Award-winning teen-age science in action

83,568 views ・ 2012-01-10

TED


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翻译人员: Xu Jiang 校对人员: Guo Tang
00:15
Lauren Hodge: If you were going to a restaurant and wanted a healthier option,
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劳伦·霍奇:如果你去饭店,你想吃得健康一点,
00:18
which would you choose, grilled or fried chicken?
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你会选择哪种食品呢,烤鸡还是炸鸡?
00:20
Now most people would answer grilled,
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多数人都会选择烤鸡,
00:22
and it's true that grilled chicken does contain less fat and fewer calories.
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的确,烤鸡含有较少的脂肪和卡路里。
00:25
However, grilled chicken poses a hidden danger.
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但是,烤鸡存在一个潜在的危险
00:27
The hidden danger is heterocyclic amines --
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这个潜在的危险是多环胺类--
00:29
specifically phenomethylimidazopyridine,
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具体的来讲,是phenomethylimidazopyridine,
00:31
or PhIP --
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或者简称为PhIP--
00:33
(laughter)
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(笑声)
00:35
which is the immunogenic or carcinogenic compound.
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是免疫原性或致癌物质的成分
00:38
A carcinogen is any substance or agent
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致癌物质是任何
00:40
that causes abnormal growth of cells,
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会导致细胞的异常增长,
00:42
which can also cause them to metastasize or spread.
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也会导致细胞的转移和扩张的介质
00:45
They are also organic compounds
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它们也是有机物
00:47
in which one or more of the hydrogens in ammonia
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氨中的一个或多个氢
00:50
is replaced with a more complex group.
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被替换成更复杂的组成
00:52
Studies show that antioxidants
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研究显示抗氧化剂
00:54
are known to decrease these heterocyclic amines.
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能减少这些杂胺环
00:56
However, no studies exist yet
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但是,现在还没有研究
00:58
that show how or why.
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显示通过如何方式或者为什么
01:00
These here are five different organizations that classify carcinogens.
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这是五个不同的组织对致癌物的分类
01:03
And as you can see, none of the organizations consider the compounds to be safe,
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如同你所看到的,没有任何一个组织认为该组成物是安全的,
01:06
which justifies the need to decrease them in our diet.
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就是说我们需要在饮食中减少对它们的摄入
01:09
Now you might wonder how a 13 year-old girl could come up with this idea.
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现在你可能会问一个13岁的女孩怎么会想到这一点
01:12
And I was led to it through a series of events.
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是一系列的事件将我引导至此的。
01:14
I first learned about it through a lawsuit I read about in my doctor's office --
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首先,是我在医生那里听到的一个诉讼案
01:17
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:20
which was between the Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine
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是关于责任医学委员会
01:23
and seven different fast food restaurants.
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和七个不同的快餐店之间的诉讼
01:25
They weren't sued because there was carcinogens in the chicken,
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快餐店被告并不是因为在鸡肉中有致癌物质,
01:28
but they were sued because of California's Proposition 65,
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而是因为加利福尼亚州65号提案,
01:32
which stated that if there's anything dangerous in the products
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提案要求如果产品中有任何有害成分
01:35
then the companies had to give a clear warning.
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公司应该给出明确的警告
01:37
So I was very surprised about this.
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我对此很惊讶
01:39
And I was wondering why nobody knew more
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我很奇怪为什么没有人知道
01:41
about this dangerous grilled chicken,
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有害烤鸡,
01:43
which doesn't seem very harmful.
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虽然它们看起来不那么有害
01:45
But then one night, my mom was cooking grilled chicken for dinner,
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但是一天晚上,晚餐时我妈妈在烤鸡,
01:48
and I noticed that the edges of the chicken,
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我注意到鸡肉的边缘,
01:50
which had been marinated in lemon juice, turned white.
