Our lonely society makes it hard to come home from war | Sebastian Junger

603,493 views ・ 2016-06-10

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翻译人员: Sophie Anderson 校对人员: 易帆 余
00:13
I worked as a war reporter for 15 years
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做了十五年战地记者后,
00:17
before I realized that I really had a problem.
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我才意识到自己出了问题。
00:21
There was something really wrong with me.
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我整个人都不对劲,
00:23
This was about a year before 9/11, and America wasn't at war yet.
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这事大概发生在9/11事件前一年, 当时美国还没处于战乱中。
00:27
We weren't talking about PTSD.
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人们尚未谈及PTSD。
00:29
We were not yet talking about the effect of trauma and war
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也未提及伤痛和战争
00:34
on the human psyche.
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给人带来的心灵创伤。
00:36
I'd been in Afghanistan for a couple of months
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我同北部联盟在阿富汗待过几个月,
00:38
with the Northern Alliance as they were fighting the Taliban.
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正值阿富汗与塔利班交战。
00:42
And at that point the Taliban had an air force,
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当时,塔利班有一支空军部队。
00:45
they had fighter planes, they had tanks, they had artillery,
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他们还有战斗机,坦克和大炮。
00:48
and we really got hammered pretty badly a couple of times.
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有好几次,我们着实遭到了重创。
00:51
We saw some very ugly things.
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也目睹过一些恶劣行径。
00:55
But I didn't really think it affected me.
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但我确实没想过这事会影响到我。
00:57
I didn't think much about it.
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我没怎么去想过它。
00:58
I came home to New York, where I live.
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我返回纽约,回到居所。
01:01
Then one day I went down into the subway,
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然后有天,我走进地铁,
01:04
and for the first time in my life,
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这辈子第一次,
01:06
I knew real fear.
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我感受到了真正的恐惧。
01:08
I had a massive panic attack.
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莫大的恐慌向我袭来,
01:12
I was way more scared than I had ever been in Afghanistan.
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我可比当时在阿富汗要来得惶恐得多。
01:16
Everything I was looking at seemed like it was going to kill me,
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眼前所见的一切似乎都想要我的命,
01:19
but I couldn't explain why.
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但我不能解释为何。
01:22
The trains were going too fast.
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列车开得飞快,
01:24
There were too many people.
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周围太多人,
01:25
The lights were too bright.
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灯光过于亮,
01:27
Everything was too loud, everything was moving too quickly.
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万物喧闹着,飞快晃动着。
01:30
I backed up against a support column and just waited for it.
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我靠在一根支柱边, 就只是静待其变。
01:35
When I couldn't take it any longer, I ran out of the subway station
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在自己忍无可忍之时, 我冲出地铁站,
像只没头苍蝇一通瞎走。
01:38
and walked wherever I was going.
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01:41
Later, I found out that what I had was short-term PTSD:
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之后我才知晓,当时自己患上的是 短期PTSD——
01:45
post-traumatic stress disorder.
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也就是“战后孤独感症候群”。
01:48
We evolved as animals, as primates, to survive periods of danger,
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我们从动物、人猿演化而来, 在危险情境中生存了下来,
01:52
and if your life has been in danger,
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如果你的生命处于危险的情境当中,
01:55
you want to react to unfamiliar noises.
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你会想对不熟悉的噪音作出反应。
01:59
You want to sleep lightly, wake up easily.
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你会浅眠,而且很容易惊醒。
02:01
You want to have nightmares and flashbacks
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你就会做噩梦并回忆起
02:03
of the thing that could kill you.
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那些差点把你杀掉的事情。
02:06
You want to be angry because it makes you predisposed to fight,
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你会变得很生气,因为它会让你 进入准备战斗的状态,
02:09
or depressed, because it keeps you out of circulation a little bit.
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或者变得绝望,因为它会 让你有点喘不过气来,
02:13
Keeps you safe.
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你会想随时保持自己的安全。
02:15
It's not very pleasant, but it's better than getting eaten.
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这并不令人愉快, 但比被恐惧吞噬来得好。
02:20
Most people recover from that pretty quickly.
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大多数人能很快走出这个阴影。
02:22
It takes a few weeks, a few months.
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大概需要几个星期,或是几个月。
02:25
I kept having panic attacks, but they eventually went away.
