Jeff Speck: The walkable city

367,097 views ・ 2013-10-14

TED


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譯者: Ron Chao 審譯者: Marssi Draw
00:13
So I'm a city planner, an urban designer,
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我是都市計劃師、城市設計師
00:17
former arts advocate,
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以前是藝術倡導者
00:19
trained in architecture and art history,
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學過建築和藝術史
00:23
and I want to talk to you today not about design
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我今天要談的不是設計
00:26
but about America
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而是美國
00:28
and how America can be more economically resilient,
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美國的經濟如何能更強韌
00:33
how America can be healthier,
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美國怎樣才會更健康
00:35
and how America can be
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美國的環境
00:37
more environmentally sustainable.
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怎樣才能永續
00:39
And I realize this is a global forum,
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我明白這是全球論壇
00:42
but I think I need to talk about America
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但我認為需要談談美國
00:44
because there is a history,
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因為歷史告訴我們
00:45
in some places, not all,
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世界有些地方
00:47
of American ideas being appropriated,
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美國人的觀念無論是好是壞
00:49
being emulated, for better or for worse,
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會被竊用、被仿效
00:52
around the world.
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這種現象舉世可見
00:53
And the worst idea we've ever had
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我們最壞的點子
00:55
is suburban sprawl.
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是郊區的擴展
00:58
It's being emulated in many places as we speak.
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此刻很多城市正在仿效
01:01
By suburban sprawl, I refer to the reorganization
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我所謂郊區擴展,是指重整地景
01:04
of the landscape and the creation of the landscape
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或是建造地景
01:06
around the requirement of automobile use,
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完全以汽車的使用需求為前提
01:11
and that the automobile that was once an instrument of freedom
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汽車過去是解放人的工具
01:13
has become a gas-belching,
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如今已變成消耗汽油
01:17
time-wasting and life-threatening
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浪費時間、威脅生命
01:20
prosthetic device
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像義肢一樣的裝備
01:21
that many of us need just to,
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我們許多人
01:23
most Americans, in fact, need,
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事實上大多數美國人
01:24
just to live their daily lives.
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日常生活不可無車
01:27
And there's an alternative.
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但我們還是有選擇
01:28
You know, we say, half the world is living in cities.
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全世界一半的人口住在城市
01:30
Well, in America, that living in cities,
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不過在美國
01:32
for many of them, they're living in cities still
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很多人即使住在城市
01:33
where they're dependent on that automobile.
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仍然依賴汽車
01:36
And what I work for, and to do,
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我的志業和工作目標
01:39
is to make our cities more walkable.
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是讓城市更適宜步行
01:41
But I can't give design arguments for that
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但我不打算談設計方面的論點
01:44
that will have as much impact
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雖然這方面的衝擊也不小
01:46
as the arguments that I've learned
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我要談的論據來自
01:47
from the economists, the epidemiologists
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經濟學家、流行病學家
01:51
and the environmentalists.
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以及環保人士
01:53
So these are the three arguments that I'm going
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這三方面的論據
01:54
to give you quickly today.
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今天我會很快地探討
01:57
When I was growing up in the '70s,
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在我成長的1970年代
01:59
the typical American spent one tenth of their income,
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美國一般家庭所得的十分之一
02:02
American family, on transportation.
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花在交通上
02:05
Since then, we've doubled the number of roads
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如今我們的道路已經倍增
02:08
in America, and we now spend one fifth
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現在我們所得的五分之一
02:11
of our income on transportation.
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花在交通上
02:13
Working families, which are defined as
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工薪家庭在美國的定義是
02:15
earning between 20,000 and 50,000 dollars
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每年工作收入
02:17
a year in America
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兩萬至五萬美元的家庭
02:19
are spending more now on transportation
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他們現在的交通花費
02:22
than on housing, slightly more,
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略高於住房費用
02:24
because of this phenomenon called "drive till you qualify,"
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有個現象叫做「開到你買得起為止」
02:27
finding homes further and further and further
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買得起的房子越來越偏遠
02:30
from the city centers and from their jobs,
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遠離市中心和上班的地方
02:33
so that they're locked in this, two, three hours,
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所以他們必須花兩三個小時
02:35
four hours a day of commuting.
