Our lonely society makes it hard to come home from war | Sebastian Junger

603,493 views ・ 2016-06-10

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譯者: Yolanda Wei 審譯者: 易帆 余
00:13
I worked as a war reporter for 15 years
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我曾經當了十五年的戰地記者,
00:17
before I realized that I really had a problem.
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直到我意識到我有一個問題。
00:21
There was something really wrong with me.
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這個問題一直在困擾著我。
00:23
This was about a year before 9/11, and America wasn't at war yet.
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那距離 911 事件發生還有一年, 美國還沒有向阿富汗宣戰。
00:27
We weren't talking about PTSD.
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當時大家還沒有開始談論 「創傷後壓力症候群」
00:29
We were not yet talking about the effect of trauma and war
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大家還沒有討論戰爭和精神創傷
00:34
on the human psyche.
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對人類心理的影響。
00:36
I'd been in Afghanistan for a couple of months
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我曾經在阿富汗和 北方聯盟一起待過幾個月。
00:38
with the Northern Alliance as they were fighting the Taliban.
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當時他們正在和塔利班作戰。
00:42
And at that point the Taliban had an air force,
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當時塔利班他們有空軍,
00:45
they had fighter planes, they had tanks, they had artillery,
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他們有戰機,有坦克,有大炮,
00:48
and we really got hammered pretty badly a couple of times.
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而我們的確有幾次受到了重創。
00:51
We saw some very ugly things.
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我們看到了非常悲慘的事情。
00:55
But I didn't really think it affected me.
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但我不覺得它影響了我。
00:57
I didn't think much about it.
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我甚至不會回想起它。
00:58
I came home to New York, where I live.
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後來我回到我生活的紐約。
01:01
Then one day I went down into the subway,
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有一天我去到地鐵站,
01:04
and for the first time in my life,
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人生中第一次,
01:06
I knew real fear.
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我感受到了真正的恐懼。
01:08
I had a massive panic attack.
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嚴重的恐慌症突然發作。
01:12
I was way more scared than I had ever been in Afghanistan.
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這要比我在阿富汗經歷過的 更使我害怕。
01:16
Everything I was looking at seemed like it was going to kill me,
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我能看到的所有東西 都像將要殺了我一樣,
01:19
but I couldn't explain why.
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但我不能解釋這是為什麼。
01:22
The trains were going too fast.
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地鐵看上去開得太快了。
01:24
There were too many people.
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人群看上去實在是太多了。
01:25
The lights were too bright.
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燈光太亮。
01:27
Everything was too loud, everything was moving too quickly.
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所有的事情都太吵、 都動的太快了。
01:30
I backed up against a support column and just waited for it.
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我靠在一根柱子上 等待這陣恐慌過去。
01:35
When I couldn't take it any longer, I ran out of the subway station
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當我再也忍受不了的時候, 我跑出了地鐵站,
01:38
and walked wherever I was going.
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毫無目的地走在路上。
01:41
Later, I found out that what I had was short-term PTSD:
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後來我發現 我患上了短期的 PTSD:
01:45
post-traumatic stress disorder.
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也就是「創傷後壓力症候群」。
01:48
We evolved as animals, as primates, to survive periods of danger,
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我們從動物、人猿演化而來, 在危險情境中生存了下來,
01:52
and if your life has been in danger,
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如果你的生命處於危險的情境當中,
01:55
you want to react to unfamiliar noises.
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你會想對不熟悉的噪音作出反應。
01:59
You want to sleep lightly, wake up easily.
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你會淺眠,而且很容易驚醒。
02:01
You want to have nightmares and flashbacks
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你就會做噩夢並回憶起
02:03
of the thing that could kill you.
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那些差點把你殺掉的事情。
02:06
You want to be angry because it makes you predisposed to fight,
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你會變得很生氣,因為它會讓你 進入準備戰鬥的狀態,
02:09
or depressed, because it keeps you out of circulation a little bit.
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或者變得絕望,因為它會 讓你有點喘不過氣來,
02:13
Keeps you safe.
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你會想隨時保持自己的安全。
02:15
It's not very pleasant, but it's better than getting eaten.
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這並不令人愉快, 但總比死亡要好。
02:20
Most people recover from that pretty quickly.
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大部分的人很快就可以 從這精神障礙中康復。
02:22
It takes a few weeks, a few months.
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這個過程要幾週,或者幾個月。
02:25
I kept having panic attacks, but they eventually went away.
