How to let go of being a "good" person — and become a better person | Dolly Chugh
702,887 views ・ 2018-11-23
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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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翻译人员: jacks peng
校对人员: Zikun Fu
00:13
So a friend of mine was riding
in a taxi to the airport the other day,
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某天,我的一位朋友乘出租车去机场。
00:17
and on the way, she was chatting
with the taxi driver,
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在路上,她跟出租车司机闲聊,
00:19
and he said to her, with total sincerity,
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他用非常真诚的语气对她说:
00:22
"I can tell you are a really good person."
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“我看得出你是个好人。”
00:25
And when she told me this story later,
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当她后来告诉我这个故事时,
00:27
she said she couldn't believe
how good it made her feel,
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她说这让她感到无比的开心,
00:30
that it meant a lot to her.
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那句话对她的意义重大。
00:32
Now that may seem
like a strong reaction from my friend
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这看起来像是我朋友对陌生人话语的
00:35
to the words of a total stranger,
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一种强烈反应,
00:38
but she's not alone.
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但她并非特例。
00:39
I'm a social scientist.
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我是一个社会科学家。
00:41
I study the psychology of good people,
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我研究关于好人的心理学,
00:43
and research in my field says
many of us care deeply
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这个领域的研究显示,
大家对自认为是“好人”,
00:48
about feeling like a good person
and being seen as a good person.
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和被他人视为”好人“ 的感觉颇为在意。
00:53
Now, your definition of "good person"
and your definition of "good person"
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你对“好人”的定义,
或是你对“好人”的定义,
00:58
and maybe the taxi driver's
definition of "good person" --
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可能跟出租车司机定义的“好人”不同,
01:01
we may not all have the same definition,
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我们也许没有相同的定义,
01:03
but within whatever our definition is,
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但不管我们的定义是什么,
01:05
that moral identity
is important to many of us.
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这种道德认同对我们很多人都很重要。
01:09
Now, if somebody challenges it,
like they question us for a joke we tell,
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如果有人挑战这个事实,
比如他质疑我们讲的笑话,
01:14
or maybe we say
our workforce is homogenous,
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或者他说我们的劳动是同质的,
01:17
or a slippery business expense,
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或者是一笔狡猾的商业支出,
01:20
we go into red-zone defensiveness
a lot of the time.
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我们在这些时候会
进入一种“红区警戒”状态。
01:23
I mean, sometimes we call out
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我的意思是,有时候我们会用
01:26
all the ways in which we help
people from marginalized groups,
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各种方式来帮助那些处于社会边缘的人,
01:30
or we donate to charity,
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或者向慈善组织捐赠,
01:31
or the hours we volunteer to nonprofits.
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或者自愿成为非营利组织的义工。
01:35
We work to protect
that good person identity.
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我们努力捍卫这种好人的身份,
01:39
It's important to many of us.
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这对我们多数人都很重要。
01:42
But what if I told you this?
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但如果我告诉你们,
01:44
What if I told you that our attachment
to being good people
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我们对做好人的向往
01:49
is getting in the way
of us being better people?
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会阻止我们成为更好的人呢?
01:52
What if I told you that our definition
of "good person" is so narrow,
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如果我告诉你们,
我们对“好人”的定义很狭隘,
01:58
it's scientifically impossible to meet?
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在科学角度上是无法实现的呢?
02:01
And what if I told you
the path to being better people
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又如果我告诉们,你成为更好的人的路径
02:05
just begins with letting go
of being a good person?
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只需从抛弃做一个好人开始呢?
02:08
Now, let me tell you a little bit
about the research
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那么,让我告诉你们一些
02:11
about how the human mind works
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有关人类大脑是如何运作的研究,
02:13
to explain.
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来解释我的说法。
02:14
The brain relies on shortcuts
to do a lot of its work.
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大脑依靠捷径完成很多工作,
02:18
That means a lot of the time,
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这意味着大部分时间,
02:20
your mental processes are taking place
outside of your awareness,
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你的思维过程发生在你的意识之外,
02:23
like in low-battery, low-power mode
in the back of your mind.
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就像大脑处于低电量、低功耗模式下。
02:29
That's, in fact, the premise
of bounded rationality.
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其实,这是“有限理性”的前提。
02:32
Bounded rationality is
the Nobel Prize-winning idea
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“有限理性”是诺贝尔奖得主的观点,
02:36
that the human mind
has limited storage resources,
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人类大脑的存储资源是有限的,
02:38
limited processing power,
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处理能力是有限的,
02:41
and as a result, it relies on shortcuts
to do a lot of its work.
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因此,它依靠捷径来完成很多工作。
02:45
So for example,
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所以举个例子,
02:47
some scientists estimate
that in any given moment ...