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甚至四個小時通勤
02:37
And these are the neighborhoods, for example,
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這種通勤社區的例子
02:39
in the Central Valley of California
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就在加州的中央山谷
02:41
that weren't hurt when the housing bubble burst
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房市泡沫破滅的時候
02:44
and when the price of gas went up;
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以及油價上漲的時候
02:47
they were decimated.
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社區不只是受創,而是消亡
02:49
And in fact, these are many
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其實現在還看得到很多
02:50
of the half-vacant communities that you see today.
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半數是空屋的這種社區
02:53
Imagine putting everything you have into your mortgage,
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想想看,錢都拿去付了房貸
02:56
it goes underwater, and you have to pay
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房價卻低於房貸欠款
02:58
twice as much for all the driving that you're doing.
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偏偏通勤的油費又倍增
03:02
So we know what it's done to our society
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所以我們明白社會受到的衝擊
03:05
and all the extra work we have to do
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以及為了行車
03:07
to support our cars.
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必須做的額外付出
03:09
What happens when a city decides
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如果一個城市
03:10
it's going to set other priorities?
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不把汽車視為優先又會如何?
03:13
And probably the best example we have here
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美國的最佳例子
03:15
in America is Portland, Oregon.
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可能是奧勒崗州的波特蘭
03:17
Portland made a bunch of decisions in the 1970s
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波特蘭在1970年代的一些決定
03:20
that began to distinguish it
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導致該城脫穎而出
03:22
from almost every other American city.
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美國其他城市鮮少匹敵
03:25
While most other cities were growing
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其他大多數城市
03:27
an undifferentiated spare tire of sprawl,
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無計劃地向郊區蔓延
03:30
they instituted an urban growth boundary.
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波特蘭則設立了都市成長的界限
03:33
While most cities were reaming out their roads,
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其他大多數城市在擴張道路
03:35
removing parallel parking and trees
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移除路邊停車位和樹木
03:37
in order to flow more traffic,
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以便增加交通流量
03:39
they instituted a skinny streets program.
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波特蘭則訂定了窄路計劃
03:43
And while most cities were investing in more roads
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其他大多數城市在建設更多公路
03:47
and more highways, they actually invested
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和高速公路,波特蘭則把錢花在
03:50
in bicycling and in walking.
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自行車和步行方面
03:52
And they spent 60 million dollars on bike facilities,
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光是自行車設施 就花了他們六千萬
03:56
which seems like a lot of money,
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看起來很多錢
03:58
but it was spent over about 30 years,
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不過那是30年的總花費
04:00
so two million dollars a year -- not that much --
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平均每年兩百萬美元,也不算貴
04:03
and half the price of the one cloverleaf
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他們重建一個立體交流道
04:05
that they decided to rebuild in that city.
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要花一倍的錢
04:08
These changes and others like them changed
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這些及其他類似的變更
04:10
the way that Portlanders live,
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改變了波特蘭人生活的方式
04:12
and their vehicle-miles traveled per day,
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他們每天行車的里程數
04:14
the amount that each person drives,
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每人開車的里程數
04:15
actually peaked in 1996,
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其實在1996年達到高峰
04:18
has been dropping ever since,
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然後就持續下降
04:20
and they now drive 20 percent less
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他們現在開車的里程數
04:22
than the rest of the country.
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比全國其他人少兩成
04:23
The typical Portland citizen drives
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波特蘭一般市民開車
04:26
four miles less, and 11 minutes less per day
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每天里程數比以前少了四哩
04:30
than they did before.
