How climate change could make our food less nutritious | Kristie Ebi

73,568 views ・ 2019-10-10

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Nan Yang 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang
00:13
Yogi Berra, a US baseball player and philosopher, said,
0
13809
4887
美国棒球运动员兼哲学家 Yogi Berra 说过:
00:18
"If we don't know where we're going, we might not get there."
1
18720
3567
“如果不知道哪是我们的目的地, 我们就无法到达。”
00:23
Accumulating scientific knowledge is giving us greater insights,
2
23525
4046
不断累积的科学知识 带给我们更深刻的见解,
00:27
greater clarity, into what our future might look like in a changing climate
3
27595
5172
更大的清晰度,让我意识到我们的 未来在气候的变化下会是什么样子
00:32
and what that could mean for our health.
4
32791
2209
以及对我们的健康意味着什么。
00:35
I'm here to talk about a related aspect,
5
35714
3705
我今天在这里要讲解的 是与之相关的一个方面,
00:39
on how our emissions of greenhouse gases from burning of fossil fuels
6
39443
4662
就是我们通过燃烧化石燃料 产生的温室气体,
00:44
is reducing the nutritional quality of our food.
7
44129
4030
正在降低我们食物的营养质量。
00:49
We'll start with the food pyramid.
8
49011
2139
让我们从食物金字塔开始说起。
00:51
You all know the food pyramid.
9
51174
1762
我们都知道食物金字塔。
00:53
We all need to eat a balanced diet.
10
53348
2438
我们都需要均衡饮食。
00:55
We need to get proteins,
11
55810
1517
我们需要摄入蛋白质,
00:57
we need to get micronutrients,
12
57351
1711
我们需要摄入微量元素,
00:59
we need to get vitamins.
13
59086
1308
我们需要摄入维他命。
01:00
And so, this is a way for us to think about
14
60418
2730
所以,这是我们思考如何保证
01:03
how to make sure we get what we need every day
15
63172
2994
我们每天所需的方法,
01:06
so we can grow and thrive.
16
66190
2118
这样我们可以茁壮成长。
01:08
But we eat not just because we need to,
17
68332
2585
但是我们不仅因为身体需要而吃,
01:10
we also eat for enjoyment.
18
70941
1940
我们也为了享受而吃。
01:12
Bread, pasta, pizza --
19
72905
2603
面包,意大利面,披萨等等,
01:15
there's a whole range of foods that are culturally important.
20
75532
4081
有很大一部分的食物 在文化层面上非常重要。
01:19
We enjoy eating these.
21
79637
1792
我们非常喜欢吃这些。
01:22
And so they're important for our diet,
22
82088
2391
所以它们不只对我们的饮食很重要,
01:24
but they're also important for our cultures.
23
84503
2670
对我们的文化也非常重要。
01:27
Carbon dioxide has been increasing since the start of the Industrial Revolution,
24
87757
5504
自从工业革命的开始, 二氧化碳排放量就在逐渐增加,
01:33
increasing from about 280 parts per million to over 410 today,
25
93285
5362
从开始的 280 ppm (浓度单位) 到现在的 410 ppm,
01:38
and it continues to increase.
26
98671
2243
而且还在继续增长。
01:40
The carbon that plants need to grow comes from this carbon dioxide.
27
100938
4426
植物生长所需的碳 来自于这些二氧化碳。
01:45
They bring it into the plant,
28
105388
1462
它们吸收二氧化碳,
01:46
they break it apart into the carbon itself,
29
106874
3247
分解成碳本身,
01:50
and they use that to grow.
30
110145
1784
然后利用其来生长。
01:52
They also need nutrients from the soil.
31
112542
2933
它们也需要从土壤里摄入营养。
01:56
And so yes, carbon dioxide is plant food.
32
116166
3506
所以,是的, 二氧化碳是植物的食物。
02:01
And this should be good news, of rising carbon dioxide concentrations,
33
121186
4966
提升二氧化碳的浓度, 对于全世界的食品安全
02:06
for food security around the world,
34
126176
2956
都应该是好消息,
02:09
making sure that people get enough to eat every day.
