請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。
譯者: Lilian Chiu
審譯者: Congmei Han
00:13
Yogi Berra, a US baseball player
and philosopher, said,
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美國棒球球員及哲學家
尤吉·貝拉說過:
00:18
"If we don't know where we're going,
we might not get there."
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「若我們不知道要去哪裡
就可能到不了那裡。」
00:23
Accumulating scientific knowledge
is giving us greater insights,
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累積的科學知識讓我們
有更深入更清楚的洞見,
00:27
greater clarity, into what our future
might look like in a changing climate
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了解在變遷的氣候之下
我們的未來可能會變成什麼樣子,
00:32
and what that could mean for our health.
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及氣候變遷對我們健康意味著什麼。
00:35
I'm here to talk about a related aspect,
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我來這裡是要談一個相關的面向,
00:39
on how our emissions of greenhouse gases
from burning of fossil fuels
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談燃燒化石燃料造成的溫室氣體排放
會如何讓我們食物的營養品質下降。
00:44
is reducing the nutritional
quality of our food.
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00:49
We'll start with the food pyramid.
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我們先從食物金字塔開始。
00:51
You all know the food pyramid.
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大家都知道食物金字塔。
00:53
We all need to eat a balanced diet.
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我們都需要均衡的飲食。
00:55
We need to get proteins,
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我們需要取得蛋白質,
需要取得微量營養素,
00:57
we need to get micronutrients,
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00:59
we need to get vitamins.
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需要取得維生素。所以,
我們可以用這種方式來思考
01:00
And so, this is a way
for us to think about
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01:03
how to make sure we get
what we need every day
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我們要如何確保我們
能夠得到每日所需,
01:06
so we can grow and thrive.
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讓我們成長茁壯。
01:08
But we eat not just because we need to,
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但,我們不只是因為
我們需要吃而吃,
01:10
we also eat for enjoyment.
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我們了為了享受而吃。
01:12
Bread, pasta, pizza --
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麵包、義大利麵、比薩——
01:15
there's a whole range of foods
that are culturally important.
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有一大堆食物在文化上
有很高的重要性。
01:19
We enjoy eating these.
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我們享受吃這些食物。
01:22
And so they're important for our diet,
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所以,它們對我們的飲食很重要,
01:24
but they're also important
for our cultures.
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但它們也對我們的文化很重要。
01:27
Carbon dioxide has been increasing since
the start of the Industrial Revolution,
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從工業革命之後
二氧化碳濃度就一直在上升,
01:33
increasing from about
280 parts per million to over 410 today,
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從 280 ppm 上升到
現在的 410 ppm 以上,
01:38
and it continues to increase.
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且還在持續上升。
01:40
The carbon that plants need to grow
comes from this carbon dioxide.
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植物生長需要的碳
來自這種二氧化碳。
01:45
They bring it into the plant,
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空氣中的二氧化碳進入植物中分解,
01:46
they break it apart
into the carbon itself,
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01:50
and they use that to grow.
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然後植物會靠那碳來生長。
01:52
They also need nutrients from the soil.
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植物也需要來自土壤的營養。
01:56
And so yes, carbon dioxide is plant food.
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所以,二氧化碳確是植物的食物。
02:01
And this should be good news,
of rising carbon dioxide concentrations,
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對於確保世界的糧食來說,
二氧化碳濃度增加應該是好消息,
02:06
for food security around the world,
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02:09
making sure that people
get enough to eat every day.
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因為能確保大家每天
有足夠的食物可吃。
02:13
About 820 million people in the world
don't get enough to eat every day.
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全世界大約有八億兩千萬人
每天沒有足夠的食物可吃。
02:19
So there's a fair amount written
about how higher CO2
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所以,更高濃度的二氧化碳的確可以
02:22
is going to help with
our food security problem.
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協助我們解決糧食安全問題。
02:25
We need to accelerate our progress
in agricultural productivity
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我們需要加速我們
在農業生產力的進展,
02:30
to feed the nine to 10 billion people
who will be alive in 2050
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才能在 2050 年的時候
讓九十到一百億人有食物可吃,
02:35
and to achieve the Sustainable
Development Goals,
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且能達成永續發展目標,
02:38
particularly the Goal Number 2,
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特別是第二個目標,
02:39
that is on reducing food insecurity,
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也就是降低糧食的不安全系數,
02:42
increasing nutrition,
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增加糧食營養,
02:44
increasing access to the foods
that we need for everyone.
