Imaging at a trillion frames per second | Ramesh Raskar

3,209,858 views ・ 2012-07-26

TED


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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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譯者: Yilun Zhou 審譯者: Hsin Haydn
00:16
Doc Edgerton inspired us with awe and curiosity
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Edgerton博士用這張子彈擊穿蘋果的照片
00:22
with this photo of a bullet piercing through an apple,
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激起了我們的敬佩和好奇,
00:27
and exposure just a millionth of a second.
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這張照片的曝光時間只有一百萬分之一秒。
00:32
But now, 50 years later, we can go a million times faster
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但現在,五十年後,我們可以在快一百萬倍,
00:39
and see the world not at a million or a billion,
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也就是不僅在一百萬分之一秒,
或者十億分之一秒,
00:44
but one trillion frames per second.
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而是在萬億分之一秒見捕捉到世界。
現在我給你展示一種新型照相技術,
00:49
I present to you a new type of photography,
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00:52
femto-photography,
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叫做飛秒成像,
00:54
a new imaging technique so fast
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這是一種技術太快以至於
00:59
that it can create slow motion videos of light in motion.
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它能捕捉到光的運動。
01:04
And with that, we can create cameras that can look around corners,
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所以用這個技術,我們可以制造
能看到光路拐角的照相機,
01:09
beyond line of sight,
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能看到視野之外
01:11
or see inside our body without an x-ray,
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或者不用X光就能透視我們身體的照相機,
這種相機挑戰了我們對於照相機的定義。
01:16
and really challenge what we mean by a camera.
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01:21
Now if I take a laser pointer and turn it on and off
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現在,如果我用一個激光筆,
01:24
in one trillionth of a second --
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並且在萬億分之一秒內開關一次——
01:27
which is several femtoseconds --
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也就是幾飛秒——
01:30
I'll create a packet of photons barely a millimeter wide.
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我就會制造一些光子,
這些光子僅僅是幾毫米寬,
01:35
And that packet of photons, that bullet,
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並且這些光子,像子彈一樣,
01:38
will travel at the speed of light,
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會以光速前進,
01:40
and again, a million times faster than an ordinary bullet.
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也就是比子彈速度高一百萬倍。
01:44
Now, if you take that bullet and take this packet of photons
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現在,如果你把這個子彈,這些光子
01:49
and fire into this bottle,
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打入這個瓶子裏,
01:52
how will those photons shatter into this bottle?
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這些光子會怎麽樣撞擊瓶子?
01:57
How does light look in slow motion?
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光在慢動作下會是什麽樣?
01:59
[Light in Slow Motion ... 10 Billion x Slow]
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02:21
Now, the whole event --
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現在,著整個事情—— (鼓掌)
02:22
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
02:29
Now remember, the whole event is effectively taking place
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現在,請記住,這整個事情
其實是在一納秒內發生的
02:33
in less than a nanosecond --
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02:35
that's how much time it takes for light to travel.
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——也就是光走的時間——
02:37
But I'm slowing down in this video by a factor of 10 billion,
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但現在我再把這個錄像放慢一百萬倍
02:42
so you can see the light in motion.
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讓你看到運動中的光。
02:44
(Laughter)
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02:45
But Coca-Cola did not sponsor this research.
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但可口可樂可沒有資助這個實驗。 (笑聲)
02:48
(Laughter)
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02:50
Now, there's a lot going on in this movie,
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現在,在這裏有很多事會發生,
02:52
so let me break this down and show you what's going on.
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所以讓我一件一件的展示。
02:54
So the pulse enters the bottle, our bullet,
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現在,光束進入瓶子,也就是我們的子彈,
02:57
with a packet of photons that start traveling through
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穿過瓶子,
03:00
and that start scattering inside.
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並且在內部散射開來。
03:02
Some of the light leaks, goes on the table,
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一些光流了出來,到了桌子上,
03:04
and you start seeing these ripples of waves.
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所以你開始看到這些波紋。
03:07
Many of the photons eventually reach the cap
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許多光子最終到達了瓶蓋處
03:10
and then they explode in various directions.