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经过柠檬汁的浸泡,变白了。
01:53
And later in biology class, I learned that it's due to a process called denaturing,
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后来在生物课上,我学到这是由于一种叫变性的过程,
01:56
which is where the proteins will change shape
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就是蛋白质会改变形态
01:58
and lose their ability to chemically function.
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失去它们化学性功能
02:01
So I combined these two ideas and I formulated a hypothesis,
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所以,我将两种想法综合在一起,创造了一个假说,
02:04
saying that, could possibly
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那就是,很可能的
02:06
the carcinogens be decreased due to a marinade
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致癌物因为腌泡汁的浸泡而降低
02:09
and could it be due to the differences in PH?
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是因为酸碱度的改变?
02:11
So my idea was born,
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这就是我的想法诞生的过程,
02:13
and I had the project set up and a hypothesis,
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然后,我就有了项目的开展和假说,
02:15
so what was my next step?
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那么我的下一步呢?
02:17
Well obviously I had to find a lab to work at
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很明显的,我要找到一家实验室
02:19
because I didn't have the equipment in my school.
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因为我在学校没有实验设备。
02:22
I thought this would be easy,
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我以为这会很容易,
02:24
but I emailed about 200 different people
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但是我给200多个人写邮件
02:26
within a five-hour radius of where I lived,
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离我居住的地方开车5个小时的范围内,
02:28
and I got one positive response that said that they could work with me.
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我只得到了一个正面的回复,说愿意帮助我。
02:31
Most of the others either never responded back,
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更多的人要么根本不回复,
02:33
said they didn't have the time
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说他们没时间
02:35
or didn't have the equipment and couldn't help me.
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要么就是没有设备,帮不了我。
02:37
So it was a big commitment
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所以说,这是一个很重的承诺
02:39
to drive to the lab to work multiple times.
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要多次开车去实验室开展实验
02:42
However, it was a great opportunity to work in a real lab --
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但是,这是一个可以在真正的实验室工作的绝好机会--
02:44
so I could finally start my project.
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我也得以最终开始我的项目
02:46
The first stage was completed at home,
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第一步是完全在家完成的,
02:48
which consisted of marinating the chicken,
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其中包括腌制鸡肉,
02:50
grilling the chicken, amassing it
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烤鸡,收集样本
02:52
and preparing it to be transported to the lab.
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以及准备送到实验室
02:55
The second stage was completed
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第二步的完成
02:57
at the Penn State University main campus lab,
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是在宾州大的主校园实验室,
02:59
which is where I extracted the chemicals,
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也就是我提取化学物质的地方,
03:01
changed the PH so I could run it through the equipment
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改变酸碱度,这样我就可以通过设备
03:03
and separated the compounds I needed
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从其余的鸡肉中
03:05
from the rest of the chicken.
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分离我所需的成分
03:07
The final stages, when I ran the samples
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最后一步是,当我把样本
03:09
through a high-pressure
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经过高压
03:11
liquid chromatography mass spectrometer,
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液相色谱质谱仪,
03:14
which separated the compounds and analyzed the chemicals
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分开混和物质,并且分析其中的化学物质
03:17
and told me exactly how much carcinogens I had
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于是我能很准确得知道在鸡肉中
03:19
in my chicken.
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有多少致癌物
03:21
So when I went through the data, I had very surprising results,
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当分析数据时,我发现了很惊人的结果,
03:24
because I found that four out of the five marinating ingredients
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因为我发现五种腌制调料中有四种
03:27
actually inhibited the carcinogen formation.
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实际上能阻止致癌物的组成
03:29
When compared with the unmarinated chicken,
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当同没有经过腌制的鸡肉比较时,
03:31
which is what I used as my control,
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也就是我的控制样本,
03:34
I found that lemon juice worked by far the best,
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我发现柠檬汁目前是最有效的,
03:36
which decreased the carcinogens
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能降低致癌物
03:38
by about 98 percent.
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达98%
03:40
The saltwater marinade and the brown sugar marinade
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盐水腌制和红糖腌制
03:43
also worked very well,
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也同样有效,
03:45
decreasing the carcinogens by about 60 percent.