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時間比以前少了11分鐘
04:32
The economist Joe Cortright did the math
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經濟學家喬伊.柯爾賴特 (Joe Cortright) 做了計算
04:34
and he found out that those four miles
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他發現這四哩
04:36
plus those 11 minutes
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以及11分鐘的耗費
04:37
adds up to fully three and a half percent
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足足等於波特蘭地區
04:39
of all income earned in the region.
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總所得的3.5%
04:42
So if they're not spending that money on driving --
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從開車上面省下的錢
04:44
and by the way, 85 percent of the money
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順便提一下,開車的花費
04:45
we spend on driving leaves the local economy --
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85%流出地方經濟
04:48
if they're not spending that money on driving,
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這些從開車上面省下的錢
04:50
what are they spending it on?
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波特蘭人花到哪去了?
04:51
Well, Portland is reputed to have
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波特蘭聞名的是
04:53
the most roof racks per capita,
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休閒用車頂置物架人均最多
04:56
the most independent bookstores per capita,
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獨立書店人均最多
04:59
the most strip clubs per capita.
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脫衣舞俱樂部人均最多
05:02
These are all exaggerations, slight exaggerations
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我誇大了,稍微誇大了
05:05
of a fundamental truth, which is Portlanders
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但事實上波特蘭人
05:06
spend a lot more on recreation of all kinds
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花在各種休閒活動的錢
05:10
than the rest of America.
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遠超乎其他美國人
05:12
Actually, Oregonians spend more on alcohol
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其實奧勒崗人喝酒的花費
05:14
than most other states,
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高出其他州的居民
05:15
which may be a good thing or a bad thing,
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是福是禍不知道
05:17
but it makes you glad they're driving less.
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但我們樂見他們較少開車
05:19
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:21
But actually, they're spending most of it in their homes,
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其實他們在住家上花的錢最多
05:25
and home investment is about as local
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還有什麼能比住家的投資
05:27
an investment as you can get.
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更能注入地方經濟?
05:29
But there's a whole other Portland story,
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但是波特蘭還有個現象
05:31
which isn't part of this calculus,
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是經濟學家沒計算的
05:32
which is that young, educated people
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那就是受過教育的年輕人
05:35
have been moving to Portland in droves,
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成群結隊地搬到波特蘭
05:38
so that between the last two censuses,
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過去兩次人口普查之間
05:40
they had a 50-percent increase
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大學畢業的千禧世代
05:42
in college-educated millennials,
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人口增加了五成
05:44
which is five times what you saw anywhere else
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是其他地方的五倍
05:46
in the country, or, I should say, of the national average.
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應該說是全國平均的五倍
05:50
So on the one hand, a city saves money for its residents
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適宜步行和騎單車的城市
05:54
by being more walkable and more bikeable,
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一方面替市民省錢
05:57
but on the other hand, it also is the cool kind of city
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另一方面也是很酷的城市
05:59
that people want to be in these days.
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是大家喜歡居住的地方
06:02
So the best economic strategy
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所以最佳經濟策略城市
06:04
you can have as a city
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對於城市而言
06:05
is not the old way of trying to attract corporations
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不是吸引企業那種老套
06:09
and trying to have a biotech cluster
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不是要建立生技園區
06:11
or a medical cluster,
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或醫療園區
06:13
or an aerospace cluster,
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或航太園區
06:15
but to become a place where people want to be.
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而是要成為宜居的城市
06:18
And millennials, certainly, these engines of entrepreneurship,
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無疑是創業引擎的千禧世代
06:21
64 percent of whom decide first
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64%會先決定
06:24
where they want to live,
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要住在哪裡
06:25
then they move there, then they look for a job,
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他們會先搬過去,再找工作
06:27
they will come to your city.
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宜居的城市近悅遠來
06:30
The health argument is a scary one,
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健康方面的論點就可怕了
06:33
and you've probably heard part of this argument before.