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並且向四周散去。
03:13
As you can see, there's a bubble of air
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你能看到,這裏是一個空氣泡,
03:15
and it's bouncing around inside.
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它在裏面反彈。
03:16
Meanwhile, the ripples are traveling on the table,
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同時,波紋也到了桌子上,
03:19
and because of the reflections at the top,
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並且因爲在頂部的反射,
03:21
you see at the back of the bottle, after several frames,
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你能看到在瓶子底部,幾幀之後,
反射彙聚了。
03:25
the reflections are focused.
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現在,如果你用普通的子彈
03:28
Now, if you take an ordinary bullet
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03:33
and let it go the same distance and slow down the video --
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走同樣的路程,平且放慢視頻,
03:36
again, by a factor of 10 billion --
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同樣是一百萬倍,你知道
03:39
do you know how long you'll have to sit here to watch that movie?
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你需要等多久來看到這個全過程嗎?
03:43
(Laughter)
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03:45
A day, a week? Actually, a whole year.
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一天,一周?實際上,是一年。
03:49
It'll be a very boring movie --
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這當然會很無聊 (笑聲)
03:51
(Laughter)
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03:53
of a slow, ordinary bullet in motion.
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一個慢的,普通的子彈運動錄像。
03:57
And what about some still-life photography?
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但一些靜物照相又如何呢?
04:08
You can watch the ripples, again, washing over the table,
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你可以看到波紋再次在桌子上展開,
04:13
the tomato and the wall in the back.
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背景是紅番茄和牆。
04:16
It's like throwing a stone in a pond of water.
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這就像在水池裏扔一塊石頭。
04:22
I thought: this is how nature paints a photo,
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我想,這就是自然如何繪制的紅番茄,
04:26
one femto frame at a time,
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一飛秒一飛秒,
04:28
but of course our eye sees an integral composite.
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但當然我們眼睛看到的是整體的結合。
但如果你在看一下這個紅番茄,
04:35
But if you look at this tomato one more time,
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04:37
you will notice, as the light washes over the tomato,
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你就會注意到,當光在紅番茄上走過時,
它一直在閃耀。它並沒有變暗。
04:40
it continues to glow.
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04:41
It doesn't become dark. Why is that?
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爲什麽?因爲紅番茄熟了,
04:43
Because the tomato is actually ripe,
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04:46
and the light is bouncing around inside the tomato,
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並且光在紅番茄內部反射,
04:48
and it comes out after several trillionths of a second.
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在幾萬億分之一秒後出來。
04:52
So in the future, when this femto-camera is in your camera phone,
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所以,在未來,當飛米成像相機
在你的手機裏的時候,
04:57
you might be able to go to a supermarket
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你就可以去超市,
04:59
and check if the fruit is ripe without actually touching it.
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不用摸就能檢查一下水果是否熟了。
05:02
(Laughter)
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那麽,麻省理工學院的團隊是怎麽做出這個相機的呢?
05:04
So how did my team at MIT create this camera?
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現在,作爲攝影師,你知道,
05:09
Now, as photographers, you know,
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如果你想要短時曝光,你只有一點點光,
05:11
if you take a short exposure photo, you get very little light.
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但我們需要比最短的曝光時間
05:15
But we're going to go a billion times faster than your shortest exposure,
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快一百萬倍,
05:18
so you're going to get hardly any light.
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所以你幾乎得不到任何光。
05:20
So what we do is we send that bullet --
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所以,我們做的是,
05:22
that packet of photons -- millions of times,
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把這些光子送進去,並重複百萬多次,
05:25
and record again and again with very clever synchronization,
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每次都以極好的同步錄像,
05:28
and from the gigabytes of data,
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然後從數十億位元的數據中,
05:30
we computationally weave together
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我們“編織”起來一幅圖,
05:32
to create those femto-videos I showed you.
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而這幅圖就是你們之前看到的。
並且我們把所有的原始數據到算進去時,
05:36
And we can take all that raw data and treat it in very interesting ways.