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能降低致癌物达60%
03:47
Olive oil slightly decreased the PhIP formation,
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橄榄油只能轻微的降低PhIP的组成,
03:50
but it was nearly negligible.
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但是几乎是微不足道的
03:52
And the soy sauce results were inconclusive
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酱油的实验结果还是未知数
03:54
because of the large data range,
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这是由于广泛的数据范围,
03:56
but it seems like soy sauce
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但是看上去,酱油
03:58
actually increased the potential carcinogens.
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实际上增加了潜在的致癌物
04:00
Another important factor that I didn't take into account initially
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另一个我没有事先预计在内的重要因素就是
04:02
was the time cooked.
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烧烤时间
04:04
And I found that if you increase the time cooked,
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我发现如果增加烧烤时间,
04:06
the amount of carcinogens rapidly increases.
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致癌物将飞速的增长
04:09
So the best way to marinate chicken, based on this,
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所以最好的腌制方式,根据这些(实验结果)
04:12
is to, not under-cook,
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也就是,不要生煮,
04:14
but definitely don't over-cook and char the chicken,
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但是一定不要煮过头和烤过头,
04:16
and marinate in either lemon juice, brown sugar or saltwater.
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用柠檬汁,红糖或者盐水来腌制
04:21
(Applause)
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(掌声)
04:26
Based on these findings, I have a question for you.
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根据这些发现,我有个问题想问你们
04:29
Would you be willing to make a simple change in your diet
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你们会愿意在你的饮食上做个简单的改变
04:32
that could potentially save your life?
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由此可能会拯救你的生命?
04:34
Now I'm not saying that if you eat grilled chicken that's not marinated,
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我并不是说如果你吃没有经过腌制的烤鸡
04:36
you're definitely going to catch cancer and die.
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你就一定会得癌症然后死去
04:38
However, anything you can do
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但是,你所做的任何事情
04:40
to decrease the risk of potential carcinogens
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来降低潜在致癌物质的几率
04:42
can definitely increase the quality of lifestyle.
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一定会增加你生活方式的质量
04:45
Is it worth it to you?
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对你来说,这值得吗?
04:47
How will you cook your chicken now?
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现在你会怎么做鸡肉呢?
04:49
(Applause)
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(掌声)
05:05
Shree Bose: Hi everyone. I'm Shree Bose.
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斯里·波色: 大家好,我是斯里·波色
05:07
I was the 17-18 year-old age category winner
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我是17-18岁组的冠军
05:09
and then the grand prize winner.
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也是大奖得主
05:12
And I want all of you
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我希望你们所有人
05:14
to imagine a little girl
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想象一个小女孩
05:16
holding a dead blue spinach plant.
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拿着一个死亡的蓝色菠菜
05:19
And she's standing in front of you and she's explaining to you
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她就站在你面前,向你解释
05:22
that little kids will eat their vegetables
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小孩会吃蔬菜
05:24
if they're different colors.
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如果它们的颜色是不同的
05:26
Sounds ridiculous, right.
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这挺起来很不可思议,是吧
05:28
But that was me years ago.
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但这是几年前的我
05:30
And that was my first science fair project.
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那是我第一个科学展项目
05:33
It got a bit more complicated from there.
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从那以后就变得复杂了
05:36
My older brother Panaki Bose
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我的哥哥帕纳吉·波色
05:38
spent hours of his time explaining atoms to me
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花了很多时间跟我解释原子
05:41
when I barely understood basic algebra.
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当我还对基本代数没什么概念的时候
05:44
My parents suffered through many more of my science fair projects,
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我的科学展项目给我的父母带来了很多困扰,
05:47
including a remote controlled garbage can.
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包括了一个遥控移动垃圾箱
05:49
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
05:51
And then came the summer after my freshman year,
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然后就迎来了我高一的暑假,
05:54
when my grandfather passed away due to cancer.