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你們可能略知一二
06:36
Again, back in the '70s, a lot's changed since then,
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再回到和現在非常不同的1970年代
06:39
back in the '70s, one in 10 Americans was obese.
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那個年代有一成的美國人過胖
06:42
Now one out of three Americans is obese,
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如今美國人三分之一過胖
06:45
and a second third of the population is overweight.
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另外三分之一過重
06:49
Twenty-five percent of young men
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二成五的年輕男性
06:51
and 40 percent of young women are too heavy
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以及四成的女性因為過重
06:53
to enlist in our own military forces.
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不符合軍隊入伍標準
06:57
According to the Center for Disease Control,
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根據美國疾病管制中心
06:59
fully one third of all children born after 2000
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2000年以後出生的兒童
07:03
will get diabetes.
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三成會得糖尿病
07:04
We have the first generation of children in America
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這一代的孩子會創下首例
07:06
who are predicted to live shorter lives than their parents.
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平均壽命預計會低於上一代
07:10
I believe that this American healthcare crisis
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我認為這個美國的保健危機
07:13
that we've all heard about
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我們都聽說過的危機
07:14
is an urban design crisis,
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是城市設計的危機
07:17
and that the design of our cities lies at the cure.
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城市設計才是治癒的關鍵
07:19
Because we've talked a long time about diet,
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我們長期以來關注飲食
07:22
and we know that diet impacts weight,
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我們明白飲食影響體重
07:25
and weight of course impacts health.
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體重自然會影響健康
07:27
But we've only started talking about inactivity,
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但是我們才開始探討少活動
07:30
and how inactivity born of our landscape,
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以及造成少活動的地景環境
07:33
inactivity that comes from the fact that we live
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我們居住的環境
07:35
in a place where there is no longer any such thing
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讓走路的功用大不如前
07:37
as a useful walk, is driving our weight up.
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我們的體重因而上升
07:41
And we finally have the studies,
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現在終於有了相關研究
07:42
one in Britain called "Gluttony versus sloth"
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英國的研究「好吃與懶做對比」
07:45
that tracked weight against diet
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追蹤飲食和體重的關係
07:48
and tracked weight against inactivity,
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以及活動量和體重的關係
07:50
and found a much higher, stronger correlation
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發現相關度更高的
07:52
between the latter two.
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是活動量和體重
07:54
Dr. James Levine at, in this case,
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詹姆斯.萊文 (James Levine) 醫生
07:56
the aptly-named Mayo Clinic
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現任職於馬約(Mayo,諧音美乃滋)醫學中心
07:59
put his test subjects in electronic underwear,
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他讓實驗對象穿上電子內衣
08:03
held their diet steady,
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保持定量的飲食
08:05
and then started pumping the calories in.
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然後開始增加熱量
08:07
Some people gained weight,
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有些人開始變重
08:09
some people didn't gain weight.
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有些人體重沒增加
08:10
Expecting some metabolic or DNA factor at work,
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研究人員預測是代謝或遺傳因素
08:13
they were shocked to learn that the only difference
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結果卻令他們大吃一驚
08:15
between the subjects that they could figure out
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他們找出的唯一差別因素
08:17
was the amount they were moving,
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是實驗對象的活動量
08:19
and that in fact those who gained weight
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體重增加的人
08:21
were sitting, on average, two hours more per day
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比沒增重者每天平均
08:24
than those who didn't.
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多坐兩小時
08:26
So we have these studies that tie
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我們已有研究指出
08:28
weight to inactivity, but even more,
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體重和活動量有關,但不僅如此
08:30
we now have studies that tie weight to where you live.
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有研究顯示,跟你住哪裡也有關
08:32
Do you live in a more walkable city
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你是住在適宜步行的城市
08:34
or do you live in a less walkable city,
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還是住在走路不便的城市
08:36
or where in your city do you live?