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我一直經歷著這種痛苦的打擊, 但我最後還是康復了。
02:28
I had no idea it was connected to the war that I'd seen.
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我從不知道他們和我 目睹過的戰爭有聯繫。
02:30
I just thought I was going crazy,
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我只覺得我快要瘋了。
02:32
and then I thought, well, now I'm not going crazy anymore.
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然後我只是覺得, 現在我不會再發瘋了。
02:37
About 20 percent of people, however,
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然而,大概有 20% 的人,
02:39
wind up with chronic, long-term PTSD.
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遭受著慢性的、 長期的創傷後壓力症。
02:43
They are not adapted to temporary danger.
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他們不是要去面對短期的危險,
02:45
They are maladapted for everyday life,
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而是不能適應日常的生活,
02:48
unless they get help.
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除非他們尋求幫助。
02:49
We know that the people who are vulnerable to long-term PTSD
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我們知道有些人比較容易得 長期的創傷後壓力症:
02:53
are people who were abused as children,
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這些人也許是童年時受過虐待,
02:56
who suffered trauma as children,
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也許是童年時遭受過精神創傷,
02:58
people who have low education levels,
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也許是沒有受過高等教育的人,
03:00
people who have psychiatric disorders in their family.
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也許是有精神病的家庭遺傳,
03:03
If you served in Vietnam
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假如你曾經在越南服役
03:04
and your brother is schizophrenic,
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而且你有一個患精神分裂症的兄弟,
03:07
you're way more likely to get long-term PTSD from Vietnam.
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那你在越南回國後,有更大的可能 會患上長期的創傷後壓力症。
03:12
So I started to study this as a journalist,
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所以作為一個記者, 我開始研究這個問題,
03:15
and I realized that there was something really strange going on.
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我意識到有一些奇怪的事情存在。
03:19
The numbers seemed to be going in the wrong direction.
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數據看上去正在往一個錯誤的方向變化。
03:22
Every war that we have fought as a country,
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每一次我們國家參與的戰爭,
03:24
starting with the Civil War,
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——從獨立戰爭開始,
03:26
the intensity of the combat has gone down.
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戰爭的強度開始下降。
03:30
As a result, the casualty rates have gone down.
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所以,傷亡率也開始下降。
03:34
But disability rates have gone up.
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但是殘疾率卻開始上升。
03:36
They should be going in the same direction,
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它們本應該按同樣的方向變化,
03:39
but they're going in different directions.
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但是它們變化的方向卻相反。
03:44
The recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have produced, thank God,
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感謝上帝,最近在伊拉克和 阿富汗的戰爭僅造成
03:48
a casualty rate about one third of what it was in Vietnam.
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越南戰爭 1/3 的傷亡率。
03:56
But they've also created --
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但是它們也造成了,
03:58
they've also produced three times the disability rates.
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越戰殘疾率的三倍。
04:03
Around 10 percent of the US military is actively engaged in combat,
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將近有 10% 的美國軍人經歷過戰場,
04:10
10 percent or under.
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——將近 10% 或者 10% 以下。
04:11
They're shooting at people, killing people,
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他們在戰場上開火、殺人、
04:14
getting shot at, seeing their friends get killed.
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中彈、或者看著他們的戰友倒下。
04:16
It's incredibly traumatic.
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這真的是十分痛苦。
04:18
But it's only about 10 percent of our military.
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但這只是我們軍隊的 10%。
04:20
But about half of our military has filed
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然而從政府的檔案中, 我們看到有一半的軍人
04:23
for some kind of PTSD compensation from the government.
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正在領取創傷後 壓力症候群的救濟金。
04:28
And suicide doesn't even fit into this in a very logical way.
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從邏輯看來,自殺人數 根本不符合這個數據。
04:34
We've all heard the tragic statistic of 22 vets a day, on average,
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我們都聽過一個悲慘的統計數據,
這個國家平均一天, 有 22 位退伍軍人選擇自殺。
04:39
in this country, killing themselves.
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04:43
Most people don't realize
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多數人沒有意識到
04:45
that the majority of those suicides are veterans of the Vietnam War,
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這些自殺者的大多數 是從越南戰爭回國的軍人,
04:50
that generation,
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在那一個年代,
04:52
and their decision to take their own lives actually might not be related
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他們選擇結束生命的方式
也許和他們在五十年前 參與過的戰爭不太有關連性。
04:57
to the war they fought 50 years earlier.
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05:01
In fact, there's no statistical connection between combat and suicide.
