面

very expensive provision that produces

都很適合設備昂貴

poor outcomes for people.

但對人類貢獻貧乏的地方

So children in the state care

小孩受到國家托育中心

tend to do very badly.

的照顧都不太好

Only 13 percent achieve a reasonable level

比起 58% 的人口

of five GCSEs at 16,

只有 13% 在16歲時

against 58 percent of the wider population.

得到英國普通中等教育證書的第五級

More troublingly, 27 percent of offenders in prison

更糟的是，罪犯當中有27%

have spent some time in care.

待過托育中心

And even more worryingly,

令人更擔憂的是

and this is a Home Office statistic,

根據內政部的統計

70 percent of prostitutes

70%的娼妓

have spent some time in care.

都待過托育中心

The state is not a great parent.

顯然國家托育中心並不是個很棒的父母

But there are great programs

但是我們有很棒的方案

for adolescents who are on the edge of care,

針對極需照顧青少年

and 30 percent of kids going into care

有30%進入托育中心的孩子

are adolescents.

都是青少年

So we set up a program with Essex County Council

所以我們和艾塞克斯郡議會簽署了一個方案

to test out intensive family therapeutic support

提供加強家庭療法

for those families with adolescents

為那些

on the edge of the care system.

將送去托育中心的青少年

Essex only pays in the event

艾塞克斯郡議會

that it's saving them care costs.

只有在成功救了這些青少年的情況下才需做支付

Investors have put in 3.1 million pounds.

目前投資人已經投資了310萬英鎊

That program started last month.

這方案已在上個月開始執行了

Others, around homelessness in London,

其他問題，像在倫敦無家可歸的人

around youth and employment and education

或是小孩或就業和教育問題

elsewhere in the country.

在倫敦以外其它地區

There are now 13 social impact bonds in Britain,

在英國目前已有13個社會效益債券

and amazing levels of interest in this idea

而且全世界

all over the world.

對這樣的想法也有濃厚的興趣。

So David Cameron's put 20 million pounds

大衛卡梅倫

into a social outcomes fund to support this idea.

已經在社會方面投資了2000萬英鎊。

Obama has suggested 300 million dollars

歐巴馬建議

in the U.S. budget for these kinds of ideas

投資3憶美元的預算

and structures to move it forward,

幫這類的想法和結構推一把，往前邁進

and a lot of other countries

還有其他許多的國家對這些表示深度興趣

are demonstrating considerable interest.

對這些表示深度興趣

So what's caused this excitement?

究竟是什麼挑起這股興奮?

Why is this so different for people?

為何異於別人的呢?

Well, the first piece, which we've talked about,

首先，我們剛剛在談的

is innovation.

就是創新

It enables testing of new ideas

它能夠較毫不費力的方式

in a way that's less difficult for everybody.

讓大家嘗試新的主意

The second piece it brings is rigor.

其二，它為人們帶來精確的數據

By working to outcomes, people really have to test

為了得到理想中的結果，人們就真的得去嘗試

and bring data into the situation that one's dealing with.

然後把數據帶到處理中的事件

So taking Peterborough as an example,

就拿彼得伯勒監獄做為一例

we add case management

我們與不同合作機構

across all of the different organizations that we're working with

加入專案管理

so they know

這樣它們才知道

what actually has been done with different prisoners,

實際上有與哪些犯人做過什麼樣的處理

and at the same time they learn

他們第一時間跟司法行政部學到一些東西時

from the Ministry of Justice, and we learn,

我們也會同時學到

because we pushed for the data,

因為我們要管理數據

what actually happens, whether they get re-arrested or not.

像真正發生了什麼事，他們是否有再犯等

And we learn and adapt the program accordingly.

然後根據此數據做出因應之道

And this leads to the third element, which is new,

而這就帶領我們到第三點，新的領域

and that's flexibility.

而且充滿彈性

Because normal contracting for things,

就普遍的契約就是

when you're spending government money,

當你花政府的錢時

you're spending our money, tax money,

你就是在花我們的錢 － 我們繳的稅

and the people who are in charge of that are very aware of it

負責這批錢的人十分了解這點

so the temptation is to control exactly how you spend it.

所以要抗拒的誘點是控制你花費的方式

Now any entrepreneur in the room knows

在座的企業家都知道

that version 1.0, the business plan,

企業計劃書的第一個版本

is not the one that generally works.

普通都沒有派上場

So when you're trying to do something like this,

所以當你想嘗試像這樣的計畫時

you need the flexibility to adapt the program.

你需要有彈性去修改計畫

And again, in Peterborough, we started off

所以在彼得伯勒監獄開始此方案時

with a program, but we also collected data,

我們也開始收集數據

and over the period of time,

所以每過了一段時間

we nuanced and changed that program

我們就會為方案做一點修補－

to add a range of other elements,

加入一些其它的元素

so that the service adapts

讓我們的方案變得更好

and we meet the needs of the long term

以便取得長期

as well as the short term:

和短期的目標－

greater engagement from the prisoners,

與牢犯有更深的互動

longer-term engagement as well.

且還是長期的互動

The last element is partnership.

最後一點就是合夥關係

There is, at the moment, a stale debate going on very often:

目前有個常吵得熱烘烘，停滯不前的辯論題

state's better, public sector's better,

不是辯論著這些方案由國家提供的較好

private sector's better, social sector's better,

就是辯論著由國營部門，私營企業

for a lot of these programs.

或社會福利組織等較好

Actually, for creating social change,

坦白說，為了創造社會變革

we need to bring in the expertise

我們都需要

from all of those parties

所有部門的幫助

in order to make this work.

才能達到目標

And this creates a structure

在他們互相合作下

through which they can combine.

創造出新的社會結構

So where does this leave us?

這可為我們帶來什麼呢?

This leaves us with a way

這為我們帶來一種

that people can invest in social change.

讓人們可以投資社會變革的方式

We've met thousands, possibly millions of people,

我們遇到好幾千，可能好幾百萬的人

who want the opportunity to invest in social change.

都想要有機會去投資於社會變革

We've met champions all over the public sector

我們在國營部門遇到出類拔萃的人

keen to make these kinds of differences.

他們熱誠地想為社會帶來不同

With this kind of model,

有了這個模式

we can help bring them together.

我們就可以協助他們攜手

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

(掌聲)