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在城市的哪個區也有關係
08:37
In San Diego, they used Walk Score --
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聖地牙哥使用了「步行分數」(Walk Score)——
08:40
Walk Score rates every address in America
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「步行分數」評估美國的每個住址
08:42
and soon the world
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即將擴及全球
08:44
in terms of how walkable it is --
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根據適宜步行的程度評分——
08:46
they used Walk Score to designate more walkable neighborhoods
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聖地牙哥用「步行分數」區分鄰里
08:49
and less walkable neighborhoods.
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是否適宜步行
08:51
Well guess what? If you lived in a more walkable neighborhood,
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你知道嗎? 住在適合走路的鄰里
08:54
you were 35 percent likely to be overweight.
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過重的機率是35%
08:56
If you lived in a less walkable neighborhood,
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住在較不適合走路的鄰里
08:58
you were 60 percent likely to be overweight.
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過重的機率則是60%
09:01
So we have study after study now
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已有接二連三的研究
09:02
that's tying where you live
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指出居住的地點
09:05
to your health, particularly as in America,
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和你的健康息息相關,尤其在美國
09:07
the biggest health crisis we have is this one
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我們健康的最大危機
09:09
that's stemming from environmental-induced inactivity.
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來自居住環境造成的活動量減少
09:14
And I learned a new word last week.
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我上週學到了一個新詞
09:16
They call these neighborhoods "obesageneric."
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這種鄰里叫做「肥胖區」(obesageneric)
09:19
I may have that wrong, but you get the idea.
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我可能沒拼對,但意思你們懂
09:22
Now that's one thing, of course.
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有件事一定要提
09:24
Briefly mentioning, we have an asthma epidemic
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簡而言之,就是氣喘病
09:27
in this country.
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在美國流行
09:28
You probably haven't thought that much about it.
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你可能沒注意到
09:29
Fourteen Americans die each day from asthma,
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每天有14個美國人死於氣喘病
09:32
three times what it was in the '90s,
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人數是1990年代的三倍
09:35
and it's almost all coming from car exhaust.
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肇因幾乎全部來自汽車的廢氣
09:38
American pollution does not come
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美國的污染不再來自工廠
09:40
from factories anymore, it comes from tailpipes,
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而是來自汽車的排氣管
09:42
and the amount that people are driving in your city,
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決定於城市人開車的多寡
09:44
your urban VMT, is a good prediction
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城市開車的里程數
09:47
of the asthma problems in your city.
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是氣喘問題的良好指標
09:49
And then finally, in terms of driving,
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關於開車還有一件事
09:52
there's the issue of the single-largest killer
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殺害健康成人的最大兇手
09:55
of healthy adults, and one of the largest killers
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殺害所有人的最大兇手之一
09:57
of all people, is car crashes.
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就是車禍
09:59
And we take car crashes for granted.
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我們對車禍習以為常
10:01
We figure it's a natural risk
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我們認為開車
10:03
of being on the road.
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自然會有風險
10:04
But in fact, here in America, 12 people
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但事實上,每年在美國
10:07
out of every 100,000
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十萬分之十二的人
10:09
die every year from car crashes.
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死於車禍
10:11
We're pretty safe here.
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我們相當安全
10:12
Well, guess what? In England, it's seven per 100,000.
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但你知道嗎?英國是十萬分之七
10:15
It's Japan, it's four per 100,000.
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日本則是十萬分之四
10:17
Do you know where it's three per 100,000?
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你知道哪裡是十萬分之三嗎
10:19
New York City.
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紐約市
10:21
San Francisco, the same thing. Portland, the same thing.
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舊金山也一樣,波特蘭也如此
10:23
Oh, so cities make us safer
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噢,城市比較安全
10:26
because we're driving less?
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是因為城市人較少開車?
10:28
Tulsa: 14 per 100,000.
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突沙市:十萬分之十四
10:30
Orlando: 20 per 100,000.