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也是我爷爷因为癌症去世的时候
05:57
And I remember watching my family go through that
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我记得看着家人们承受这些痛苦,
05:59
and thinking that I never wanted another family
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想着我永远都不要别的家庭
06:02
to feel that kind of loss.
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也经受这种失去
06:05
So, armed with all the wisdom
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所以,用高一生物知识
06:07
of freshman year biology,
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来武装起来,
06:09
I decided I wanted to do cancer research
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在我15岁的时候
06:12
at 15.
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我决定研究癌症
06:14
Good plan.
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这是个很棒的计划
06:16
So I started emailing all of these professors in my area
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所以,我开始向这个领域的所有教授写信
06:18
asking to work under their supervision in a lab.
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询问能否在他们的监督下在实验室工作。
06:22
Got rejected by all except one.
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除了一位,其它的全都拒绝了我
06:24
And then went on, my next summer,
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就这样,在第二个暑假,
06:26
to work under Dr. Basu
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在位于得克萨斯州华兹堡市的UNT健康中心
06:28
at the UNT Health Center at Fort Worth, Texas.
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我开始了在巴苏博士的指导下工作
06:31
And that is where the research began.
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那里就是研究如何开始的
06:34
So ovarian cancer
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卵巢癌
06:36
is one of those cancers that most people don't know about,
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是大多数人所不了解的癌症之一,
06:39
or at least don't pay that much attention to.
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或者至少说没有怎么注意
06:42
But yet, it's the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths
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但是,它是导致全美女性
06:45
among women in the United States.
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死亡的第五大癌症
06:48
In fact, one in 70 women
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实际上,在70位女性中就有一位
06:50
will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer.
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会被确诊为卵巢癌
06:52
One in 100
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在100位中就有一位
06:54
will die from it.
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会因此而死亡
06:56
Chemotherapy, one of the most effective ways
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化疗,是现今治疗癌症
06:58
used to treat cancer today,
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最有效的方式之一,
07:00
involves giving patients really high doses of chemicals
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包括给病患者高剂量的化学物质
07:02
to try and kill off cancer cells.
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意图杀死癌症细胞
07:05
Cisplatin is a relatively common
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顺铂是较常见的一种
07:07
ovarian cancer chemotherapy drug --
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治疗卵巢癌的药--
07:10
a relatively simple molecule made in the lab
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在实验室中能合成的较简单的分子
07:13
that messes with the DNA of cancer cells
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它能够捣毁癌症细胞的DNA
07:15
and causes them to kill themselves.
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促使它们杀死它们自己
07:17
Sounds great, right?
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挺起来很棒,是吧?
07:19
But here's the problem:
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但是有个问题:
07:21
sometimes patients become resistant to the drug,
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有些时候,病人们会对药产生抗药性,
07:24
and then years after they've been declared to be cancer free,
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许多年后,在癌症被除去之后
07:27
they come back.
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又重新患上
07:29
And this time, they no longer respond to the drug.
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但是这次,病人们不会再对药物产生反应
07:31
It's a huge problem.
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这是个大问题
07:33
In fact, it's one of the biggest problems
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实际上,这是现今化疗
07:35
with chemotherapy today.
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所面临的最大的问题之一
07:37
So we wanted to figure out
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我们想清楚的是
07:39
how these ovarian cancer cells are becoming resistant
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卵巢癌细胞是如何对这种叫顺铂的药
07:42
to this drug called Cisplatin.
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产生抗药性
07:44
And we wanted to figure this out,
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我们之所以想知道这个,
07:46
because if we could figure that out,
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是因为如果我们把这个搞清楚了,
07:48
then we might be able to prevent that resistance from ever happening.
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我们可能可以预防抗药性的发生。
07:51
So that's what we set out to do.
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所以这就是我们要做的
07:53
And we thought it had something to do with this protein called AMP kinase,
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我们认为跟一种叫做AMP的激酶蛋白有关,
07:56
an energy protein.