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我一直经历着这种痛苦的打击, 但我最后还是康復了。
我不知道这和自己目睹过 的战乱有所相连。
02:28
I had no idea it was connected to the war that I'd seen.
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02:30
I just thought I was going crazy,
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我只觉得自己要疯了,
02:32
and then I thought, well, now I'm not going crazy anymore.
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之后我想,好吧, 现在我再也不会发疯了。
02:37
About 20 percent of people, however,
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然而,大约有20%的人,
02:39
wind up with chronic, long-term PTSD.
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最后演变成慢性、长期的PTSD
02:43
They are not adapted to temporary danger.
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他们不是要去面对短期的危险,
02:45
They are maladapted for everyday life,
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而是不能适应日常的生活,
02:48
unless they get help.
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除非有人能帮他们一把。
02:49
We know that the people who are vulnerable to long-term PTSD
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我们都知道那些容易 转变为长期PTSD的人,
02:53
are people who were abused as children,
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这些人也许是童年时 蒙受过非人虐待、
02:56
who suffered trauma as children,
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也许是年幼时遭到精神创伤、
02:58
people who have low education levels,
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也许是没有受过高等教育的人,
03:00
people who have psychiatric disorders in their family.
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也许是有精神病的家庭遗传,
03:03
If you served in Vietnam
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如果你曾在越南服役,
03:04
and your brother is schizophrenic,
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而你的兄弟是精神分裂病患者,
03:07
you're way more likely to get long-term PTSD from Vietnam.
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你很有可能因越南的经历 而患上PTSD。
03:12
So I started to study this as a journalist,
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因此我开始以记者的身份, 来对这个问题进行调查研究,
03:15
and I realized that there was something really strange going on.
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并且意识到,确实这其中有所异常。
03:19
The numbers seemed to be going in the wrong direction.
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“人数”似乎朝着错误的方向不断发展。
03:22
Every war that we have fought as a country,
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每一次我们国家参与的战争,
03:24
starting with the Civil War,
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——从独立战争开始,
03:26
the intensity of the combat has gone down.
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战争的强度开始下降。
03:30
As a result, the casualty rates have gone down.
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所以,伤亡率也开始下降。
03:34
But disability rates have gone up.
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但伤残率却开始上升,
03:36
They should be going in the same direction,
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它们本该是朝同一方向进发,
03:39
but they're going in different directions.
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却走上了截然不同的道路。
03:44
The recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have produced, thank God,
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感谢上帝,最近在伊拉克和 阿富汗的战争仅造成
03:48
a casualty rate about one third of what it was in Vietnam.
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越南战争伤亡率的三分之一。
03:56
But they've also created --
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但是,它们也导致了——
03:58
they've also produced three times the disability rates.
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多达三倍的伤残率。
04:03
Around 10 percent of the US military is actively engaged in combat,
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将近有 10% 的美国军人经历过战场,
04:10
10 percent or under.
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或者说是10%以下。
04:11
They're shooting at people, killing people,
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他们在战场上开枪,杀人,
04:14
getting shot at, seeing their friends get killed.
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中弹、或者看着他们的战友倒下。
04:16
It's incredibly traumatic.
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这简直是莫大的精神创伤。
04:18
But it's only about 10 percent of our military.
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这仅仅是10%的军人。
04:20
But about half of our military has filed
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然而从政府的档案中, 我们看到有一半的军人
04:23
for some kind of PTSD compensation from the government.
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正在领取 PTSD 的救济金。
04:28
And suicide doesn't even fit into this in a very logical way.
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从逻辑看来,自杀人数 根本不符合这个数据。
04:34
We've all heard the tragic statistic of 22 vets a day, on average,
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我们都听说过一个不幸的统计数据, 平均每天,有22个退伍军人,
04:39
in this country, killing themselves.
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就在这个国家,选择自杀。
04:43
Most people don't realize
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大部分人还没发觉
04:45
that the majority of those suicides are veterans of the Vietnam War,
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这些自杀案例大多数 是从越南战争回国的老兵,
04:50
that generation,
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在那一个年代,
04:52
and their decision to take their own lives actually might not be related
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他们想要自我了断的决定,
事实上或许与那场 50年前的战争无关。
04:57
to the war they fought 50 years earlier.
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05:01
In fact, there's no statistical connection between combat and suicide.
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实际上,目前没有战争与自杀 是有关连性的统计数据。
05:04
If you're in the military and you're in a lot of combat,
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假如你在军队中参与过很多场战役,
05:07
you're no more likely to kill yourself than if you weren't.