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事實上,還沒有戰爭與自殺率 相關性的統計數據。
05:04
If you're in the military and you're in a lot of combat,
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假如你在軍隊中參與過很多場戰役,
05:07
you're no more likely to kill yourself than if you weren't.
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你更不會傾向於選擇自殺,
05:11
In fact, one study found
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事實上,一個研究表明
05:12
that if you deploy to Iraq or Afghanistan,
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假如你參與過伊拉克或者阿富汗戰爭,
05:15
you're actually slightly less likely to commit suicide later.
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其實你是更不可能 在以後選擇自殺的。
05:20
I studied anthropology in college.
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我在大學學習的是人類學。
05:22
I did my fieldwork on the Navajo reservation.
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我在納瓦霍族遺址做過實地調查,
05:25
I wrote a thesis on Navajo long-distance runners.
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寫過關於納瓦霍族長跑者的論文。
05:30
And recently, while I was researching PTSD,
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最近我在研究創傷後壓力症候群的時候,
05:35
I had this thought.
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我有了一個想法。
05:38
I thought back to the work I did when I was young,
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我想起我年輕時做過的研究,
05:41
and I thought, I bet the Navajo, the Apache, the Comanche --
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我在想納瓦霍人、 阿帕奇人、科曼奇人,
05:45
I mean, these are very warlike nations --
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——這些好戰的民族——
05:48
I bet they weren't getting PTSD like we do.
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我猜他們不會像我們一樣 患上創傷後壓力症。
05:52
When their warriors came back from fighting the US military
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當他們的戰士從抵抗美國 軍隊的戰爭中回到家鄉
05:55
or fighting each other,
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或者從互相攻擊的戰爭中回來,
05:58
I bet they pretty much just slipped right back into tribal life.
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我猜他們肯定很容易就 重新融入部落生活。
06:03
And maybe what determines
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也許
決定長期創傷後壓力症的因素
06:05
the rate of long-term PTSD
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06:08
isn't what happened out there,
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不是在戰場上發生了什麼,
06:11
but the kind of society you come back to.
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而是你回到了什麼樣的社會。
06:15
And maybe if you come back to a close, cohesive, tribal society,
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也許假如你回到一個緊密聯繫的、 團結的、部落化的社會,
06:20
you can get over trauma pretty quickly.
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你很快就能從精神創傷中康復。
06:23
And if you come back to an alienating, modern society,
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但假如你回到一個人與人 疏遠的現代的社會,
06:28
you might remain traumatized your entire life.
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你可能在以後的一輩子 都遭受精神創傷。
06:32
In other words, maybe the problem isn't them, the vets;
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也就是說,也許問題不在於 退伍軍人本身;
06:35
maybe the problem is us.
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而在於社會上的我們。
06:39
Certainly, modern society is hard on the human psyche
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的確,現代社會對人類的精神 帶來了重大的壓力,
06:44
by every metric that we have.
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這些壓力來自於我們社會上 各種的衡量標準。
06:49
As wealth goes up in a society,
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隨著社會財富的積累,
06:53
the suicide rate goes up instead of down.
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自殺率上升而不是下降。
06:58
If you live in modern society,
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假如你生活在現代社會,
07:00
you're up to eight times more likely
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你患上抑鬱症的可能性
相比於你在貧窮的農業社會生活要高八倍。
07:04
to suffer from depression in your lifetime
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07:06
than if you live in a poor, agrarian society.
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07:10
Modern society has probably produced the highest rates of suicide
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現代社會也許產生了最高的自殺率
07:14
and depression and anxiety and loneliness and child abuse
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抑鬱症、焦慮症、孤僻症 和受到童年虐待的可能,
07:17
ever in human history.
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這比例要比歷史任一時代都高。
07:20
I saw one study
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我看過一個研究,
07:22
that compared women in Nigeria,
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它把奈吉利亞的婦女,
07:25
one of the most chaotic and violent and corrupt
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也就是非洲最混亂、最暴力、最腐敗
07:28
and poorest countries in Africa,
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最貧窮的國家之一,
07:31
to women in North America.
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和北美的女性進行比較。
07:32
And the highest rates of depression were urban women in North America.
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北美的城市女性 是憂鬱症患病率最高的。
07:37
That was also the wealthiest group.
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她們也是最富裕的群體。
07:40
So let's go back to the US military.
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我們回頭來看美軍的狀況。
07:45
Ten percent are in combat.
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10% 的軍人經歷過戰爭。
07:47
Around 50 percent have filed for PTSD compensation.
