请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
翻译人员: Nan Yang
校对人员: Yolanda Zhang
00:13
Yogi Berra, a US baseball player
and philosopher, said,
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美国棒球运动员兼哲学家
Yogi Berra 说过:
00:18
"If we don't know where we're going,
we might not get there."
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“如果不知道哪是我们的目的地,
我们就无法到达。”
00:23
Accumulating scientific knowledge
is giving us greater insights,
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不断累积的科学知识
带给我们更深刻的见解,
00:27
greater clarity, into what our future
might look like in a changing climate
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更大的清晰度,让我意识到我们的
未来在气候的变化下会是什么样子
00:32
and what that could mean for our health.
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以及对我们的健康意味着什么。
00:35
I'm here to talk about a related aspect,
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我今天在这里要讲解的
是与之相关的一个方面,
00:39
on how our emissions of greenhouse gases
from burning of fossil fuels
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就是我们通过燃烧化石燃料
产生的温室气体,
00:44
is reducing the nutritional
quality of our food.
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正在降低我们食物的营养质量。
00:49
We'll start with the food pyramid.
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让我们从食物金字塔开始说起。
00:51
You all know the food pyramid.
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我们都知道食物金字塔。
00:53
We all need to eat a balanced diet.
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我们都需要均衡饮食。
00:55
We need to get proteins,
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我们需要摄入蛋白质,
00:57
we need to get micronutrients,
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我们需要摄入微量元素,
00:59
we need to get vitamins.
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我们需要摄入维他命。
01:00
And so, this is a way
for us to think about
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所以,这是我们思考如何保证
01:03
how to make sure we get
what we need every day
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我们每天所需的方法,
01:06
so we can grow and thrive.
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这样我们可以茁壮成长。
01:08
But we eat not just because we need to,
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但是我们不仅因为身体需要而吃,
01:10
we also eat for enjoyment.
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我们也为了享受而吃。
01:12
Bread, pasta, pizza --
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面包,意大利面,披萨等等,
01:15
there's a whole range of foods
that are culturally important.
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有很大一部分的食物
在文化层面上非常重要。
01:19
We enjoy eating these.
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我们非常喜欢吃这些。
01:22
And so they're important for our diet,
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所以它们不只对我们的饮食很重要,
01:24
but they're also important
for our cultures.
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对我们的文化也非常重要。
01:27
Carbon dioxide has been increasing since
the start of the Industrial Revolution,
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自从工业革命的开始,
二氧化碳排放量就在逐渐增加,
01:33
increasing from about
280 parts per million to over 410 today,
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从开始的 280 ppm (浓度单位)
到现在的 410 ppm,
01:38
and it continues to increase.
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而且还在继续增长。
01:40
The carbon that plants need to grow
comes from this carbon dioxide.
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植物生长所需的碳
来自于这些二氧化碳。
01:45
They bring it into the plant,
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它们吸收二氧化碳,
01:46
they break it apart
into the carbon itself,
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分解成碳本身,
01:50
and they use that to grow.
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然后利用其来生长。
01:52
They also need nutrients from the soil.
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它们也需要从土壤里摄入营养。
01:56
And so yes, carbon dioxide is plant food.
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所以,是的,
二氧化碳是植物的食物。
02:01
And this should be good news,
of rising carbon dioxide concentrations,
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提升二氧化碳的浓度,
对于全世界的食品安全
02:06
for food security around the world,
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都应该是好消息,
02:09
making sure that people
get enough to eat every day.
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可以保证人们每天有足够的食物。
02:13
About 820 million people in the world
don't get enough to eat every day.
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世界上有8亿2千万的人
没有足够的食物。
02:19
So there's a fair amount written
about how higher CO2
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所以对于还要多高的二氧化碳
可以帮助解决我们的食品安全问题,
02:22
is going to help with
our food security problem.
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人们进行过很多讨论。
02:25
We need to accelerate our progress
in agricultural productivity
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我们需要加快农业生产进度,
02:30
to feed the nine to 10 billion people
who will be alive in 2050
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来养活到2050年,地球上
将出现的90到100亿人口,
02:35
and to achieve the Sustainable
Development Goals,
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以实现可持续发展目标,
02:38
particularly the Goal Number 2,
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特别是目标2,
02:39
that is on reducing food insecurity,
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让食品更加安全,
02:42
increasing nutrition,
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增加营养,
02:44
increasing access to the foods
that we need for everyone.