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一种能量蛋白
07:58
So we ran all of these tests blocking the protein,
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我们进行了很多实验来阻止这种蛋白,
08:01
and we saw this huge shift.
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我们发现了巨大的改变。
08:03
I mean, on the slide, you can see
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我的意思是,在幻灯片上,你可以看到
08:05
that on our sensitive side,
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在我们敏感细胞里,
08:07
these cells that are responding to the drug,
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这些对药产生反应的细胞,
08:09
when we start blocking the protein,
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当我们开始阻止这种蛋白,
08:11
the number of dying cells -- those colored dots --
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死亡细胞的数量--这些有颜色的点--
08:14
they're going down.
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开始下降
08:16
But then on this side, with the same treatment,
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但是,在这边,同样的治疗方式,
08:19
they're going up -- interesting.
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数量在上升--真有趣
08:22
But those are dots on a screen for you;
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但是那些你们看起来是屏幕上的点;
08:24
what exactly does that mean?
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到底有什么意义呢?
08:26
Well basically that means
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基本上,这意味着
08:28
that this protein is changing
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这种蛋白在改变
08:30
from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell.
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从敏感细胞变为抵抗性细胞
08:32
And in fact, it might be changing the cells themselves
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实际上,可能是细胞自身在改变
08:36
to make the cells resistant.
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让细胞自己变得具有抵抗性
08:39
And that's huge.
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巨大的(抵抗力)
08:41
In fact, it means that if a patient comes in
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实际上,这意味着如果病人来
08:43
and they're resistant to this drug,
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他们对这种药产生抗药性,
08:45
then if we give them a chemical to block this protein,
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如果我们给他们这种化学物质来阻止这种蛋白,
08:48
then we can treat them again
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那么我们又可以用同样的药
08:50
with the same drug.
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重新治疗他们
08:52
And that's huge for chemotherapy effectiveness --
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对于化疗的有效性来说这是巨大的改变--
08:55
possibly for many different types of cancer.
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很可能对多种不同的癌症有效
08:59
So that was my work,
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这就是我的工作,
09:01
and it was my way of reimagining the future
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这就是我对未来的畅想
09:04
for future research, with figuring out exactly what this protein does,
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对未来研究的畅想,要弄清楚这种蛋白到底是什么,
09:08
but also for the future of chemotherapy effectiveness --
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同时也是化疗有效性的未来--
09:11
so maybe all grandfathers with cancer
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或许所有患有癌症的爷爷
09:14
have a little bit more time to spend with their grandchildren.
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都能有更多的时间跟他们的孙子辈们在一起
09:17
But my work wasn't just about the research.
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但是,我的工作并不仅仅是研究
09:21
It was about finding my passion.
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还包括寻找我的梦想所在
09:24
That's why being the grand prize winner
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那就是为什么成为谷歌科技展
09:26
of the Google Global Science Fair --
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大奖的得主--
09:28
cute picture, right --
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很漂亮的照片,是吧--
09:30
it was so exciting to me and it was such an amazing honor.
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对于我来说是无比的兴奋,无比的荣耀
09:33
And ever since then,
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从那以后,
09:35
I've gotten to do some pretty cool stuff --
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我能开始做很多很酷的东西--
09:37
from getting to meet the president
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从能够见到总统
09:39
to getting to be on this stage
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到能站在这个演讲台上
09:41
to talk to all of you guys.
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跟大家讲话
09:43
But like I said, my journey wasn't just about the research,
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但是就像我说过的,我的旅行并不仅仅是关于研究,
09:46
it was about finding my passion,
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也是关于我的梦想,
09:48
and it was about making my own opportunities
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当我都还不知道我在做什么的时候
09:50
when I didn't even know what I was doing.
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我如何制造机会
09:53
It was about inspiration
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这就是灵感
09:55
and determination
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和决心
09:57
and never giving up on my interest
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以及从不放弃我
09:59
for science and learning and growing.