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有些科学家估计在任何时刻…
比如打个响指的瞬间,
再来一次,这下打响了吧?
02:51
Better, better click, right? There we go.
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02:53
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
02:54
At any given moment,
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在任意一个瞬间,
02:55
11 million pieces of information
are coming into your mind.
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数以千万计的信息会涌入你的大脑。
03:00
Eleven million.
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整整1100万。
03:01
And only 40 of them
are being processed consciously.
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而其中只有四十个被有意识地处理。
03:05
So 11 million, 40.
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所以 1100万 和 40 做下对比。
03:08
I mean, has this ever happened to you?
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你有没有经历过这样的事?
03:10
Have you ever had
a really busy day at work,
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在工作超忙的一天,
03:12
and you drive home,
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你开车回家,
03:14
and when you get in the door,
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到家门口时,
03:16
you realize you don't
even remember the drive home,
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发现你甚至不记得驾车时的事,
03:19
like whether you had
green lights or red lights.
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比如是否过了红灯或绿灯。
03:22
You don't even remember.
You were on autopilot.
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你甚至不记得这些。
你当时相当于是在“自动驾驶”模式下。
03:24
Or have you ever opened the fridge,
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或者你有没有开过冰箱,
03:28
looked for the butter,
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寻找黄油,
03:30
swore there is no butter,
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发誓没有黄油的痕迹,
03:33
and then realized the butter
was right in front of you the whole time?
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然后才意识到黄油一直就在你面前?
03:36
These are the kinds of "whoops" moments
that make us giggle,
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这些都是回想起来
让我们觉得好笑的时刻,
03:40
and this is what happens in a brain
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这就是大脑为了应付
03:42
that can handle 11 million
pieces of information coming in
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1100万条涌进来的信息,
03:46
with only 40 being processed consciously.
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但只有 40 条被有意识处理时所发生的事。
03:48
That's the bounded part
of bounded rationality.
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这就是“有限理性"的有限部分。
03:55
This work on bounded rationality
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这个关于有限理性的研究
03:57
is what's inspired work I've done
with my collaborators
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提供了我和我的搭档
04:02
Max Bazerman and Mahzarin Banaji,
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马克斯 · 巴泽曼 和 马扎林 · 巴纳吉
04:04
on what we call bounded ethicality.
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研究“有限道德”的灵感来源。
04:07
So it's the same premise
as bounded rationality,
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这和“有限理性”的前提是一样的,
04:10
that we have a human mind
that is bounded in some sort of way
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我们的大脑是受束缚的,
04:16
and relying on shortcuts,
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它需要依赖捷径,
04:18
and that those shortcuts
can sometimes lead us astray.
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并且这个捷径有时候会让我们误入歧途。
04:22
With bounded rationality,
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考虑到人的有限理性,
04:24
perhaps it affects the cereal
we buy in the grocery store,
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可能它会影响我们在杂货店买的麦片,
04:28
or the product we launch in the boardroom.
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或者我们在会议室推出的产品。
04:31
With bounded ethicality, the human mind,
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当“有限道德”发生时,人类的大脑,
04:34
the same human mind,
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如同有限理性一样,
04:36
is making decisions,
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在做出决策。
04:38
and here, it's about who to hire next,
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比如 要雇佣谁?
04:40
or what joke to tell
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去讲什么笑话?
04:42
or that slippery business decision.
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或是那个狡猾的商业决策。
04:46
So let me give you an example
of bounded ethicality at work.
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那么让我给你们一个有限道德
体现在工作中的案例。
04:50
Unconscious bias is one place
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“无意识偏见”是
04:53
where we see the effects
of bounded ethicality.
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“有限道德”体现出的一个方面。
04:57
So unconscious bias refers
to associations we have in our mind,
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“无意识偏见”指我们大脑中的联想,
05:01
the shortcuts your brain is using
to organize information,
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那些大脑用来组织信息的捷径,
05:05
very likely outside of your awareness,
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很可能在你的意识之外,
05:08
not necessarily lining up
with your conscious beliefs.
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不一定会符合你的意识信念。
05:12
Researchers Nosek, Banaji and Greenwald
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研究者 诺斯,巴纳吉 和 格林沃尔德
05:15
have looked at data
from millions of people,
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看过了数百万人的数据,
05:17
and what they've found is, for example,
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他们发现的是,例如:
05:20
most white Americans
can more quickly and easily
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多数美国白人能够更快和更轻松地
05:24
associate white people and good things
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把白人和好事联系起来,
05:28
than black people and good things,
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而非黑人和好事,
05:31
and most men and women
can more quickly and easily associate
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而且多数人更倾向于
把男性跟科学家联系起来,
05:37
men and science than women and science.