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增加人人所需要的食物的可攝取性。
02:48
We know that climate change
is affecting agricultural productivity.
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我們知道氣候變遷
會影響農業生產力。
02:52
The earth has warmed
about one degree centigrade
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和工業革命之前相比,
地球溫度已經變暖了約攝氏一度。
02:55
since preindustrial times.
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02:57
That is changing local temperature
and precipitation patterns,
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那意味著地方溫度
和降雨模式會改變,
03:01
and that has consequences
for the agricultural productivity
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就會對農業生產力造成影響,
03:05
in many parts of the world.
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在世界許多地方皆是如此。
03:08
And it's not just local changes
in temperature and precipitation,
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問題並不只是在地方的
溫度和降雨改變,
03:11
it's the extremes.
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還有極端氣候。
03:13
Extremes in terms of heat waves,
floods and droughts
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比如熱浪、洪水、乾旱,
03:17
are significantly affecting productivity.
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都會顯著影響農業生產力。
03:22
And that carbon dioxide,
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且二氧化碳
03:25
besides making plants grow,
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除了讓植物生長之外,
03:28
has other consequences as well,
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還有其他後果,
03:30
that plants, when they have
higher carbon dioxide,
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當植物有比較高的二氧化碳時,
03:33
increase the synthesis of carbohydrates,
sugars and starches,
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碳水化合物、糖、
澱粉的合成會增加,
03:37
and they decrease the concentrations
of protein and critical nutrients.
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它們會減少蛋白質
和重要營養物的合成。
03:43
And this is very important for how we
think about food security going forward.
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這點對於糧食安全的
前景十分重要。
03:50
A couple of nights ago
in the table talks on climate change,
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幾天前的晚上,在關於
氣候變遷的座談會中,
03:54
someone said that they're
a five-sevenths optimist:
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有人說他屬於
七分之五的樂觀主義者:
03:58
that they're an optimist
five days of the week,
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一週七天中有五天是樂觀主義者,
04:01
and this is a topic
for the other two days.
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而氣候變遷這個主題,
是針對剩下的那兩天的。
04:05
When we think about micronutrients,
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想想看微量營養素,
04:07
almost all of them are affected
by higher CO2 concentrations.
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它們幾乎全部都會被
上升的二氧化碳濃度給影響。
04:11
Two in particular are iron and zinc.
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特別會被影響的是鐵和鋅。
04:14
When you don't have enough iron,
you can develop iron deficiency anemia.
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當你的鐵不夠時,就可能
會發展出缺鐵性貧血。
04:18
It's associated with fatigue,
shortness of breath
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它也可能會造成疲勞、呼吸短促,
04:21
and some fairly serious
consequences as well.
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以及一些很嚴重的後果。
04:24
When you don't have enough zinc,
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當你的鋅不夠時,
04:26
you can have a loss of appetite.
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你可能會失去食慾。
04:29
It is a significant
problem around the world.
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這是全世界都存在的重大問題。
04:31
There's about one billion people
who are zinc deficient.
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大約有十億人的鋅不足。
04:34
It's very important
for maternal and child health.
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鋅對於母親和孩子的健康
也有很大的影響。
04:37
It affects development.
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它會影響成長。
04:39
The B vitamins are critical
for a whole range of reasons.
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維生素 B 群很重要,理由很多。
04:43
They help convert our food into energy.
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它們能協助將我們的
食物轉換為能量。
04:46
They're important for the functions
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它們會影響到
04:48
of many of the physiologic
activities in our bodies.
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我們身體中的許多生理活動功能。
04:51
And when you have
higher carbon in a plant,
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當植物中的碳比較高時,
04:54
you have less nitrogen,
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氮就會比較少,
04:56
and you have less B vitamins.
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維生素 B 群就會比較少。
04:58
And it's not just us.
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不只是我們人類。
05:00
Cattle are already being affected
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牛已經因為其糧草的品質下降
05:02
because the quality
of their forage is declining.
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而受到影響。
05:05
In fact, this affects
every consumer of plants.
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事實上,所有草食動物
都會受到影響。
05:09
And give a thought to, for example,
our pet cats and dogs.
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比如,想想我們的寵物貓和狗。
05:13
If you look on the label
of most of the pet and dog food,
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如果你去看大部分
寵物食物和狗食的標籤,
05:16
there's a significant amount
of grain in those foods.
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會看到成份包括有
大量的穀物含量。
05:21
So this affects everyone.
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所以大家都會受到影響。
05:23
How do we know that this is a problem?
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我們如何知道這是個問題?