35
129156
3658
可以保证人们每天有足够的食物。
02:13
About 820 million people in the world don't get enough to eat every day.
36
133466
5155
世界上有8亿2千万的人 没有足够的食物。
02:19
So there's a fair amount written about how higher CO2
37
139090
3602
所以对于还要多高的二氧化碳 可以帮助解决我们的食品安全问题,
02:22
is going to help with our food security problem.
38
142716
2771
人们进行过很多讨论。
02:25
We need to accelerate our progress in agricultural productivity
39
145511
5082
我们需要加快农业生产进度,
02:30
to feed the nine to 10 billion people who will be alive in 2050
40
150617
4835
来养活到2050年,地球上 将出现的90到100亿人口,
02:35
and to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals,
41
155476
2521
以实现可持续发展目标,
02:38
particularly the Goal Number 2,
42
158021
1738
特别是目标2,
02:39
that is on reducing food insecurity,
43
159783
3156
让食品更加安全,
02:42
increasing nutrition,
44
162963
1524
增加营养,
02:44
increasing access to the foods that we need for everyone.
45
164511
3660
让每个人得到所需的食物。
02:48
We know that climate change is affecting agricultural productivity.
46
168195
4740
我们知道气候变化 正在改变着农业生产力。
02:52
The earth has warmed about one degree centigrade
47
172959
2406
自工业化时代以来,
02:55
since preindustrial times.
48
175389
2291
地球的温度已经升高了1摄氏度。
02:57
That is changing local temperature and precipitation patterns,
49
177704
3809
这正改变着局部的温度和降水模式,
03:01
and that has consequences for the agricultural productivity
50
181537
4434
这对世界很多地方的农业生产力
03:05
in many parts of the world.
51
185995
1622
有着重大的影响。
03:08
And it's not just local changes in temperature and precipitation,
52
188292
3291
而且这并不只是 对局部气温和降水的影响,
03:11
it's the extremes.
53
191607
1226
而是非常极端的影响。
03:13
Extremes in terms of heat waves, floods and droughts
54
193553
3671
严重的热浪,洪水和干旱
03:17
are significantly affecting productivity.
55
197248
3770
正在严重影响着生产力。
03:22
And that carbon dioxide,
56
202677
2336
而二氧化碳,
03:25
besides making plants grow,
57
205037
2957
除了帮助植物生长以外,
03:28
has other consequences as well,
58
208018
2777
也有其它副作用,
03:30
that plants, when they have higher carbon dioxide,
59
210819
3066
当植物摄入过高的二氧化碳,
03:33
increase the synthesis of carbohydrates, sugars and starches,
60
213909
4045
提高了碳水化合物, 糖和淀粉的合成,
03:37
and they decrease the concentrations of protein and critical nutrients.
61
217978
5260
而降低了蛋白质和 关键营养物质的浓度。
03:43
And this is very important for how we think about food security going forward.
62
223262
6513
而这对我们思考 未来的食品安全非常重要。
03:50
A couple of nights ago in the table talks on climate change,
63
230532
3906
在几天前的一个 关于气候变化的谈话中,
03:54
someone said that they're a five-sevenths optimist:
64
234462
3965
有人提到他们是 七分之五乐观主义者:
03:58
that they're an optimist five days of the week,
65
238451
2831
意思是每周有五天他们是乐观的,
04:01
and this is a topic for the other two days.
66
241306
2715
而另外两天不是。
04:05
When we think about micronutrients,
67
245227
2159
当我们想到微量元素时,
04:07
almost all of them are affected by higher CO2 concentrations.
68
247410
4417
基本上所有微量元素 都受到更高浓度的二氧化碳影响。
04:11
Two in particular are iron and zinc.
69
251851
2409
特别是铁和锌。
04:14
When you don't have enough iron, you can develop iron deficiency anemia.
70
254284
4007
当你没有摄入足够的铁时, 会触发缺铁性贫血,
04:18
It's associated with fatigue, shortness of breath
71
258315
3054
导致疲劳,呼吸急促,
04:21
and some fairly serious consequences as well.
72
261393
3333
和其它一些非常严重的症状。
04:24
When you don't have enough zinc,
73
264750
1716
而当你摄入锌不足的时候,
04:26
you can have a loss of appetite.