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你更不会倾向于选择自杀,
05:11
In fact, one study found
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一项研究显示,
05:12
that if you deploy to Iraq or Afghanistan,
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假如你参与过伊拉克或者阿富汗战争,
其实你是更不可能 在往后选择自杀的。
05:15
you're actually slightly less likely to commit suicide later.
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05:20
I studied anthropology in college.
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我在大学时期研究人类学,
05:22
I did my fieldwork on the Navajo reservation.
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到那瓦侯保护区做过实地调查,
05:25
I wrote a thesis on Navajo long-distance runners.
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写过当地长跑运动员的相关论文。
05:30
And recently, while I was researching PTSD,
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而最近,在我研究PTSD时,
05:35
I had this thought.
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突然有了这样的想法。
05:38
I thought back to the work I did when I was young,
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我想起我年轻时做过的研究,
05:41
and I thought, I bet the Navajo, the Apache, the Comanche --
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我在想,我敢说那瓦侯人, 阿帕切人,科曼奇人
05:45
I mean, these are very warlike nations --
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我的意思是, ——這些好戰的民族——
05:48
I bet they weren't getting PTSD like we do.
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我打赌他们不像我们这样 会患上PTSD。
05:52
When their warriors came back from fighting the US military
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当他们的战士从抵抗美国 军队的战争中回到家乡
05:55
or fighting each other,
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或者从部落之间的互斗中归来时,
05:58
I bet they pretty much just slipped right back into tribal life.
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我敢说他们肯定很容易就 重新融入部落生活。
06:03
And maybe what determines
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也许,
06:05
the rate of long-term PTSD
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决定长期 PTSD 的因素,
06:08
isn't what happened out there,
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不是在战场上发生了什麽,
06:11
but the kind of society you come back to.
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而是你回到了什麽样的社会。
06:15
And maybe if you come back to a close, cohesive, tribal society,
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要是回到一个紧密联繫的、 团结的、部落化的社会,
06:20
you can get over trauma pretty quickly.
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你能很快度过创伤期。
06:23
And if you come back to an alienating, modern society,
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但假如你回到的是一个 人与人疏远的现代社会,
06:28
you might remain traumatized your entire life.
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或许会以郁郁终生结尾。
06:32
In other words, maybe the problem isn't them, the vets;
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换句话来说,也许问题不出在他们、 那些退伍军人身上;
06:35
maybe the problem is us.
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而有可能是我们社会自身的问题。
06:39
Certainly, modern society is hard on the human psyche
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的确,现代社会对人类的精神 带来了重大的压力,
06:44
by every metric that we have.
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这些压力来自于我们社会上 各种的衡量标准。
06:49
As wealth goes up in a society,
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随着社会财富积累,
06:53
the suicide rate goes up instead of down.
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自杀率不减反增。
06:58
If you live in modern society,
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如果你住在现代社会中,
07:00
you're up to eight times more likely
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有多达 8 倍的几率,
07:04
to suffer from depression in your lifetime
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毕生遭受更多、
07:06
than if you live in a poor, agrarian society.
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比生活在贫困农耕社会, 还要多的忧愁烦恼。
07:10
Modern society has probably produced the highest rates of suicide
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现代社会可能引发了有所以来超高的自杀率、
07:14
and depression and anxiety and loneliness and child abuse
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抑鬱症、焦虑症、孤僻症 和受到童年虐待的可能,
07:17
ever in human history.
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这比例要比历史任一时代都高。
07:20
I saw one study
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我曾看过一项研究,
07:22
that compared women in Nigeria,
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它把尼日利亚的妇女,
07:25
one of the most chaotic and violent and corrupt
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也就是非洲最混乱、暴力、堕落、
07:28
and poorest countries in Africa,
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最贫穷的国家之一,
07:31
to women in North America.
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和北美的女性进行比较。
07:32
And the highest rates of depression were urban women in North America.
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北美的城市女性 是抑鬱症患病率最高的。
07:37
That was also the wealthiest group.
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她们同样是最富有的一群人。
07:40
So let's go back to the US military.
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那么,我们回头来看美军的状况。
07:45
Ten percent are in combat.
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10% 的军人经历过战争。
07:47
Around 50 percent have filed for PTSD compensation.