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对自然科学,学习,以及成长的兴趣
10:02
After all, my story begins
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不管怎样,我的故事始于
10:05
with a dried, withered spinach plant
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一颗干枯的,凋萎的菠菜
10:07
and it's only getting better from there.
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从那以后就开始变得越来越好
10:09
Thank you.
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谢谢大家
10:11
(Applause)
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(掌声)
10:23
Naomi Shah: Hi everyone. I'm Naomi Shah,
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劳伦·霍奇:大家好,我是劳伦·霍奇,
10:26
and today I'll be talking to you about my research
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今天我要跟你们讲讲我
10:28
involving indoor air quality
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关于室内空气质量的研究
10:30
and asthmatic patients.
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和哮喘病人
10:32
1.6 million deaths worldwide.
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在世界范围内有160万,
10:35
One death every 20 seconds.
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每20秒就有一例死亡
10:38
People spend over 90 percent of their lives indoors.
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人们90%的生活都在室内
10:42
And the economic burden of asthma
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哮喘带来的经济负担
10:44
exceeds that of HIV and tuberculosis combined.
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超过了HIV和肺结核的总合
10:47
Now these statistics had a huge impact on me,
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这些统计数据对我产生了重大的影响,
10:50
but what really sparked my interest in my research
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但是,真正点燃我研究兴趣的是
10:53
was watching both my dad and my brother
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看到我爸爸和弟弟
10:55
suffer from chronic allergies year-round.
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受到全年慢性过敏的困扰
10:57
It confused me;
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这让我很困惑;
10:59
why did these allergy symptoms persist
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为什么这些过敏症状
11:01
well past the pollen season?
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在花粉季节这么顽固?
11:03
With this question in mind, I started researching,
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带着这个问题,我开始了研究,
11:06
and I soon found that indoor air pollutants were the culprit.
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我很快发现室内空气污染物是罪魁祸首
11:09
As soon as I realized this,
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我一发现这一点,
11:11
I investigated the underlying relationship
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就调查了
11:13
between four prevalent air pollutants
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四种广布的空气污染物的关系
11:15
and their affect on the lung health of asthmatic patients.
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和他们对哮喘病人肺部健康的影响
11:18
At first, I just wanted to figure out
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起初,我只是想弄清楚
11:21
which of these four pollutants have the largest negative health impact
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这四种污染物中哪一种对于哮喘病人的肺部健康来说
11:24
on the lung health of asthmatic patients.
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是最有害的
11:27
But soon after, I developed a novel mathematical model
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但是很快,我建立了一个新型的数学模型
11:30
that essentially quantifies the effect
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从本质上量化了
11:32
of these environmental pollutants
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这些环境污染物
11:35
on the lung health of asthmatic patients.
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对哮喘病人肺部健康的影响
11:37
And it surprises me
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让我惊奇的是
11:39
that no model currently exists
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目前还没有模型
11:41
that quantifies the effect of environmental factors
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能量化环境因素对
11:43
on human lung health,
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人类肺部健康的影响,
11:45
because that relationship seems so important.
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因为这之间的关系看起来很重要
11:48
So with that in mind,
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带着这种想法,
11:50
I started researching more, I started investigating more,
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我开始了更多的研究,更多的调查,
11:52
and I became very passionate.
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变得激情澎湃
11:54
Because I realized
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因为,我发现
11:56
that if we could find a way to target remediation,
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如果我们能找到一个整治环境的方法,
11:58
we could also find a way
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我们也能找到一种方法
12:00
to treat asthmatic patients more effectively.
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来更有效的治疗哮喘病人
12:04
For example, volatile organic compounds
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比如,挥发性有机物
12:06
are chemical pollutants
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是化学性污染物
12:08
that are found in our schools, homes and workplaces.
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在我们的学校,家里以及办公室都能发现
12:10
They're everywhere.