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让每个人得到所需的食物。
02:48
We know that climate change
is affecting agricultural productivity.
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我们知道气候变化
正在改变着农业生产力。
02:52
The earth has warmed
about one degree centigrade
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自工业化时代以来,
02:55
since preindustrial times.
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地球的温度已经升高了1摄氏度。
02:57
That is changing local temperature
and precipitation patterns,
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这正改变着局部的温度和降水模式,
03:01
and that has consequences
for the agricultural productivity
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这对世界很多地方的农业生产力
03:05
in many parts of the world.
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有着重大的影响。
03:08
And it's not just local changes
in temperature and precipitation,
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而且这并不只是
对局部气温和降水的影响,
03:11
it's the extremes.
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而是非常极端的影响。
03:13
Extremes in terms of heat waves,
floods and droughts
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严重的热浪,洪水和干旱
03:17
are significantly affecting productivity.
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正在严重影响着生产力。
03:22
And that carbon dioxide,
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而二氧化碳,
03:25
besides making plants grow,
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除了帮助植物生长以外,
03:28
has other consequences as well,
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也有其它副作用,
03:30
that plants, when they have
higher carbon dioxide,
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当植物摄入过高的二氧化碳,
03:33
increase the synthesis of carbohydrates,
sugars and starches,
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提高了碳水化合物,
糖和淀粉的合成,
03:37
and they decrease the concentrations
of protein and critical nutrients.
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而降低了蛋白质和
关键营养物质的浓度。
03:43
And this is very important for how we
think about food security going forward.
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而这对我们思考
未来的食品安全非常重要。
03:50
A couple of nights ago
in the table talks on climate change,
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在几天前的一个
关于气候变化的谈话中,
03:54
someone said that they're
a five-sevenths optimist:
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有人提到他们是
七分之五乐观主义者:
03:58
that they're an optimist
five days of the week,
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意思是每周有五天他们是乐观的,
04:01
and this is a topic
for the other two days.
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而另外两天不是。
04:05
When we think about micronutrients,
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当我们想到微量元素时,
04:07
almost all of them are affected
by higher CO2 concentrations.
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基本上所有微量元素
都受到更高浓度的二氧化碳影响。
04:11
Two in particular are iron and zinc.
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特别是铁和锌。
04:14
When you don't have enough iron,
you can develop iron deficiency anemia.
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当你没有摄入足够的铁时,
会触发缺铁性贫血,
04:18
It's associated with fatigue,
shortness of breath
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导致疲劳,呼吸急促,
04:21
and some fairly serious
consequences as well.
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和其它一些非常严重的症状。
04:24
When you don't have enough zinc,
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而当你摄入锌不足的时候,
04:26
you can have a loss of appetite.
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可能会导致没有胃口。
04:29
It is a significant
problem around the world.
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这是全球范围内的严重问题。
04:31
There's about one billion people
who are zinc deficient.
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有大约10亿人缺锌。
04:34
It's very important
for maternal and child health.
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这对于母亲和孩子的健康尤为重要。
04:37
It affects development.
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它影响着孩子的生长。
04:39
The B vitamins are critical
for a whole range of reasons.
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维他命B在很多方面都非常关键。
04:43
They help convert our food into energy.
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B族维他命帮助把我们
的食物转化为能量。
04:46
They're important for the functions
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对于我们身体中很多
的生理活动机能
04:48
of many of the physiologic
activities in our bodies.
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都非常重要。
04:51
And when you have
higher carbon in a plant,
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而且当在植物中有过高的碳,
04:54
you have less nitrogen,
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氮含量就会减少,
04:56
and you have less B vitamins.
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维他命B也会减少。
04:58
And it's not just us.
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而这不只会影响我们。
05:00
Cattle are already being affected
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由于草饲料质量的下降,
05:02
because the quality
of their forage is declining.
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牛也已经受到了影响。
05:05
In fact, this affects
every consumer of plants.
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实际上,它影响着
所有植物的消耗者。
05:09
And give a thought to, for example,
our pet cats and dogs.
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想一下,比如我们的宠物猫狗。
05:13
If you look on the label
of most of the pet and dog food,
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如果你仔细看狗粮,猫粮产品的标签,
05:16
there's a significant amount
of grain in those foods.