05:25
We know from field studies
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從實地研究可以得知,
05:27
and we know from experimental
studies in laboratories.
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從實驗室中的
實驗研究也可以得知。
05:30
In the field studies --
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在實地研究中——
05:32
and I'll focus primarily
on wheat and on rice --
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我把焦點主要放在小麥和稻米——
05:36
there's fields, for example, of rice
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比如,有一些稻米田
05:39
that are divided into different plots.
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被分割為不同的小區塊。
05:42
And the plots are all the same:
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這些小區塊完全相同:
05:44
the soil's the same,
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土壤相同、
05:46
the precipitation's the same --
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降雨相同——
05:48
everything's the same.
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一切條件都相同。
05:50
Except carbon dioxide
is blown over some of the plots.
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只差在研究者將二氧化碳
釋放在某些小區塊上。
05:54
And so you can compare
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這樣就可以比較
05:57
what it looks like
under today's conditions
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在現今的條件之下
06:00
and under carbon dioxide conditions
later in the century.
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以及在下半世紀的二氧化碳
條件下會有什麼差別。
06:05
I was part of one of the few studies
that have done this.
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有少數幾個這類的研究,
我參與了其中一個。
06:08
We looked at 18 rice lines
in China and in Japan
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我們去研究中國
和日本的十八種稻米,
06:12
and grew them under conditions
that you would expect
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在預期下半世紀的二氧化碳條件之下
06:15
later in the century.
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種植它們。
06:19
And when you look at the results,
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來看看結果,
06:21
the white bar is today's conditions,
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白色長條是現今的條件,
06:24
the red bar is conditions
later in the century.
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紅色長條是下半世紀的條件。
06:28
So protein declines about 10 percent,
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蛋白質下降了大約 10%,
06:32
iron about eight percent,
zinc about five percent.
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鐵下降大約 8%,鋅下降大約 5%。
06:37
These don't sound like really big changes,
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聽起來改變並不大,
06:39
but when you start thinking
about the poor in every country
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但,想想看每個國家的窮人,
06:43
who primarily eat starch,
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他們吃的主要就是澱粉,
06:46
that this will put people
who are on the edge
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這會讓已經在營養缺乏邊緣的人
06:49
over the edge into frank deficiencies,
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跨過這條線,真的缺乏營養,
06:51
creating all kinds of health problems.
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導致各種健康問題。
06:54
The situation is more significant
for the B vitamins.
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維生素 B 群的狀況比較嚴重。
06:58
When you look at
vitamin B1 and vitamin B2,
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看看維生素 B1 和 B2,
07:01
there's about a 17 percent decline.
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下降了約 17%。
07:04
Pantothenic acid, vitamin B5,
is about a 13 percent decline.
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泛酸,也就是維生素 B5,
下降了約 13%。
07:09
Folate is about a 30 percent decline.
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葉酸下降了約 30%。
07:12
And these are averages over
the various experiments that were done.
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這些數字是各項實驗
得到的平均值。
07:17
Folate is critical for child development.
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葉酸對孩童發展很重要。
07:20
Pregnant women who don't get enough folate
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懷孕的女性若沒有足夠的葉酸,
07:22
are at much higher risk
of having babies with birth defects.
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會有更高的風險
生出有缺陷的寶寶。
07:26
So these are very serious
potential consequences for our health
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如果二氧化碳持續上升,
這些都是很嚴重的潛在健康後果。
07:31
as CO2 continues to rise.
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07:35
In another example,
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再舉一個例子,
07:36
this is modeling work that was done
by Chris Weyant and his colleagues,
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這是克里斯·韋揚
和他的同事所建的模型,
07:41
taking a look at this chain
from higher CO2 to lower iron and zinc --
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看的是二氧化碳的提升
如何連結到鐵及鋅的下降——
07:45
and they only looked at iron and zinc --
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他們只研究了鐵和鋅——
07:48
to various health outcomes.
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再如何連結到健康結果。
07:50
They looked at malaria,
diarrheal disease, pneumonia,
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他們觀察到的疾病有
瘧疾、腹瀉、肺炎、
07:53
iron deficiency anemia,
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缺鐵性貧血,
07:55
and looked at what
the consequences could be in 2050.
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並去研究在 2050 年
會有什麼後果。
07:59
And the darker the color in this,
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圖上比較深的顏色
08:01
the larger the consequences.