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它们无处不在
12:12
These chemical pollutants
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这些化学污染物
12:14
are currently not a criteria air pollutant,
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据美国清洁空气法案定义
12:16
as defined by the U.S. Clean Air Act.
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目前还不在空气污染物的标准中
12:18
Which is surprising to me,
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这让我感到惊奇,
12:20
because these chemical pollutants, through my research,
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因为这些化学污染物,根据我的研究,
12:22
I show that they had a very large negative impact
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我发现他们对哮喘病人的健康
12:25
on the lung health of asthmatic patients
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有极其负面的影响
12:27
and thus should be regulated.
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因此应该被列入规范中
12:29
So today I want to show you
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所以今天我想向你们展示
12:31
my interactive software model that I created.
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我创造的互动软件
12:34
I'm going to show it to you on my laptop.
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我将用我的笔记本电脑向大家展示
12:36
And I have a volunteer subject in the audience today,
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在今天的观众中,我有一个志愿者
12:38
Julie.
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朱莉
12:40
And all of Julie's data has been pre-entered
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朱莉的所有数据都被事先输入
12:43
into my interactive software model.
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进我的交互软件模型中
12:45
And this can be used by anyone.
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这个模型可以用在任何人身上
12:47
So I want you to imagine that you're in Julie's shoes,
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现在我希望大家以朱莉的身份来想象,
12:49
or someone who's really close to you
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或者跟你最亲近
12:51
who suffers from asthma or another lung disorder.
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患有哮喘病或者其他肺部疾病的人
12:54
So Julie's going to her doctor's office
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朱莉现在去看医生
12:56
to get treated for her asthma.
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去治疗她的哮喘
12:58
And the doctor has her sit down,
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医生请她坐下,
13:00
and he takes her peak expiratory flow rate --
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给她测了呼气流量率峰值--
13:03
which is essentially her exhalation rate,
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实际上是她的呼气率,
13:05
or the amount of air that she can breathe out in one breath.
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或者说是她一口气所呼出的空气量
13:08
So that peak expiratory flow rate,
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所以说呼气流量率峰值,
13:10
I've entered it up into the interactive software model.
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我把这个值输入交互软件模型中
13:12
I've also entered in her age, her gender and her height.
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我也输入了她的年龄,性别和身高
13:15
I've assumed that she lives in an average household
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我还假设她住在一个普通环境
13:17
with average air pollutant levels.
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处于普通的空气污染程度
13:19
So any user can come in here
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任何用户可以用这个软件
13:21
and click on "lung function report"
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点击“肺部功能报告”
13:23
and it'll take them to this report that I created.
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它就能告诉他们我发明的这个报告
13:25
And this report really drives home the crux of my research.
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这个报告真真切切的促进了我研究中的症结
13:29
So what it shows -- if you want to focus on that top graph in the right-hand corner --
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它显示出--如果你只想关注右上角的图示--
13:33
it shows Julie's actual peak expiratory flow rate
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它显示出朱莉的实际呼气流量率峰值
13:35
in the yellow bar.
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就是那个黄色方块
13:37
This is the measurement that she took in her doctor's office.
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这个是她在医生那里的测量值
13:40
In the blue bar at the bottom of the graph,
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在图示下方的蓝色方块,
13:42
it shows what her peak expiratory flow rate,
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显示了她的呼气流量率峰值,
13:45
what her exhalation rate or lung health, should be
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她的析出率或者肺部健康,应该是
13:47
based on her age, gender and height.
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根据她的年龄,性别和身高
13:50
So the doctor sees this difference between the yellow bar and the blue bar,
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所以当医生看到黄色方块和蓝色方块的区别,
13:53
and he says, "Wow, we need to give her steroids,
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他会说,“哇,我们应该给她类固醇,
13:56
medication and inhalers."
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药品和气管喷雾。”
13:59
But I want everyone here to reimagine a world
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我希望大家重新想象一下一个世界
14:02
where instead of prescribing steroids,
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一个没有处方类固醇,
14:04
inhalers and medication,
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气管喷雾和药品,
14:06
the doctor turns to Julie and says,
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医生会对朱莉说,
14:08
"Why don't you go home and clean out your air filters.