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这些食物里包含大量的谷物。
05:21
So this affects everyone.
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它影响着每个生物。
05:23
How do we know that this is a problem?
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我们是如何知道这是个问题的呢?
05:25
We know from field studies
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我们从一些实地考察,
05:27
and we know from experimental
studies in laboratories.
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从实验室的实验研究得知这些。
05:30
In the field studies --
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在实地考察中——
05:32
and I'll focus primarily
on wheat and on rice --
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我会主要关注小麦和水稻 ——
05:36
there's fields, for example, of rice
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例如,水稻田
05:39
that are divided into different plots.
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会被分成不同的地块。
05:42
And the plots are all the same:
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这些地块完全一样:
05:44
the soil's the same,
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一样的土壤,
05:46
the precipitation's the same --
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一样的灌溉方式——
05:48
everything's the same.
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所有条件都一样,
05:50
Except carbon dioxide
is blown over some of the plots.
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除了吹到田里的二氧化碳。
05:54
And so you can compare
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所以你可以比较
05:57
what it looks like
under today's conditions
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在现在的二氧化碳情况
06:00
and under carbon dioxide conditions
later in the century.
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和本世纪后期二氧化碳的
情况下对作物的影响。
06:05
I was part of one of the few studies
that have done this.
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我参与了这些实地考察中的一部分。
06:08
We looked at 18 rice lines
in China and in Japan
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我们查看了在中国和日本的
18条水稻生产线,
06:12
and grew them under conditions
that you would expect
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它们是在我们预期中的本世纪后期的
06:15
later in the century.
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二氧化碳情况下生长。
06:19
And when you look at the results,
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现在让我们来看结果,
06:21
the white bar is today's conditions,
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白柱是现在的情况,
06:24
the red bar is conditions
later in the century.
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红柱是本世纪后期的情况。
06:28
So protein declines about 10 percent,
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可见蛋白质含量降低了10%,
06:32
iron about eight percent,
zinc about five percent.
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铁8%,锌大约5%。
06:37
These don't sound like really big changes,
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听起来这些不是什么大变化,
06:39
but when you start thinking
about the poor in every country
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但是当你想到每个国家
06:43
who primarily eat starch,
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主要以吃淀粉为生的穷人时,
06:46
that this will put people
who are on the edge
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这会把那些生存在贫穷边缘的人
06:49
over the edge into frank deficiencies,
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推向营养严重不足的一边,
06:51
creating all kinds of health problems.
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导致各种安全健康问题。
06:54
The situation is more significant
for the B vitamins.
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情况对于维他命B族更加严重。
06:58
When you look at
vitamin B1 and vitamin B2,
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我们看维他命B1和B2,
07:01
there's about a 17 percent decline.
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都大约降低了17%。
07:04
Pantothenic acid, vitamin B5,
is about a 13 percent decline.
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泛酸,维他命B5
下降了大约13%。
07:09
Folate is about a 30 percent decline.
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叶酸降低了30%。
07:12
And these are averages over
the various experiments that were done.
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而这些是我们所做的
各种实验的平均值。
07:17
Folate is critical for child development.
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叶酸对于胚胎的成长非常关键。
07:20
Pregnant women who don't get enough folate
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孕妇如果不能摄入足够叶酸
07:22
are at much higher risk
of having babies with birth defects.
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会有更高风险造成婴儿缺陷。
07:26
So these are very serious
potential consequences for our health
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所以这些都是二氧化碳持续增长
会对我们的健康带来的
07:31
as CO2 continues to rise.
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潜在严重后果。
07:35
In another example,
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接下来的例子,
07:36
this is modeling work that was done
by Chris Weyant and his colleagues,
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是由Chris Weyant和
他的同事做的建模工作,
07:41
taking a look at this chain
from higher CO2 to lower iron and zinc --
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来看这个从高二氧化碳
到低锌低铁的链条,
07:45
and they only looked at iron and zinc --
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他们研究了铁和锌与
07:48
to various health outcomes.
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各种健康状况的关系。
07:50
They looked at malaria,
diarrheal disease, pneumonia,
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他们研究了疟疾,腹泻,肺炎,
07:53
iron deficiency anemia,
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缺铁性贫血,
07:55
and looked at what
the consequences could be in 2050.
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研究了2050年结果会是什么样,
07:59
And the darker the color in this,
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在图里颜色越深,
08:01
the larger the consequences.