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约乎50%的人申请PTSD补偿金。
07:53
So about 40 percent of veterans really were not traumatized overseas
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所以大概 40% 的退伍老兵 并不是在海外受到精神创伤,
07:59
but have come home to discover they are dangerously alienated
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而是回到家后 发现他们被孤立
08:04
and depressed.
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并感到沮丧绝望。
08:08
So what is happening with them?
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在这些人身上到底发生了什么?
08:11
What's going on with those people,
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他们遭遇了什麽?
08:14
the phantom 40 percent that are troubled but don't understand why?
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我们让 40% 的人, 患上 PTSD,却不清楚成因?
08:18
Maybe it's this:
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或许是这个原因:
08:20
maybe they had an experience of sort of tribal closeness
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也许当时他们在海外,
08:24
in their unit when they were overseas.
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经历过部队亲密的战友关係。
08:28
They were eating together, sleeping together,
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他们一起吃饭,一起睡觉,
08:30
doing tasks and missions together.
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一道完成任务和使命。
08:33
They were trusting each other with their lives.
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以生命为担保,相信彼此。
08:37
And then they come home
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待他们回到家,
08:38
and they have to give all that up
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曾经的一切都必须舍弃。
08:41
and they're coming back to a society, a modern society,
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他们回到社会,这个现代社会,
08:45
which is hard on people who weren't even in the military.
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这个甚至对非军人都苛刻至极的社会。
08:49
It's just hard on everybody.
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所有人在这社会都活得艰苦。
08:51
And we keep focusing on trauma, PTSD.
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而我们却一直关注 创伤,PTSD。
08:56
But for a lot of these people,
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但对大部分人来说,
08:59
maybe it's not trauma.
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也许这不是精神创伤。
09:00
I mean, certainly, soldiers are traumatized
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我的意思是,当然了, 士兵的确是受过精神创伤,
09:03
and the ones who are have to be treated for that.
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也有士兵接受过治疗。
09:05
But a lot of them --
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但是这之中许多人——
09:06
maybe what's bothering them is actually a kind of alienation.
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也许困扰他们的只是一种疏离感。
09:10
I mean, maybe we just have the wrong word for some of it,
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我的意思是,也许我们只是 错用了词语去形容他们,
09:13
and just changing our language, our understanding,
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只要调整我们的语句, 改变我们的想法,
09:15
would help a little bit.
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都将会有所帮助。
09:16
"Post-deployment alienation disorder."
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"战后孤独感症候群"。
09:19
Maybe even just calling it that for some of these people
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也许只要这样称呼 他们其中的一部分人
09:23
would allow them to stop imagining
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就能帮助他们停止联想
09:26
trying to imagine a trauma that didn't really happen
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一个根本没有发生过的创伤。
09:29
in order to explain a feeling that really is happening.
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这是为了解释一种 他们正在经历的感受。
09:32
And in fact, it's an extremely dangerous feeling.
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而事实上,这是一种 非常危险的感觉。
09:35
That alienation and depression can lead to suicide.
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疏远和抑郁有可能导致自杀。
09:37
These people are in danger.
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这些人身处险境。
09:39
It's very important to understand why.
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瞭解成因是非常重要的事情。
09:43
The Israeli military has a PTSD rate of around one percent.
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以色列军人, 患 PTSD 的概率是1%。
09:47
The theory is that everyone in Israel is supposed to serve in the military.
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有一种理论是说,因为以色列 的所有人都需要服兵役。
09:53
When soldiers come back from the front line,
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当士兵从前线回归,
09:55
they're not going from a military environment to a civilian environment.
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他们不是要从军队环境回到文明社会,
10:00
They're coming back to a community where everyone understands
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而是回到一个
人人都瞭解甚麽是当兵的社会。
10:05
about the military.
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10:06
Everyone's been in it or is going to be in it.
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每个人都曾经服役、或者准备去服役。
所有人知道自己处在什么样的情况,
10:09
Everyone understands the situation they're all in.
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10:11
It's as if they're all in one big tribe.
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就好像这些人处于一个庞大的部落中。
10:14
We know that if you take a lab rat
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我们都知道,如果拿做实验用的小白鼠,
10:16
and traumatize it and put it in a cage by itself,
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折磨它,把它单独关在笼子里,
10:20
you can maintain its trauma symptoms almost indefinitely.