74
266490
2531
可能会导致没有胃口。
04:29
It is a significant problem around the world.
75
269045
2127
这是全球范围内的严重问题。
04:31
There's about one billion people who are zinc deficient.
76
271196
3075
有大约10亿人缺锌。
04:34
It's very important for maternal and child health.
77
274295
2940
这对于母亲和孩子的健康尤为重要。
04:37
It affects development.
78
277259
1907
它影响着孩子的生长。
04:39
The B vitamins are critical for a whole range of reasons.
79
279788
3817
维他命B在很多方面都非常关键。
04:43
They help convert our food into energy.
80
283629
2994
B族维他命帮助把我们 的食物转化为能量。
04:46
They're important for the functions
81
286647
1718
对于我们身体中很多 的生理活动机能
04:48
of many of the physiologic activities in our bodies.
82
288389
3571
都非常重要。
04:51
And when you have higher carbon in a plant,
83
291984
2704
而且当在植物中有过高的碳,
04:54
you have less nitrogen,
84
294712
1658
氮含量就会减少,
04:56
and you have less B vitamins.
85
296394
1916
维他命B也会减少。
04:58
And it's not just us.
86
298731
1564
而这不只会影响我们。
05:00
Cattle are already being affected
87
300319
1739
由于草饲料质量的下降,
05:02
because the quality of their forage is declining.
88
302082
3622
牛也已经受到了影响。
05:05
In fact, this affects every consumer of plants.
89
305728
3461
实际上,它影响着 所有植物的消耗者。
05:09
And give a thought to, for example, our pet cats and dogs.
90
309213
3872
想一下,比如我们的宠物猫狗。
05:13
If you look on the label of most of the pet and dog food,
91
313109
3468
如果你仔细看狗粮,猫粮产品的标签,
05:16
there's a significant amount of grain in those foods.
92
316601
4645
这些食物里包含大量的谷物。
05:21
So this affects everyone.
93
321270
2087
它影响着每个生物。
05:23
How do we know that this is a problem?
94
323381
2306
我们是如何知道这是个问题的呢?
05:25
We know from field studies
95
325711
1877
我们从一些实地考察,
05:27
and we know from experimental studies in laboratories.
96
327612
3331
从实验室的实验研究得知这些。
05:30
In the field studies --
97
330967
1480
在实地考察中——
05:32
and I'll focus primarily on wheat and on rice --
98
332471
4445
我会主要关注小麦和水稻 ——
05:36
there's fields, for example, of rice
99
336940
2406
例如,水稻田
05:39
that are divided into different plots.
100
339370
2090
会被分成不同的地块。
05:42
And the plots are all the same:
101
342460
2104
这些地块完全一样:
05:44
the soil's the same,
102
344588
1871
一样的土壤,
05:46
the precipitation's the same --
103
346483
1709
一样的灌溉方式——
05:48
everything's the same.
104
348216
1936
所有条件都一样,
05:50
Except carbon dioxide is blown over some of the plots.
105
350176
4017
除了吹到田里的二氧化碳。
05:54
And so you can compare
106
354637
2421
所以你可以比较
05:57
what it looks like under today's conditions
107
357082
3270
在现在的二氧化碳情况
06:00
and under carbon dioxide conditions later in the century.
108
360376
4187
和本世纪后期二氧化碳的 情况下对作物的影响。
06:05
I was part of one of the few studies that have done this.
109
365032
3065
我参与了这些实地考察中的一部分。
06:08
We looked at 18 rice lines in China and in Japan
110
368121
4571
我们查看了在中国和日本的 18条水稻生产线,
06:12
and grew them under conditions that you would expect
111
372716
2822
它们是在我们预期中的本世纪后期的
06:15
later in the century.
112
375562
1623
二氧化碳情况下生长。
06:19
And when you look at the results,
113
379185
2048
现在让我们来看结果,
06:21
the white bar is today's conditions,
114
381257
3092
白柱是现在的情况,
06:24
the red bar is conditions later in the century.
