Howard Rheingold: Way-new collaboration

翻译人员: Kang Kang 校对人员: Tony Yet

I'm here to enlist you

今天我来这里号召大家

in helping reshape the story about how humans and other critters get things done.

一起来重构人类及其他生物做事的方式。

Here is the old story -- we've already heard a little bit about it:

这里先说说过去的老方式。这个我们已经知道了一些。

biology is war in which only the fiercest survive;

生物学是一场战争，只有最凶猛的生物可以生存。

businesses and nations succeed only by defeating,

生意场上、国家之间，只有击败、

destroying and dominating competition;

摧毁对方，占据主导地位才能成功。

politics is about your side winning at all costs.

政治就是不计代价为自己一方赢得胜利。

But I think we can see the very beginnings of a new story beginning to emerge.

但我觉得我们看得到，一个新故事也渐渐开始上演。

It's a narrative spread across a number of different disciplines,

这是个横跨很多不同领域的故事，

in which cooperation, collective action and complex interdependencies

在这中间合作开放、协作行为及复杂的相互依存关系，

play a more important role.

扮演着更加重要的角色。

And the central, but not all-important, role of competition and survival of the fittest

它的中心部分，不再是完全由绝对重要的竞争和适者生存占据

shrinks just a little bit to make room.

它萎缩了一些，留出了一部分空间。

I started thinking about the relationship between communication, media

当我开始写《聪明行动族》这本书时，

and collective action when I wrote "Smart Mobs,"

我开始思考沟通、媒体和集体行为三者间的关系。

and I found that when I finished the book, I kept thinking about it.

我发现在写完书之后，我还是忍不住不停地去想。

In fact, if you look back, human communication media

事实上，当你回顾过去，人类沟通媒体

and the ways in which we organize socially have been co-evolving for quite a long time.

及我们的社会组织方式，都是共同演进了相当长一段时间的。

Humans have lived for much, much longer

人类活在地球上的时间，

than the approximately 10,000 years of settled agricultural civilization

比起约一万年的定居农业文明要长得多。

in small family groups. Nomadic hunters bring down rabbits, gathering food.

以小家庭为组织的游牧猎人，射杀兔子，采集食物。

The form of wealth in those days was enough food to stay alive.

当时财富的形式是有足够的食物可以生存。

But at some point, they banded together to hunt bigger game.

但在某个阶段这些家庭组织在一起，去捕捉更大的猎物。

And we don't know exactly how they did this,

我们不确定他们当时是如何做到的。

although they must have solved some collective action problems;

不过他们一定解决了某些集体行动上的问题。

it only makes sense that you can't hunt mastodons

当你猎杀乳齿象时，

while you're fighting with the other groups.

不能和其他组织争斗，这样才说的通。

And again, we have no way of knowing,

不过，我们也无从得知，

but it's clear that a new form of wealth must have emerged.

但很显然，当时一定有某种新的财富模式产生了。

More protein than a hunter's family could eat before it rotted.

猎人家庭拥有了更多的蛋白质，等不到吃完就腐烂掉了。

So that raised a social question

这样就产生了一个社会问题，

that I believe must have driven new social forms.

而我相信这个问题推动了新的社会模式的产生。

Did the people who ate that mastodon meat owe something

那些吃乳齿象肉的人是否欠了

to the hunters and their families?

猎人和他们的家庭某些东西呢？

And if so, how did they make arrangements?

如果是这样，他们又是如何达成协议的呢？

Again, we can't know, but we can be pretty sure that some form of

同样的，我们无法得知，但我们可以确信，

symbolic communication must have been involved.

其中一定包含某种象征性的沟通。

Of course, with agriculture came the first big civilizations,

当然，随着农业的发展，人类第一次迈向文明

the first cities built of mud and brick, the first empires.

出现了第一批泥土和砖块盖起来的城市以及第一个帝国。

And it was the administers of these empires

正是这些帝国的掌权人，

who began hiring people to keep track of the wheat and sheep and wine that was owed

开始雇佣人力，来记录别人欠下的麦子、羊以及葡萄酒。

and the taxes that was owed on them

还有他人欠的税款等。

by making marks; marks on clay in that time.

当时他们通过在粘土上做记号来记录这些。

Not too much longer after that, the alphabet was invented.

在那之后不久，人们就发明了字母表。

And this powerful tool was really reserved, for thousands of years,

这个强有力的工具从此被保存了好几千年，

for the elite administrators (Laughter) who kept track of accounts for the empires.

专门给那些帮帝国记账的精英管理者所使用。

And then another communication technology enabled new media:

然后，另一个新的沟通科技创造了新的媒体。

the printing press came along, and within decades,

印刷厂出现了，在几十年内，

millions of people became literate.

就有数以百万计的人懂得了读写。

And from literate populations,

而这些会读书写字的人们，

new forms of collective action emerged in the spheres of knowledge,

在知识、宗教、政治的领域里，

religion and politics.

开创了新的集体行动的模式。

We saw scientific revolutions, the Protestant Reformation,

我们看见了科学革命，新教改革，

constitutional democracies possible where they had not been possible before.