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表示後果比較嚴重。
08:03
So you can see the major impacts
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這樣各位就可以看出
08:06
in Asia and in Africa,
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亞洲和非洲的衝擊最大,
08:09
but also note that in countries
such as the United States
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但也請注意一下像美國這類國家,
08:12
and countries in Europe,
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還有歐洲的國家,
08:14
the populations also could be affected.
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這些地方的居民也可能被影響。
08:17
They estimated about
125 million people could be affected.
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他們估計會有大約
一億兩千五百萬人被影響。
08:22
They also modeled what would be
the most effective interventions,
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他們也建模來研究
最有效的干預方式是什麼,
08:26
and their conclusion was
reducing our greenhouse gases:
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他們的結論是,
減少我們的溫室氣體:
08:30
getting our greenhouse gas emissions
down by mid-century
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在這個世紀中時要將
我們的溫室氣體排放降低,
08:33
so we don't have to worry so much
about these consequences
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這樣在下半世紀
我們才不用太擔心這些後果。
08:37
later in the century.
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08:40
These experiments, these modeling studies
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這些實驗,這些建模研究,
08:43
did not take climate change
itself into account.
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並沒有把氣候變遷納入考量。
08:46
They just focused on
the carbon dioxide component.
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它們只把焦點放在
二氧化碳這個元素。
08:49
So when you put the two together,
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如果把這兩者拼湊起來,
08:51
it's expected the impact is much larger
than what I've told you.
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衝擊會比我剛才告訴
各位的還要大很多。
08:56
I'd love to be able to tell you right now
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我很希望現在能告訴大家,
08:59
how much the food you had for breakfast,
the food you're going to have for lunch,
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你們在早餐時吃了多少食物,
等下在午餐要吃多少食物,
09:03
has shifted from what
your grandparents ate
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和你們的祖父母所吃的
09:06
in terms of its nutritional quality.
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在營養品質上有什麼不同。
09:10
But I can't.
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但我沒辦法。
09:11
We don't have the research on that.
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我們沒有那方面的研究。
09:14
I'd love to tell you how much
current food insecurity
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我很想告訴各位,目前的糧食安全
09:17
is affected by these changes.
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受到這些改變的影響有多大。
09:19
But I can't.
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但我沒辦法。
09:21
We don't have the research
on that, either.
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我們也沒有那方面的研究。
09:24
There's a lot that needs
to be known in this area,
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在這個領域中,
還有很多需要探究的,
09:27
including what the possible
solutions could be.
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包括有什麼可能的解決方案。
09:31
We don't know exactly
what those solutions are,
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我們不清楚那些解決方案是什麼,
09:34
but we've got a range of options.
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但我們有許多選項。
09:37
We've got advancements in technologies.
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我們有科技的進步。
09:40
We've got plant breeding.
We've got biofortification.
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我們有植物育種。
我們有生物營養強化。
09:43
Soils could make a difference.
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土壤也能造成不同。
09:45
And, of course, it will be
very helpful to know
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當然,最好能夠知道
09:48
how these changes could affect
our future health
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這些改變會如何影響
我們未來的健康、
09:51
and the health of our children
and the health of our grandchildren.
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我們孩子的健康,
及我們孫子孫女的健康。
09:56
And these investments take time.
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這些投資都要花時間。
09:59
It will take time to sort
all of these issues out.
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要理清這些議題都要花時間。
10:03
There is no national entity
or business group
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沒有國家實體或者企業集團
10:07
that is funding this research.
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在資助這項研究。
10:09
We need these investments critically
so that we do know where we're going.
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我們迫切需要這些投資,
這樣我們才能知道
我們未來的方向。
10:16
In the meantime, what we can do
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在這期間,我們能做的就是
10:18
is ensure that all people
have access to a complete diet,
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確保所有人都能攝取全面的飲食,
10:24
not just those in the wealthy parts
of the world but everywhere in the world.
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不僅是在世界上富裕地區的人,
而是全世界的人。
10:29
We also individually and collectively need
to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions
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我們個人以及集體都需要
減少我們的溫室氣體排放,
10:34
to reduce the challenges
that will come later in the century.
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減輕下半世紀會出現的挑戰。
10:39
It's been said that if you think
education is expensive, try ignorance.
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有人說過,如果你覺得教育
很昂貴,試試無知的代價吧。
10:46
Let's not.
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咱們別試吧。
10:47
Let's invest in ourselves,
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咱們要投資我們自己,
10:50
in our children
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投資我們的孩子,
投資我們的星球。
10:51
and in our planet.
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10:53
Thank you.
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謝謝。
10:54
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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