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“为什么你不回家清理一下你家的空气过滤器呢
14:10
Clean out the air ducts in your home,
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清扫你家的灰尘,
14:12
in your workplace, in your school.
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在你办公室,以及你学校的灰尘。
14:14
Stop the use of incense and candles.
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不要用熏香和蜡烛
14:17
And if you're remodeling your house,
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如果你要重建你家,
14:19
take out all the carpeting and put in hardwood flooring."
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把所有的地毯都撤掉,换成木地板吧。”
14:22
Because these solutions are natural,
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因为这些解决方法都是天然的,
14:24
these solutions are sustainable,
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这些解决方法都是可持续的,
14:26
and these solutions are long-term investments --
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这些解决方法是种长期的投资--
14:29
long-term investments that we're making
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我们为了我们这一代人
14:31
for our generation and for future generations.
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以及未来的人做的长期投资
14:33
Because these environmental solutions
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因为这些环境的解决方法
14:36
that Julie can make in her home, her workplace and her school
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这些朱莉在她的家,她的工作室和她的学校就可以实施的解决方法
14:39
are impacting everyone that lives around her.
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对生活在他周围的每一个人产生了影响
14:42
So I'm very passionate about this research
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所以我对这项研究非常热情
14:44
and I really want to continue it
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我非常希望能够继续研究
14:46
and expand it to more disorders besides asthma,
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将它扩展到除了哮喘病之外的更多的疾病,
14:49
more respiratory disorders, as well as more pollutants.
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更多的呼吸系统疾病,以及更多的污染物
14:52
But before I end my talk today,
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在我结束今天的讲话之前,
14:54
I want to leave you with one saying.
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我想以一句话结束
14:56
And that saying is that genetics loads the gun,
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这句话就是遗传学将子弹装上,
14:59
but the environment pulls the trigger.
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但是环境扣下扳机
15:01
And that made a huge impact on me
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当我在进行研究的时候
15:03
when I was doing this research.
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那对我产生了巨大的影响
15:05
Because what I feel, is a lot of us think
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因为我感觉到的是,我们很多人都认为
15:07
that the environment is at a macro level,
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环境是一个很大的范围,
15:10
that we can't do anything to change our air quality
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对于改变空气质量,我们做不了什么
15:12
or to change the climate or anything.
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也无法改变气候或者其他任何事。
15:15
But if each one of us takes initiative in our own home,
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但是如果我们每个人在我们自己家里行动起来,
15:18
in our own school and in our own workplace,
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在我们的学校,我们的办公室,
15:21
we can make a huge difference in air quality.
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我们能极大得改变空气质量
15:23
Because remember, we spend 90 percent of our lives indoors.
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因为请记住,我们百分之九十的生活都是在室内
15:27
And air quality and air pollutants
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空气质量和空气污染物
15:30
have a huge impact on the lung health of asthmatic patients,
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对哮喘病人的肺部健康有巨大的影响,
15:33
anyone with a respiratory disorder
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以及任何患有呼吸系统紊乱的人
15:35
and really all of us in general.
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和实际上我们所有人
15:37
So I want you to reimagine a world
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我想让你们重新想象一个世界
15:39
with better air quality,
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充满更优质的空气,
15:41
better quality of life
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更优质的生活
15:43
and better quality of living for everyone
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和对于每个人来说都是更好的生活环境
15:45
including our future generations.
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包括我们未来的后代们
15:47
Thank you.
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谢谢
15:49
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
15:56
Lisa Ling: Right.
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丽莎 林:好
15:58
Can I have Shree and Lauren come up really quickly?
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请允许我邀请斯里和劳伦一起上台来
16:03
Your Google Science Fair champions.
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你们是谷歌全球科学展的胜利者
16:05
Your winners.
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你们是冠军
16:07
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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