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你可以永无止境地 让牠保持在精神创伤的状态。
10:23
And if you take that same lab rat and put it in a cage with other rats,
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但假如你把同样的实验鼠 放在有其他老鼠的笼子里,
10:30
after a couple of weeks, it's pretty much OK.
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几个星期后, 牠的表现就会回復正常了。
10:35
After 9/11,
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在9/11之后,
10:38
the murder rate in New York City went down by 40 percent.
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纽约的谋杀率下降了40%,
10:41
The suicide rate went down.
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自杀率也下降了,
10:44
The violent crime rate in New York went down after 9/11.
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纽约的暴力犯罪率, 随9/11之后也下降了。
10:49
Even combat veterans of previous wars who suffered from PTSD
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甚至在之前战役中, 饱受 PTSD 的老兵都说,
10:54
said that their symptoms went down after 9/11 happened.
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他们的症状在9/11之后有所缓和。
10:59
The reason is that if you traumatize an entire society,
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原因在于,如果一整个社会范围内 的群体都受到创伤,
11:04
we don't fall apart and turn on one another.
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我们并不会因此瓦解崩溃, 彼此针锋相对。
11:07
We come together. We unify.
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而是融为一体,心连心。
11:09
Basically, we tribalize,
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大致来说,我们产生了集体意识。
11:11
and that process of unifying feels so good and is so good for us,
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团结一起的过程让人感觉很好, 也对我们有益,
11:17
that it even helps people
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甚至帮助了那些、
11:18
who are struggling with mental health issues.
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还在苦苦与精神健康问题缠斗的人。
11:22
During the blitz in London,
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在二战伦敦被德国轰炸的期间,
11:24
admissions to psychiatric wards went down during the bombings.
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精神病医院的患者减少了。
11:30
For a while, that was the kind of country
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有一段时间,美军从海外返回的国家
11:33
that American soldiers came back to -- a unified country.
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是一个团结的国家。
11:38
We were sticking together.
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我们紧紧相依,
11:39
We were trying to understand the threat against us.
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试图知晓到底是什么威胁着我们。
11:42
We were trying to help ourselves and the world.
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试着自我帮助,加益于世界。
11:47
But that's changed.
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但这些都变了。
11:50
Now, American soldiers,
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现在,美国的在役军人、
11:52
American veterans are coming back to a country that is so bitterly divided
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美国老兵,正在回到 一个极其分裂的国家,
11:57
that the two political parties are literally accusing each other
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两党互相指控对方叛国、
是国家的敌人、
12:02
of treason, of being an enemy of the state,
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12:06
of trying to undermine the security and the welfare of their own country.
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或者暗中颠复国家的 国土安全和福利。
12:11
The gap between rich and poor is the biggest it's ever been.
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贫富差距达到前所未有之大,
现状还在恶化。
12:15
It's just getting worse.
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12:16
Race relations are terrible.
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种族关系恶劣,
12:18
There are demonstrations and even riots in the streets
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街上有人示威游行、甚至引发暴乱,
12:21
because of racial injustice.
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全因种族歧视。
12:24
And veterans know that any tribe that treated itself that way -- in fact,
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退伍军人知道任何 一个部落或者连队
12:29
any platoon that treated itself that way -- would never survive.
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以这样的方式对待自己的战友, 都不会存活。
12:35
We've gotten used to it.
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我们却已经习惯了。
12:36
Veterans have gone away and are coming back
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退伍军人离开战地, 终是回国。
12:40
and seeing their own country with fresh eyes.
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用全新的眼光,看待自己的国家。
12:45
And they see what's going on.
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目睹发生的这些,
12:47
This is the country they fought for.
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这就是他们为之浴血奋斗的国家。
12:50
No wonder they're depressed.
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也难怪他们会抑郁,
12:52
No wonder they're scared.
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他们会害怕。
12:55
Sometimes, we ask ourselves if we can save the vets.
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有的时候,我们问自己, 是否能够拯救那些老兵。
13:00
I think the real question is if we can save ourselves.
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我反倒认为,真正的问题在于, 我们能不能拯救我們的社會。
13:03
If we can,
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如果能,
13:05
I think the vets are going to be fine.
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我想他们就会有所好转。
13:08
It's time for this country to unite,
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这个国家是时候该团结起来了,
13:13
if only to help the men and women who fought to protect us.
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只为帮助那些为保护我们 而奋勇斗争的人。
13:19
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢大家的倾听。
13:20
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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