115
384373
4036
红柱是本世纪后期的情况。
06:28
So protein declines about 10 percent,
116
388741
3994
可见蛋白质含量降低了10%,
06:32
iron about eight percent, zinc about five percent.
117
392759
3843
铁8%,锌大约5%。
06:37
These don't sound like really big changes,
118
397404
2546
听起来这些不是什么大变化,
06:39
but when you start thinking about the poor in every country
119
399974
3904
但是当你想到每个国家
06:43
who primarily eat starch,
120
403902
2445
主要以吃淀粉为生的穷人时,
06:46
that this will put people who are on the edge
121
406371
2926
这会把那些生存在贫穷边缘的人
06:49
over the edge into frank deficiencies,
122
409321
2237
推向营养严重不足的一边,
06:51
creating all kinds of health problems.
123
411582
2657
导致各种安全健康问题。
06:54
The situation is more significant for the B vitamins.
124
414263
3861
情况对于维他命B族更加严重。
06:58
When you look at vitamin B1 and vitamin B2,
125
418148
3629
我们看维他命B1和B2,
07:01
there's about a 17 percent decline.
126
421801
2669
都大约降低了17%。
07:04
Pantothenic acid, vitamin B5, is about a 13 percent decline.
127
424494
5019
泛酸,维他命B5 下降了大约13%。
07:09
Folate is about a 30 percent decline.
128
429537
3327
叶酸降低了30%。
07:12
And these are averages over the various experiments that were done.
129
432888
4274
而这些是我们所做的 各种实验的平均值。
07:17
Folate is critical for child development.
130
437186
3572
叶酸对于胚胎的成长非常关键。
07:20
Pregnant women who don't get enough folate
131
440782
2109
孕妇如果不能摄入足够叶酸
07:22
are at much higher risk of having babies with birth defects.
132
442915
3176
会有更高风险造成婴儿缺陷。
07:26
So these are very serious potential consequences for our health
133
446599
5246
所以这些都是二氧化碳持续增长 会对我们的健康带来的
07:31
as CO2 continues to rise.
134
451869
2321
潜在严重后果。
07:35
In another example,
135
455636
1281
接下来的例子,
07:36
this is modeling work that was done by Chris Weyant and his colleagues,
136
456941
4375
是由Chris Weyant和 他的同事做的建模工作,
07:41
taking a look at this chain from higher CO2 to lower iron and zinc --
137
461340
4632
来看这个从高二氧化碳 到低锌低铁的链条,
07:45
and they only looked at iron and zinc --
138
465996
2432
他们研究了铁和锌与
07:48
to various health outcomes.
139
468452
1957
各种健康状况的关系。
07:50
They looked at malaria, diarrheal disease, pneumonia,
140
470433
3338
他们研究了疟疾,腹泻,肺炎,
07:53
iron deficiency anemia,
141
473795
1764
缺铁性贫血,
07:55
and looked at what the consequences could be in 2050.
142
475583
4147
研究了2050年结果会是什么样,
07:59
And the darker the color in this,
143
479754
2220
在图里颜色越深,
08:01
the larger the consequences.
144
481998
1960
代表造成的后果越大。
08:03
So you can see the major impacts
145
483982
2699
你可以看见在亚洲和非洲
08:06
in Asia and in Africa,
146
486705
2909
的主要影响,
08:09
but also note that in countries such as the United States
147
489638
2865
但是要注意,在美国
08:12
and countries in Europe,
148
492527
1506
和欧洲各国,
08:14
the populations also could be affected.
149
494057
2415
人们也受到了影响。
08:17
They estimated about 125 million people could be affected.
150
497075
4274
他们估计大约1亿2千500万人会受影响。
08:22
They also modeled what would be the most effective interventions,
151
502041
4047
他们同样模拟了 哪种是最有效的干预措施,
08:26
and their conclusion was reducing our greenhouse gases:
152
506112
4505
而结论就是要减少温室气体:
08:30
getting our greenhouse gas emissions down by mid-century
153
510641
3078
在本世纪中期减少温室气体的释放
08:33
so we don't have to worry so much about these consequences
154
513743
3303
我们就不需要担心那些
08:37
later in the century.