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奧蘭多:十萬分之二十
10:33
It's not whether you're in the city or not,
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所以是否在城市不重要
10:35
it's how is your city designed?
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城市的規劃才重要
10:37
Was it designed around cars or around people?
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規劃是以人還是以車為中心?
10:41
Because if your city is designed around cars,
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因為如果以車為中心
10:42
it's really good at smashing them into each other.
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出車禍的機率很高
10:47
That's part of a much larger health argument.
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這是健康論據的一小部分
10:51
Finally, the environmental argument is fascinating,
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最後,環境方面的論據令人著迷
10:53
because the environmentalists turned on a dime
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因為環保人士在十年前
10:55
about 10 years ago.
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快速轉變了立場
10:57
The environmental movement in America
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美國的環保運動
10:58
has historically been an anti-city movement
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過去一直是反對城市的運動
11:02
from Jefferson on.
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可回溯至傑弗遜總統
11:03
"Cities are pestilential to the health,
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「城市有害於健康
11:05
to the liberties, to the morals of man.
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自由和人之道德
11:07
If we continue to pile upon ourselves in cities,
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如果我們不斷聚集在城市
11:09
as they do in Europe, we shall become as corrupt
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就像歐洲一樣,我們也將
11:11
as they are in Europe
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像歐洲一樣腐敗
11:13
and take to eating one another as they do there."
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像他們一樣人吃人。」
11:15
He apparently had a sense of humor.
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傑佛遜顯然頗有幽默感
11:18
And then the American environmental movement
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然後美國的環保運動
11:20
has been a classically Arcadian movement.
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一直是正統的田園運動
11:22
To become more environmental, we move into the country,
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為了保護環境,我們搬到鄉下
11:24
we commune with nature, we build suburbs.
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我們與自然交融,我們建立郊區
11:27
But, of course, we've seen what that does.
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但是我們當然也看到了後果
11:31
The carbon mapping of America,
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美國的碳地圖
11:33
where is the CO2 being emitted,
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標示了二氧化碳的排放位置
11:35
for many years only
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多年以來
11:37
hammered this argument in more strongly.
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更加深了我們的刻板印象
11:40
If you look at any carbon map, because we map it per square mile,
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碳地圖顯示每平方哩的排放量
11:43
any carbon map of the U.S.,
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因此任何美國的碳地圖
11:44
it looks like a night sky satellite photo of the U.S.,
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看似美國夜間衛星空照圖
11:47
hottest in the cities, cooler in the suburbs,
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城市看起來炙熱,郊區比較冷清
11:50
dark, peaceful in the countryside.
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鄉下則一片漆黑與平靜
11:53
Until some economists said, you know,
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直到經濟學家表示質疑
11:55
is that the right way to measure CO2?
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這樣衡量碳排對嗎?
11:58
There are only so many people in this country at any given time,
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如果全國總人數不變
12:00
and we can choose to live where perhaps
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我們可以選擇住在
12:02
we would have a lighter impact.
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人均碳排較少的地方
12:03
And they said, let's measure CO2 per household,
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他們提議測量平均家戶碳排
12:06
and when they did that, the maps just flipped,
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方法改變後,碳地圖豬羊變色
12:09
coolest in the center city, warmer in the suburbs,
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市中心最為冷清,郊區色澤較暖
12:12
and red hot in these exurban
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呈現火紅的是鄉間
12:14
"drive till you qualify" neighborhoods.
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就是「開到你買得起為止」的地方
12:17
So a fundamental shift, and now you have
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因此看法有了根本改變
12:19
environmentalists and economists like Ed Glaeser
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愛德華.格雷瑟 (Edward Glaeser) 之類的環保人士和經濟學家
12:22
saying we are a destructive species.