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這裡面有將近 50% 的軍人登記在案, 領取創傷後壓力症候群的補償。
07:53
So about 40 percent of veterans really were not traumatized overseas
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所以大概 40% 的退休軍人 並不是在海外受到精神創傷,
07:59
but have come home to discover they are dangerously alienated
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而是回到家後 發現他們被孤立
08:04
and depressed.
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並感到沮喪絕望。
08:08
So what is happening with them?
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那麼他們遭遇了什麼?
08:11
What's going on with those people,
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在他們身上究竟發生了什麼,
08:14
the phantom 40 percent that are troubled but don't understand why?
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我們讓 40% 的人, 患上創傷後壓力症,卻不清楚成因?
08:18
Maybe it's this:
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也許是這樣的:
08:20
maybe they had an experience of sort of tribal closeness
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也許當時他們在海外,
經歷過部隊親密的戰友關係。
08:24
in their unit when they were overseas.
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08:28
They were eating together, sleeping together,
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他們一起吃飯,一起睡覺,
08:30
doing tasks and missions together.
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一起完成任務。
08:33
They were trusting each other with their lives.
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他們以生命維護彼此的信任。
08:37
And then they come home
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當他們回到家,
08:38
and they have to give all that up
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他們必須捨棄戰場上的所有情誼,
08:41
and they're coming back to a society, a modern society,
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他們回到社會,這個現代社會,
08:45
which is hard on people who weren't even in the military.
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這個即使沒有入過伍的人 都覺得艱難的社會。
08:49
It's just hard on everybody.
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所有人在這社會都活得艱苦。
08:51
And we keep focusing on trauma, PTSD.
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而我們卻一直關注 精神創傷、創傷後壓力症,
08:56
But for a lot of these people,
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但對大部分人來說,
08:59
maybe it's not trauma.
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也許這不是精神創傷。
09:00
I mean, certainly, soldiers are traumatized
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我的意思是, 士兵的確是受過精神創傷,
09:03
and the ones who are have to be treated for that.
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也有士兵接受過治療。
09:05
But a lot of them --
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但他們中的很多人——
09:06
maybe what's bothering them is actually a kind of alienation.
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也許困擾他們的只是一種隔離感。
09:10
I mean, maybe we just have the wrong word for some of it,
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我的意思是,也許我們只是 錯用了詞語去形容他們,
09:13
and just changing our language, our understanding,
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只要改變我們的語言、 我們的認知,
09:15
would help a little bit.
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就能幫助改變現狀。
09:16
"Post-deployment alienation disorder."
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「 戰後孤獨感症候群 」
09:19
Maybe even just calling it that for some of these people
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也許只要這樣稱呼 他們其中的一部分人,
09:23
would allow them to stop imagining
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就能幫助他們停止聯想
09:26
trying to imagine a trauma that didn't really happen
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一個根本沒有發生過的創傷,
09:29
in order to explain a feeling that really is happening.
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這是為了解釋一種 他們正在經歷的感受。
09:32
And in fact, it's an extremely dangerous feeling.
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而事實上,這是一種 非常危險的感覺。
09:35
That alienation and depression can lead to suicide.
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隔離感和抑鬱會導致自殺。
09:37
These people are in danger.
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這些人正處於危險中。
09:39
It's very important to understand why.
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瞭解成因是非常重要的事情。
09:43
The Israeli military has a PTSD rate of around one percent.
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以色列軍隊的 創傷後壓力症比例在1%左右。
09:47
The theory is that everyone in Israel is supposed to serve in the military.
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有一種理論是說,因為以色列 的所有人都需要服兵役。
09:53
When soldiers come back from the front line,
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當軍人從前線回來,
09:55
they're not going from a military environment to a civilian environment.
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他們不是要從軍隊環境回到文明社會,
10:00
They're coming back to a community where everyone understands
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而是回到一個
人人都瞭解甚麼是當兵的社會。
10:05
about the military.
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10:06
Everyone's been in it or is going to be in it.
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每個人都曾經服役、或者準備去服役。
10:09
Everyone understands the situation they're all in.
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每個人都瞭解他們處於的環境,
10:11
It's as if they're all in one big tribe.
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就像他們都處於一個大部落。
10:14
We know that if you take a lab rat
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我們知道假如你用一隻實驗鼠,
10:16
and traumatize it and put it in a cage by itself,
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讓它受到精神創傷, 再把它獨自放在籠子里,
10:20
you can maintain its trauma symptoms almost indefinitely.