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進行很有趣的處理。
05:41
So, Superman can fly.
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現在,超人能飛。
05:43
Some other heroes can become invisible.
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一些其他英雄能隱身,
05:45
But what about a new power for a future superhero:
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但想象一個未來的超人:
05:50
To see around corners.
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他能看到拐角後面的東西。
05:53
The idea is that we could shine some light on the door,
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這原理是我們可以把一些光打到門上,
05:57
it's going to bounce, go inside the room,
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這些光會反射進入房間,
06:00
some of that is going to reflect back on the door,
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一些會返回到門上,
06:02
and then back to the camera.
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然後進入照相機,
06:04
And we could exploit these multiple bounces of light.
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這樣我們就可以利用這些光的反射。
06:07
And it's not science fiction. We have actually built it.
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這可不是科幻片。我們真正的做出來了。
06:10
On the left, you see our femto-camera.
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在左邊,你看到了我們的飛秒成像相機。
06:12
There's a mannequin hidden behind a wall,
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在牆後面有一個人體模型,
06:15
and we're going to bounce light off the door.
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我們將進行光反射。
06:18
So after our paper was published in Nature Communications,
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所以,在我們的論文發表
在《自然》上後,
06:21
it was highlighted by Nature.com,
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它被推薦到自然的官網上,
06:23
and they created this animation.
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然後他們創造了這個動畫。
06:26
(Music)
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(音樂)
06:27
[A laser pulse is fired]
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06:30
(Music)
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我們將要發射這些光子彈,
06:33
Ramesh Raskar: We're going to fire those bullets of light,
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06:36
and they're going to hit this wall,
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它們將要撞擊這個牆,
06:39
and because of the packet of the photons,
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並且因爲這束光
06:42
they will scatter in all the directions,
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會散射到各個方向,
06:44
and some of them will reach our hidden mannequin,
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一些會最終打到我們的隱藏的假人上,
06:46
which in turn will again scatter that light,
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並且會繼續散射,
知道這個門也會反射
06:50
and again in turn, the door will reflect some of that scattered light.
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一些光,
06:55
And a tiny fraction of the photons will actually come back to the camera,
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而一部分光會最終
返回到相機裏,但最有趣的是,
06:59
but most interestingly,
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07:00
they will all arrive at a slightly different time slot.
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它們會在略微不同的時間到達。
07:04
(Music)
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(音樂)
而且因爲我們有一個可以運行如此之快的相機,
07:09
And because we have a camera that can run so fast --
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07:11
our femto-camera -- it has some unique abilities.
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也就是我們的飛秒相機,這個相機就有一些特別的能力。
07:14
It has very good time resolution,
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它有很好的時間分辨率,
07:17
and it can look at the world at the speed of light.
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並且可以以光速捕捉世界。
07:21
And this way, we know the distances, of course to the door,
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所以這樣,我們不僅知道相機到門的距離,
07:24
but also to the hidden objects,
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同時知道到隱藏物品的距離,
07:26
but we don't know which point corresponds to which distance.
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但我們不知道哪個點
對應哪個距離。
07:29
(Music)
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(音樂)
07:33
By shining one laser, we can record one raw photo,
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通過用激光,我們能記錄一個原始的照片,
07:37
which, if you look on the screen, doesn't really make any sense.
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也就是你們在屏幕上看到的這個,好像沒什麽意義,
07:40
But then we will take a lot of such pictures,
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但然後我們會拍很多照片,
很多很多,放到一起,
07:42
dozens of such pictures, put them together,
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07:44
and try to analyze the multiple bounces of light,
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然後分析光的反射,
07:47
and from that, can we see the hidden object?
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現在我們能看到那個隱藏的物體了嗎?
07:50
Can we see it in full 3D?
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我們能立體的看懂嗎?
07:53
So this is our reconstruction.