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表示人類是具毀滅性的物種
12:24
If you love nature, the best thing you can do
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喜愛自然的人最應該做的
12:27
is stay the heck away from it,
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是離開那裡
12:29
move to a city, and the denser the better,
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搬到城市,人口密度越高越好
12:31
and the denser cities like Manhattan
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像曼哈頓一樣的高密度城市
12:34
are the cities that perform the best.
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表現的成績最好
12:36
So the average Manhattanite is consuming gasoline
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曼哈頓居民平均汽油消耗之低
12:40
at the rate the rest of the nation hasn't seen since the '20s,
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是美國其他地方1920年代以來所未見
12:45
consuming half of the electricity of Dallas.
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耗電量是達拉斯的一半
12:48
But of course, we can do better.
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當然我們還有改善的空間
12:50
Canadian cities, they consume half the gasoline of American cities.
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加拿大相較美國,城市汽油消耗少一半
12:53
European cities consume half as much again.
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歐洲城市的汽油消耗也是少一半
12:57
So obviously, we can do better,
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顯然我們還有空間可以改善
13:00
and we want to do better, and we're all trying to be green.
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我們也想改善,大家都在致力於環保
13:03
My final argument in this topic is that
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我最後在這個議題的論點是
13:05
I think we're trying to be green the wrong way,
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我認為我們的環保走錯了方向
13:09
and I'm one of many people who believes that
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我和很多人一樣認為
13:11
this focus on gadgets,
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關注小器具
13:14
on accessorizing --
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關注附加物——
13:17
What can I add to my house,
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我的住家可以添加什麼
13:19
what can I add to what I've already got
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我在現有之上可以加點什麼
13:21
to make my lifestyle more sustainable? --
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才能讓生活方式更能持續?——
13:24
has kind of dominated the discussion.
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這種思維似乎主導了議題
13:26
So I'm not immune to this.
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我也跳不出窠臼
13:27
My wife and I built a new house
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我和妻子在華盛頓特區
13:29
on an abandoned lot in Washington, D.C.,
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廢棄的土地上蓋新房子
13:32
and we did our best to clear the shelves
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我們選購居家用品
13:34
of the sustainability store.
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盡量在綠色商店
13:36
We've got the solar photovoltaic system,
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我們買了太陽能光伏發電系統
13:38
solar hot water heater, dual-flush toilets,
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太陽能熱水器,兩段式抽水馬桶
13:41
bamboo floors.
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竹製地板
13:43
A log burning in my German high-tech stove
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德國製高科技爐灶燃燒木頭
13:46
apparently, supposedly, contributes less carbon
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碳排量據稱顯然低於
13:49
to the atmosphere than were it left alone
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讓木頭在森林中
13:50
to decompose in the forest.
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自行腐敗
13:53
Yet all of these innovations --
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然而這些創新
13:55
That's what they said in the brochure.
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剛才那個來自產品說明
13:57
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
13:58
All of these innovations together
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這些所有的創新加起來
14:01
contribute a fraction of what we contribute
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效果遠遠不如
14:04
by living in a walkable neighborhood
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居住在適合步行的鄰里
14:06
three blocks from a metro in the heart of a city.
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在市中心離捷運三條街的地方
14:09
We've changed all our light bulbs to energy-savers,
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我家已經全面換裝節能燈泡
14:12
and you should do the same thing,
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你們也應該這麼做
14:13
but changing all your light bulbs to energy-savers
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但是全面換裝節能燈泡
14:15
saves as much energy in a year
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每年省下的能源只等於
14:17
as moving to a walkable city does in a week.
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搬到適宜步行的城市一周
14:20
And we don't want to have this argument.
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這點大家避而不談
14:21
Politicians and marketers are afraid
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政客和商人都不敢
14:23
of marketing green as a "lifestyle choice."
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把環保宣傳為「生活方式的選擇」
14:27
You don't want to tell Americans, God forbid,
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誰敢告訴美國人
14:30
that they have to change their lifestyle.