以及宪政民主等这些以前不可能的事物成为了可能。

Not created by the printing press,

这些不是由印刷媒体创造的，

but enabled by the collective action that emerges from literacy.

而是文化所带动的集体行动中造就的。

And again, new forms of wealth emerged.

此外，各种新的财富模式也兴起了。

Now, commerce is ancient. Markets are as old as the crossroads.

现如今开来，经济是古老的，市场跟十字路口一样老。

But capitalism, as we know it, is only a few hundred years old,

但就如我们所知，资本主义只有短短几百年而已，

enabled by cooperative arrangements and technologies,

它因合作和科技而得以实现，

such as the joint-stock ownership company,

例如合资股份公司，

shared liability insurance, double-entry bookkeeping.

共有责任保险及复式记账等。

Now of course, the enabling technologies are based on the Internet,

当然，现在的科技都以网络为基础。

and in the many-to-many era, every desktop is now a printing press,

在多对多沟通的时代，每个桌面电脑现在都成了印刷厂、

a broadcasting station, a community or a marketplace.

广播电台、社区或者市场。

Evolution is speeding up.

革命还在加速进行。

More recently, that power is untethering and leaping off the desktops,

近来，这种革命已经不再围绕台式机打转转了。

and very, very quickly, we're going to see a significant proportion, if not the majority of

很快，我们将会看到一个占显著比例的一部分人，即使不是大多数，

the human race, walking around holding, carrying or wearing supercomputers

将会拿着、揣着或戴着超级电脑走来走去，

linked at speeds greater

这些电脑互相连接，而其连接速度

than what we consider to be broadband today.

会比我们今天所知道的宽频还要快的多。

Now, when I started looking into collective action,

当我开始研究集体行动时，

the considerable literature on it is based on what sociologists call "social dilemmas."

那可观的相关文献是基于被社会学家称为“社会困境”之上的。

And there are a couple of mythic narratives of social dilemmas.

关于社会困境有些虚构的描述。

I'm going to talk briefly about two of them:

我将简要地说明其中两项，

the prisoner's dilemma and the tragedy of the commons.

即囚犯困境以及共有财产的悲哀。

Now, when I talked about this with Kevin Kelly,

当我跟凯文·凯利聊起这些事时，

he assured me that everybody in this audience pretty much knows the details

他向我保证在座的每位大概都知道

of the prisoner's dilemma,

囚犯困境是怎么回事。

so I'm just going to go over that very, very quickly.

所以，我将很快速地重复一下。

If you have more questions about it, ask Kevin Kelly later. (Laughter)

如果你有更多的疑问，可以去问凯文·凯利，不过要等下。（笑）

The prisoner's dilemma is actually a story that's overlaid

囚犯困境实际上是一个

on a mathematical matrix that came out of the game theory

叠加在数学矩阵之上的故事，

in the early years of thinking about nuclear war:

这个故事来源于早期对于核战争思考的游戏理论：

two players who couldn't trust each other.

两个玩家无法信任彼此。

Let me just say that every unsecured transaction

我们可以说，每个无担保的交易，

is a good example of a prisoner's dilemma.

都是囚犯困境的好例子。

Person with the goods, person with the money,

有商品的人和有钱的人，

because they can't trust each other, are not going to exchange.

因为无法信任彼此而无法进行交易。

Neither one wants to be the first one

没有人想迈出第一步，

or they're going to get the sucker's payoff,

因为这样他们就会吃亏。

but both lose, of course, because they don't get what they want.

当然，他们都会输，因为他们都得不到想要的东西，

If they could only agree, if they could only turn a prisoner's dilemma into

只有当他们同意将囚犯困境

a different payoff matrix called an assurance game, they could proceed.

变成信任赛局的报酬矩阵时，他们才能进行下一步。

Twenty years ago, Robert Axelrod used the prisoner's dilemma

二十年前，罗伯特阿克塞罗德利用囚犯困境，

as a probe of the biological question:

进行对生物问题的探索。

if we are here because our ancestors were such fierce competitors,

如果我们活在此地是因为我们的祖先都是强悍的竞争者，

how does cooperation exist at all?

那么合作又怎么可能存在呢？

He started a computer tournament for

阿克塞罗德开始了一个电脑竞赛

people to submit prisoner's dilemma strategies and discovered,

让人们针对囚犯困境，提交各自策略，

much to his surprise, that a very, very simple strategy won --

然后他意外的发现，其中最最简单的策略竟然赢了。

it won the first tournament, and even after everyone knew it won,

这个策略赢了第一场比赛，甚至在大家都知道这件事之后，

it won the second tournament -- that's known as tit for tat.

还赢了第二场竞赛。这个策略就是以牙还牙。

Another economic game that may not be as well known as the prisoner's dilemma

另一个经济游戏可能不像囚犯困境那样广为人知，

is the ultimatum game,

这就是最后通牒游戏

and it's also a very interesting probe of

这也是个关于人们

our assumptions about the way people make economic transactions.