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而不是把女性和科学家联系起来。
05:42
And these associations
don't necessarily line up
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而这些联系不一定
05:46
with what people consciously think.
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与人们有意识的想法一致。
05:48
They may have
very egalitarian views, in fact.
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事实上,他们可能有非常平等的观点。
05:52
So sometimes, that 11 million
and that 40 just don't line up.
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所以有时候,1100万与40 的
对比并不是很合理。
05:57
And here's another example:
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这是另外一个例子:
05:59
conflicts of interest.
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利益冲突。
06:01
So we tend to underestimate
how much a small gift --
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我们往往会低估一个小礼物的作用——
06:05
imagine a ballpoint pen or dinner --
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比如一支圆珠笔或一顿晚餐——
06:08
how much that small gift
can affect our decision making.
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这个小礼物能对我们的决策
产生多大的影响。
06:13
We don't realize that our mind
is unconsciously lining up evidence
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我们意识不到自己的大脑
会无意识地收集证据
06:18
to support the point of view
of the gift-giver,
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来支持送礼人的观点,
06:21
no matter how hard we're consciously
trying to be objective and professional.
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无论我们多么努力地保持客观和专业。
06:27
We also see bounded ethicality --
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我们也能看到有界的道德——
06:29
despite our attachment
to being good people,
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即便我们希望当一个好人,
06:32
we still make mistakes,
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我们仍会犯错,
06:34
and we make mistakes
that sometimes hurt other people,
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我们犯的错误有时候会伤害他人,
06:38
that sometimes promote injustice,
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有时候会促进不公,
06:41
despite our best attempts,
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尽管我们尽了最大的努力,
06:43
and we explain away our mistakes
rather than learning from them.
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我们还为自己的错误辩解,
而不是从中学习。
06:48
Like, for example,
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比如说,
06:51
when I got an email
from a female student in my class
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有天我收到了班上女同学的电邮,
06:55
saying that a reading I had assigned,
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说我布置的阅读材料,
06:57
a reading I had been assigning for years,
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这个我指定了好些年的阅读材料,
07:00
was sexist.
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有性别歧视。
07:02
Or when I confused
two students in my class
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或者当我把班上同种族的
07:08
of the same race --
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两个学生弄混时——
07:09
look nothing alike --
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他们俩看起来一点也不像——
07:12
when I confused them for each other
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当我在大家面前,
07:14
more than once, in front of everybody.
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不止一次把他们弄混时。
07:17
These kinds of mistakes send us, send me,
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这些类型的错误让我们……让我,
07:22
into red-zone defensiveness.
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进入了”红色警戒区“。
07:25
They leave us fighting
for that good person identity.
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它们让我们为好人的身份而战。
07:30
But the latest work that I've been doing
on bounded ethicality with Mary Kern
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但是我最近和 玛丽 · 克恩
做的关于有限道德的研究
07:34
says that we're not
only prone to mistakes --
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发现我们不仅容易犯错,
07:38
that tendency towards mistakes depends
on how close we are to that red zone.
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犯错的倾向还取决于
我们离红色区域的距离。
07:43
So most of the time, nobody's challenging
our good person identity,
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大多数时候,
没人质疑我们的好人身份。
07:47
and so we're not thinking too much
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所以我们也没有想太多
07:49
about the ethical implications
of our decisions,
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关于我们决定的伦理意义,
07:52
and our model shows
that we're then spiraling
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我们的模型显示我们大部分时间
07:56
towards less and less
ethical behavior most of the time.
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都在朝着越来越少的道德行为发展。
08:00
On the other hand, somebody
might challenge our identity,
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另一方面,有人可能会
质疑我们的身份。
08:03
or, upon reflection,
we may be challenging it ourselves.
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或者,经过反思后我们会挑战自己。
08:07
So the ethical implications
of our decisions become really salient,
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所以我们决定的伦理意义变得非常突出,
08:11
and in those cases, we spiral towards
more and more good person behavior,
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在这些情况下,我们会
越来越倾向于好人的行为,
08:17
or, to be more precise,
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或者,更准确地说,
08:19
towards more and more behavior
that makes us feel like a good person,
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越来越倾向于使我们
感觉像个好人的行为,
08:23
which isn't always the same, of course.
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当然,有时候两者并不一样。
08:27
The idea with bounded ethicality
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有限道德的观点是,
08:31
is that we are perhaps overestimating
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我们可能高估了
08:35
the importance our inner compass
is playing in our ethical decisions.