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應該要改變生活方式
14:32
But what if lifestyle was really about quality of life
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但如果生活方式攸關生活品質
14:35
and about perhaps something that we would all enjoy more,
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或許攸關我們更享受的東西
14:38
something that would be better than what we have right now?
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優於我們現有的東西又如何?
14:41
Well, the gold standard of quality of life rankings,
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生活品質評比的金字招牌
14:43
it's called the Mercer Survey.
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叫做默瑟調查 (Mercer Survey)
14:45
You may have heard of it.
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你們或許聽過
14:47
They rank hundreds of nations worldwide
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他們評比世界上百個國家
14:50
according to 10 criteria that they believe add up
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認為生活品質有十個標準:
14:52
to quality of life: health, economics, education,
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健康、經濟、教育
14:57
housing, you name it.
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住家等等
15:01
There's six more. Short talk.
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還有六個,但時間有限
15:03
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
15:05
And it's very interesting to see that
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有趣的是
15:07
the highest-ranking American city, Honolulu,
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美國排名最前面的是檀香山
15:10
number 28, is followed by kind of the usual suspects
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第28名,其次的城市也在意料之中
15:14
of Seattle and Boston and all walkable cities.
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西雅圖和波士頓,都適宜步行
15:17
The driving cities in the Sun Belt,
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陽光帶的開車城市
15:19
the Dallases and the Phoenixes and, sorry, Atlanta,
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達拉斯、鳳凰城之類,抱歉亞特蘭大
15:22
these cities are not appearing on the list.
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這些城市都沒上榜
15:26
But who's doing even better?
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但哪些城市更名列前茅?
15:27
The Canadian cities like Vancouver,
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加拿大的溫哥華
15:30
where again, they're burning half the fuel.
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我提過他們的耗油量少一半
15:32
And then it's usually won by cities where they speak German,
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德語城市也常上榜
15:35
like Dusseldorf or Vienna,
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例如杜塞道夫和維也納
15:37
where they're burning, again, half as much fuel.
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他們的耗油量也少一半
15:39
And you see this alignment, this strange alignment.
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兩種指標成正比,出乎意外
15:42
Is being more sustainble
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採取更永續的生活方式
15:44
what gives you a higher quality of life?
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能提高生活品質嗎?
15:46
I would argue the same thing
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我認為讓我們生活
15:49
that makes you more sustainble
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更能持續之事
15:51
is what gives you a higher quality of life,
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確實會提高我們的生活品質
15:53
and that's living in a walkable neighborhood.
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那就是住在適宜步行的鄰里
15:56
So sustainability, which includes our wealth
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生活可持續與否,包括財富
16:00
and our health
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和健康
16:02
may not be a direct function of our sustainability.
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未必是影響我們持續的關鍵因素
16:07
But particularly here in America,
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但是尤其在美國
16:09
we are polluting so much
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我們污染過多
16:12
because we're throwing away our time
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是因為我們浪費時間
16:14
and our money and our lives on the highway,
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金錢和生命在公路上
16:17
then these two problems would seem to share
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似乎這兩個問題
16:19
the same solution, which is to make our cities
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解決辦法相同,那就是讓城市
16:22
more walkable.
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更適宜步行
16:23
Doing so isn't easy, but it can be done,
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要做到不容易,但是絕對可行
16:26
it has been done,
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已有成功的例子
16:27
and it's being done now in more than a few cities,
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成功實行的城市
16:30
around the globe and in our country.
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在全球和美國並不罕見
16:32
I take some solace from Winston Churchill,
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邱吉爾的話讓我感到安慰
16:35
who put it this way:
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他是這麼說的:
16:37
"The Americans can be counted on
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「可以信賴美國人
16:38
to do the right thing
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做對的事情
16:40
once they have exhausted the alternatives." (Laughter)
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只要等他們錯事做盡了。」 (笑聲)
16:42
Thank you.
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謝謝
16:44
(Applause)
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(掌聲)

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