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代表造成的后果越大。
08:03
So you can see the major impacts
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你可以看见在亚洲和非洲
08:06
in Asia and in Africa,
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的主要影响,
08:09
but also note that in countries
such as the United States
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但是要注意,在美国
08:12
and countries in Europe,
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和欧洲各国,
08:14
the populations also could be affected.
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人们也受到了影响。
08:17
They estimated about
125 million people could be affected.
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他们估计大约1亿2千500万人会受影响。
08:22
They also modeled what would be
the most effective interventions,
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他们同样模拟了
哪种是最有效的干预措施,
08:26
and their conclusion was
reducing our greenhouse gases:
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而结论就是要减少温室气体:
08:30
getting our greenhouse gas emissions
down by mid-century
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在本世纪中期减少温室气体的释放
08:33
so we don't have to worry so much
about these consequences
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我们就不需要担心那些
08:37
later in the century.
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对本世纪后期产生的影响。
08:40
These experiments, these modeling studies
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这些实验,模型的研究
08:43
did not take climate change
itself into account.
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没有把气候变化考虑在内。
08:46
They just focused on
the carbon dioxide component.
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他们只是专注于二氧化碳部分。
08:49
So when you put the two together,
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所以当你把这两部分放在一起,
08:51
it's expected the impact is much larger
than what I've told you.
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可以预期那些影响将比
我之前所说的还要严重。
08:56
I'd love to be able to tell you right now
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此时我非常想告诉你们,
08:59
how much the food you had for breakfast,
the food you're going to have for lunch,
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我们早餐和午餐吃的食物
09:03
has shifted from what
your grandparents ate
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从营养质量的角度跟
我们祖父母所吃的
09:06
in terms of its nutritional quality.
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有什么不同。
09:10
But I can't.
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但是我不能。
09:11
We don't have the research on that.
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我们没有那方面的研究。
09:14
I'd love to tell you how much
current food insecurity
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我非常想告诉你们
有多少食品的安全性
09:17
is affected by these changes.
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被这些变化影响。
09:19
But I can't.
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但是我不能。
09:21
We don't have the research
on that, either.
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我们也没有这方面的研究。
09:24
There's a lot that needs
to be known in this area,
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在这个领域还有很多需要探索的东西,
09:27
including what the possible
solutions could be.
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包括可能的解决方案是什么。
09:31
We don't know exactly
what those solutions are,
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我们不知道确切的解决方案,
09:34
but we've got a range of options.
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但是我们有一系列选择。
09:37
We've got advancements in technologies.
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我们有技术的进步。
09:40
We've got plant breeding.
We've got biofortification.
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我们有植物育种。
我们有生物强化。
09:43
Soils could make a difference.
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土壤可以带来变化。
09:45
And, of course, it will be
very helpful to know
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而且当然,它有助于我们知道
09:48
how these changes could affect
our future health
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这些变化如何影响人们未来的健康,
09:51
and the health of our children
and the health of our grandchildren.
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和我们子孙的健康。
09:56
And these investments take time.
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这些投入都需要时间。
09:59
It will take time to sort
all of these issues out.
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需要时间来把问题整理清楚。
10:03
There is no national entity
or business group
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没有国家实体或者商业机构
10:07
that is funding this research.
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在资助这些研究。
10:09
We need these investments critically
so that we do know where we're going.
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我们非常需要这些投资,
这样就可以知道我们的方向。
10:16
In the meantime, what we can do
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同时,我们可以做的事情
10:18
is ensure that all people
have access to a complete diet,
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是确保所有人能够得到
完整的饮食结构,
10:24
not just those in the wealthy parts
of the world but everywhere in the world.
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不只是那些富裕的地方,
而是世界上所有地方。
10:29
We also individually and collectively need
to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions
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我们从个人和集体的角度都要
减少温室气体的排放,
10:34
to reduce the challenges
that will come later in the century.
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这样才能减少本世纪后期
会出现的那些挑战。
10:39
It's been said that if you think
education is expensive, try ignorance.
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有人说过,如果你认为教育很昂贵,
那么试一试无知的代价。
10:46
Let's not.
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但是我们不能这样。
10:47
Let's invest in ourselves,
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让我们为自己投资,
10:50
in our children
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为我们的孩子和
10:51
and in our planet.
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地球投资吧。
10:53
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
10:54
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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