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我们内在的指南针
在道德决策中的重要性。
08:40
We perhaps are overestimating
how much our self-interest
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我们可能高估了我们的自身利益
08:45
is driving our decisions,
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驱使我们做出决策的程度,
08:48
and perhaps we don't realize
how much our self-view as a good person
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也许我们没有意识到
身为一个好人的自我认同感
08:54
is affecting our behavior,
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对我们的行为有多大的影响,
08:56
that in fact, we're working so hard
to protect that good person identity,
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事实上,我们如此努力地去
捍卫我们的好人身份,
09:02
to keep out of that red zone,
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远离红区,
09:04
that we're not actually giving ourselves
space to learn from our mistakes
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以致于我们没有足够的
空间从错误中学习,
09:09
and actually be better people.
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去真正做一个更好的人。
09:13
It's perhaps because
we expect it to be easy.
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这可能是因为我们期待它会很容易。
09:17
We have this definition
of good person that's either-or.
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我们对好人的定义是非此即彼的。
09:21
Either you are a good person
or you're not.
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要么你是好人,要么不是。
09:24
Either you have integrity or you don't.
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要么你诚实,要么不诚实。
09:26
Either you are a racist or a sexist
or a homophobe or you're not.
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要么你是种族主义者,或者性别歧视,
或者恐同者,要么都不是。
09:31
And in this either-or definition,
there's no room to grow.
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在这个非此即彼的定义中,
没有任何成长的空间。
09:36
And by the way,
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顺便说一句:
09:37
this is not what we do
in most parts of our lives.
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这不是我们在大部分生活中做的事情。
09:40
Life, if you needed to learn accounting,
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生活中,如果你需要学习会计,
09:43
you would take an accounting class,
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你可能会报个会计班,
09:44
or if you become a parent,
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或者如果你成为父母,
09:47
we pick up a book and we read about it.
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我们会去找本书,学习为人父母之道。
09:50
We talk to experts,
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我们跟专家交流,
09:53
we learn from our mistakes,
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我们从错误中学习,
09:54
we update our knowledge,
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我们更新我们的知识,
09:56
we just keep getting better.
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我们不断变得更好。
09:58
But when it comes to being a good person,
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但当涉及到成为好人时,
10:00
we think it's something
we're just supposed to know,
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我们则认为这是我们应该知道的,
10:03
we're just supposed to do,
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我们应该去做的,
10:04
without the benefit of effort or growth.
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却无需获得努力和成长带来的好处。
10:07
So what I've been thinking about
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所以我在想的是:
10:09
is what if we were to just forget
about being good people,
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如果我们忘记做一个好人会怎样?
10:13
just let it go,
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就这么随它去,
10:15
and instead, set a higher standard,
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反之,设立一个更高的标准,
10:18
a higher standard
of being a good-ish person?
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一个善良人的更高标准?
10:24
A good-ish person
absolutely still makes mistakes.
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一个善良的人无疑仍会犯错误。
10:29
As a good-ish person,
I'm making them all the time.
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作为一个善良的人,我常常都会犯错误。
10:32
But as a good-ish person,
I'm trying to learn from them, own them.
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但作为一个善良人,
我试图从错误中学习,解决问题。
10:37
I expect them and I go after them.
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不逃避错误,而是直面它们。
10:40
I understand there are costs
to these mistakes.
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我知道这些错误要付出代价,
10:43
When it comes to issues like ethics
and bias and diversity and inclusion,
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当涉及到伦理、偏见、
多样性和包容等问题时,
10:47
there are real costs to real people,
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这对真实的人来说是真实存在的代价,
10:50
and I accept that.
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而我接受这个事实。
10:54
As a good-ish person, in fact,
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作为一个好人,事实上,
10:56
I become better
at noticing my own mistakes.
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我变得更善于发现自己的错误。
10:59
I don't wait for people to point them out.
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我不用等别人指出它们,
11:01
I practice finding them,
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我锻炼自己去寻找它们,
11:03
and as a result ...
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结果呢?
11:05
Sure, sometimes it can be embarrassing,
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当然,这有时候会让人感到很尴尬,
11:09
it can be uncomfortable.
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会觉得不舒服。
11:11
We put ourselves
in a vulnerable place, sometimes.
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有时,我们会变得很脆弱。
11:15
But through all that vulnerability,
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但克服了所有的弱点后,
11:18
just like in everything else
we've tried to ever get better at,
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就像所有一切我们努力
改进的东西一样,
11:22
we see progress.
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我们可以看到进步。
11:23
We see growth.
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我们可以看到成长。
11:25
We allow ourselves to get better.
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我们允许自己变得更好。
11:29
Why wouldn't we give ourselves that?
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为什么我们不能允许自己变得更好?
11:32
In every other part of our lives,
we give ourselves room to grow --
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在我们生活的其他方面,
我们都给了自己成长的空间,
11:37
except in this one, where it matters most.
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然而在这个最重要的方面,
却始终无所作为。
11:41
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
11:42
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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