155
517070
1514
对本世纪后期产生的影响。
08:40
These experiments, these modeling studies
156
520568
2506
这些实验,模型的研究
08:43
did not take climate change itself into account.
157
523098
2558
没有把气候变化考虑在内。
08:46
They just focused on the carbon dioxide component.
158
526082
3124
他们只是专注于二氧化碳部分。
08:49
So when you put the two together,
159
529584
2130
所以当你把这两部分放在一起,
08:51
it's expected the impact is much larger than what I've told you.
160
531738
3459
可以预期那些影响将比 我之前所说的还要严重。
08:56
I'd love to be able to tell you right now
161
536108
3019
此时我非常想告诉你们,
08:59
how much the food you had for breakfast, the food you're going to have for lunch,
162
539151
4814
我们早餐和午餐吃的食物
09:03
has shifted from what your grandparents ate
163
543989
2879
从营养质量的角度跟 我们祖父母所吃的
09:06
in terms of its nutritional quality.
164
546892
2344
有什么不同。
09:10
But I can't.
165
550312
1157
但是我不能。
09:11
We don't have the research on that.
166
551493
2013
我们没有那方面的研究。
09:14
I'd love to tell you how much current food insecurity
167
554253
3151
我非常想告诉你们 有多少食品的安全性
09:17
is affected by these changes.
168
557428
1733
被这些变化影响。
09:19
But I can't.
169
559851
1246
但是我不能。
09:21
We don't have the research on that, either.
170
561121
2309
我们也没有这方面的研究。
09:24
There's a lot that needs to be known in this area,
171
564437
3442
在这个领域还有很多需要探索的东西,
09:27
including what the possible solutions could be.
172
567903
4059
包括可能的解决方案是什么。
09:31
We don't know exactly what those solutions are,
173
571986
2754
我们不知道确切的解决方案,
09:34
but we've got a range of options.
174
574764
2733
但是我们有一系列选择。
09:37
We've got advancements in technologies.
175
577521
2511
我们有技术的进步。
09:40
We've got plant breeding. We've got biofortification.
176
580056
3356
我们有植物育种。 我们有生物强化。
09:43
Soils could make a difference.
177
583436
1802
土壤可以带来变化。
09:45
And, of course, it will be very helpful to know
178
585262
2993
而且当然,它有助于我们知道
09:48
how these changes could affect our future health
179
588279
3481
这些变化如何影响人们未来的健康,
09:51
and the health of our children and the health of our grandchildren.
180
591784
3335
和我们子孙的健康。
09:56
And these investments take time.
181
596111
2363
这些投入都需要时间。
09:59
It will take time to sort all of these issues out.
182
599053
3184
需要时间来把问题整理清楚。
10:03
There is no national entity or business group
183
603427
3647
没有国家实体或者商业机构
10:07
that is funding this research.
184
607098
1854
在资助这些研究。
10:09
We need these investments critically so that we do know where we're going.
185
609799
5450
我们非常需要这些投资, 这样就可以知道我们的方向。
10:16
In the meantime, what we can do
186
616048
2609
同时,我们可以做的事情
10:18
is ensure that all people have access to a complete diet,
187
618681
6168
是确保所有人能够得到 完整的饮食结构,
10:24
not just those in the wealthy parts of the world but everywhere in the world.
188
624873
4029
不只是那些富裕的地方, 而是世界上所有地方。
10:29
We also individually and collectively need to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions
189
629552
4819
我们从个人和集体的角度都要 减少温室气体的排放,
10:34
to reduce the challenges that will come later in the century.
190
634395
3248
这样才能减少本世纪后期 会出现的那些挑战。
10:39
It's been said that if you think education is expensive, try ignorance.
191
639570
5605
有人说过,如果你认为教育很昂贵, 那么试一试无知的代价。
10:46
Let's not.
192
646112
1219
但是我们不能这样。
10:47
Let's invest in ourselves,
193
647977
2786
让我们为自己投资,
10:50
in our children
194
650787
1158
为我们的孩子和
10:51
and in our planet.
195
651969
1328
地球投资吧。
10:53
Thank you.
196
653321
1214
谢谢大家。
10:54
(Applause)
197
654559
4259
(掌声)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7