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你可以永無止境地 讓牠保持在精神創傷的狀態。
10:23
And if you take that same lab rat and put it in a cage with other rats,
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但假如你把同樣的實驗鼠 放在有其他老鼠的籠子里,
10:30
after a couple of weeks, it's pretty much OK.
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幾個星期後, 牠的表現就會回復正常了。
10:35
After 9/11,
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9/11事件以後,
10:38
the murder rate in New York City went down by 40 percent.
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紐約市的謀殺率降低了 40%,
10:41
The suicide rate went down.
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自殺率也下降了,
10:44
The violent crime rate in New York went down after 9/11.
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紐約市暴力犯罪率在 911 事件後也下降了。
10:49
Even combat veterans of previous wars who suffered from PTSD
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即使經歷過之前的戰爭、 患有創傷後壓力症候群的退伍軍人
10:54
said that their symptoms went down after 9/11 happened.
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也說他們的症狀在 911 事件之後減輕了。
10:59
The reason is that if you traumatize an entire society,
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原因是,假如你讓 整個社會受到精神創傷,
11:04
we don't fall apart and turn on one another.
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我們不會瓦解崩潰並 和別人針鋒相對。
11:07
We come together. We unify.
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我們會團結起來。
11:09
Basically, we tribalize,
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從根本上說,我們部落化了,
11:11
and that process of unifying feels so good and is so good for us,
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團結一起的過程讓人感覺很好, 也對我們有益,
11:17
that it even helps people
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而且它甚至可以幫助那些
11:18
who are struggling with mental health issues.
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正在精神障礙中掙扎的人們。
11:22
During the blitz in London,
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在二戰倫敦被德國轟炸的期間,
11:24
admissions to psychiatric wards went down during the bombings.
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精神病醫院的患者減少了。
11:30
For a while, that was the kind of country
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有一段時間,美軍從海外返回的國家
11:33
that American soldiers came back to -- a unified country.
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是一個團結的國家。
11:38
We were sticking together.
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我們團結在一起。
11:39
We were trying to understand the threat against us.
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我們嘗試去瞭解我們面對的威脅。
11:42
We were trying to help ourselves and the world.
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我們嘗試去幫助自己以至於整個世界。
11:47
But that's changed.
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但情況改變了。
11:50
Now, American soldiers,
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現在美軍,
11:52
American veterans are coming back to a country that is so bitterly divided
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美國的退伍軍人正在回到 一個極其分裂的國家,
11:57
that the two political parties are literally accusing each other
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兩黨互相指控對方叛國、
12:02
of treason, of being an enemy of the state,
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是國家的敵人、
12:06
of trying to undermine the security and the welfare of their own country.
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或者暗中顛覆國家的 國土安全和福利。
12:11
The gap between rich and poor is the biggest it's ever been.
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貧富差距是有史以來最大的。
12:15
It's just getting worse.
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現狀還在惡化。
12:16
Race relations are terrible.
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族群關係也很糟糕。
12:18
There are demonstrations and even riots in the streets
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因為種族的不平等,
12:21
because of racial injustice.
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街上有抗議活動,甚至暴亂。
12:24
And veterans know that any tribe that treated itself that way -- in fact,
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退伍軍人知道任何 一個部落或者連隊
12:29
any platoon that treated itself that way -- would never survive.
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以這樣的方式對待自己的戰友, 都不會存活。
12:35
We've gotten used to it.
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我們卻已經習慣了。
12:36
Veterans have gone away and are coming back
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退伍軍人曾經離開,現在重新回來
12:40
and seeing their own country with fresh eyes.
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以全新的角度看待自己的國家。
12:45
And they see what's going on.
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他們看到現在正在發生的事。
12:47
This is the country they fought for.
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這就是他們為之奮鬥的國家。
12:50
No wonder they're depressed.
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難怪他們會絕望。
12:52
No wonder they're scared.
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難怪他們會害怕。
12:55
Sometimes, we ask ourselves if we can save the vets.
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有時我們問自己 我們能不能拯救退伍軍人。
13:00
I think the real question is if we can save ourselves.
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我覺得真正的問題在於 我們能不能拯救自己。
13:03
If we can,
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假如我們可以,
13:05
I think the vets are going to be fine.
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那麼我覺得退伍軍人就能康復。
13:08
It's time for this country to unite,
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現在這個國家需要團結起來了,
13:13
if only to help the men and women who fought to protect us.
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只願能幫助那些為了保護我們 而戰爭的男人和女人。
13:19
Thank you very much.
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謝謝大家。
13:20
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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