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這就是我們的模型重建。 (音樂)
07:55
(Music)
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(音樂)
(音樂) (掌聲)
08:00
(Applause)
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現在距離我們在將這科技應用到生活中
08:08
Now, we have some ways to go
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08:09
before we take this outside the lab on the road,
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還有一些路要走,
08:12
but in the future, we could create cars that avoid collisions
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但在未來,我們可以把這個技術放到車裏,
08:16
with what's around the bend.
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這樣車就能防止碰撞,因爲他們能看到拐角,
08:18
Or we can look for survivors in hazardous conditions
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或者我們可以搜尋幸存者,
08:22
by looking at light reflected through open windows.
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因爲我們能看到在窗戶上反射的光,
08:26
Or we can build endoscopes that can see deep inside the body around occluders,
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或者我們可以建造透視儀,
來看到身體裏的情況,
08:32
and also for cardioscopes.
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我們甚至可以透視心臟。
08:34
But of course, because of tissue and blood,
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但當然,由於各種組織和血液的幹擾,
08:36
this is quite challenging,
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這回相當困難,
08:38
so this is really a call for scientists
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所以我們呼籲科學家來真正重視飛秒成像,
08:40
to start thinking about femto-photography
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08:42
as really a new imaging modality
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把這個技術作爲一種
08:44
to solve the next generation of health-imaging problems.
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解決下一代健康問題的新模型。
08:48
Now, like Doc Edgerton, a scientist himself,
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現在,就像Edgerton博士,一個科學家,
08:52
science became art --
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科學變成了藝術,一種高速攝影藝術,
08:54
an art of ultra-fast photography.
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而且我意識到我們每次
08:58
And I realized
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08:59
that all the gigabytes of data that we're collecting every time,
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大量資料
09:02
are not just for scientific imaging.
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不僅是科學成像,
09:05
But we can also do a new form of computational photography,
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而是一種新的計算性攝影,
09:10
with time-lapse and color coding.
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這種技術蘊含了時間延遲和彩色編碼,
09:14
And we look at those ripples.
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我們看這些波紋。
09:15
Remember:
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記住,這些波紋之間的時間
09:17
The time between each of those ripples is only a few trillionths of a second.
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僅僅是幾個萬億分之一秒。
09:23
But there's also something funny going on here.
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但有些有趣的事正在發生,
當你看到這些蓋子下的波紋時,
09:26
When you look at the ripples under the cap,
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09:28
the ripples are moving away from us.
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他們正在離我們遠去。
但這些波紋應該向我們移動。
09:32
The ripples should be moving towards us.
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09:34
What's going on here?
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發生了什麽?
09:35
It turns out, because we're recording nearly at the speed of light,
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結果是,因爲我們在以接近光速
來錄這些東西,
09:42
we have strange effects,
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我們有一些奇怪的現象,
09:44
and Einstein would have loved to see this picture.
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愛因斯坦會相當高興看到這些圖片。
09:47
(Laughter)
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09:48
The order at which events take place in the world
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事件發生的順序
09:51
appears in the camera sometimes in reversed order.
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在相機裏有時候被反轉了,
09:56
So by applying the corresponding space and time warp,
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所以通過對應時間和空間的扭曲,
09:59
we can correct for this distortion.
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我們可以修正這個扭曲。
10:03
So whether it's for photography around corners,
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所以不管是看到拐角,
還是爲下一代製造健康影像,
10:08
or creating the next generation of health imaging,
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10:12
or creating new visualizations,
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還是增加新的可視化,
自從我們的發明,
10:15
since our invention,
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10:16
we have open-sourced all the data and details on our website,
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我們就已經把所有的資料和細節放到了我們的網上,
10:21
and our hope is that the DIY, the creative and the research communities
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並且我們希望,這個DIY,這個創意的研究團體,
10:28
will show us that we should stop obsessing about the megapixels in cameras --
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可以告訴我們
我們不應該再迷上高像素 —(笑聲)—
10:34
(Laughter)
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10:35
and start focusing on the next dimension in imaging.
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而開始關注成像技術的另一個維度。
10:40
It's about time.
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時間差不多了。謝謝。 (掌聲)
10:42
Thank you.
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10:43
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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