如何进行经济交易的有趣探索。

Here's how the game is played: there are two players;

游戏是这样玩的。 有两个玩家，

they've never played the game before,

双方都不没有玩过这游戏，

they will not play the game again, they don't know each other,

他们也不会再玩这个游戏。他们知道彼此是谁。

and they are, in fact, in separate rooms.

实际上，他们在不同的房间里。

First player is offered a hundred dollars

给第一个玩家一百美元，

and is asked to propose a split: 50/50, 90/10,

然后要求他做出分配：50/50，90/10。

whatever that player wants to propose. The second player either accepts the split --

随意怎么做都行。第二个玩家可以接受第一个玩家所提出的分配，

both players are paid and the game is over --

然后双方都获得金钱，游戏结束。

or rejects the split -- neither player is paid and the game is over.

第二个玩家也可以拒绝这个分配，双方都拿不到钱，然后游戏结束。

Now, the fundamental basis of neoclassical economics

新古典派经济的基础会告诉你，

would tell you it's irrational to reject a dollar

拒绝任何一美元都是不明智的，

because someone you don't know in another room is going to get 99.

因为某个陌生人在另一个房间里将得到99美元。

Yet in thousands of trials with American and European and Japanese students,

可是，在成千上万美国、欧洲以及日本学生的测试中，

a significant percentage would reject any offer that's not close to 50/50.

有显著的比例的人会拒绝任何少于50/50的分配。

And although they were screened and didn't know about the game

尽管玩家被隔离而且从来不知道这个游戏，

and had never played the game before,

而且从前也从没玩过这个游戏，

proposers seemed to innately know this

提议的人似乎天生就知道这个结果，

because the average proposal was surprisingly close to 50/50.

因为提议的平均值令人意外的接近50/50。

Now, the interesting part comes in more recently

有趣的部分是最近才知道的，

when anthropologists began taking this game to other cultures

当人类学者将这些游戏带到其他文化去时，

and discovered, to their surprise,

他们惊讶的发现，

that slash-and-burn agriculturalists in the Amazon

亚马逊的刀耕火种法的农耕民族，

or nomadic pastoralists in Central Asia or a dozen different cultures --

或者是中亚的游牧民族，以及其他许多不同的文化——

each had radically different ideas of what is fair.

每个人对于公平都有极端不同的看法。

Which suggests that instead of there being an innate sense of fairness,

由此可见，与其说人类天生有对公平的共同观感，

that somehow the basis of our economic

倒不如说我们的经济交易基础

transactions can be influenced by our social institutions,

会被我们的社会制度所影响——

whether we know that or not.

无论我们是否意识到这点。

The other major narrative of social dilemmas is the tragedy of the commons.

另一个主要的社会困境就是共有财产的悲哀。

Garrett Hardin used it to talk about overpopulation in the late 1960s.

60年代末，加勒特·哈丁利用它来说明人口过剩的问题。

He used the example of a common grazing area in which each person

他例举某个共用畜牧的土地为例，在那里，

by simply maximizing their own flock

每个人只是简单的将他们畜牧的牛羊增加到最大值，

led to overgrazing and the depletion of the resource.

就会导致过度畜牧，资源耗尽。

He had the rather gloomy conclusion that

他得出了令人沮丧的结论，

humans will inevitably despoil any common pool resource

人类将无可避免的掠夺任何公有的资源，

in which people cannot be restrained from using it.

因为人们无法克制不去使用它们。

Now, Elinor Ostrom, a political scientist, in

奥斯特姆，政治科学家，

1990 asked the interesting question that any good scientist should ask,

在1990年问了一个任何好的科学家都该问的有趣问题，

which is: is it really true that humans will always despoil commons?

那就是，人类是否真的总会破坏公共资源呢？

So she went out and looked at what data she could find.

于是她就想看下能找到什么样的数据。

She looked at thousands of cases of humans sharing watersheds,

她查看了几千个关于人们共用

forestry resources, fisheries, and discovered that yes, in case after case,

水源、森林和渔业的个案，然后果然发现，各个案例都显示

humans destroyed the commons that they depended on.

人类真的会破坏他们所依赖的公有资源。

But she also found many instances in which people escaped the prisoner's dilemma;

但是，她也发现，在许多情况下，人们逃出了囚犯困境。

in fact, the tragedy of the commons is a multiplayer prisoner's dilemma.

事实上，共有财产的悲哀是一个多数玩家的囚犯困境。

And she said that people are only prisoners if they consider themselves to be.

她说，只有当人们觉得自己就是囚犯时，他们才会是囚犯。

They escape by creating institutions for collective action.

人们通过制造集体行动的机制逃离困境。

And she discovered, I think most interestingly,

我觉得最有趣的，

that among those institutions that worked,

是她发现在所有可行的机制当中，

there were a number of common design

有几个通用的设计原则，

principles, and those principles seem to be

而这些原则看起来

missing from those institutions that don't work.

在不可行的机制中是没有的。

I'm moving very quickly over a number of

我将快速的谈谈几个领域。

disciplines. In biology, the notions of symbiosis,

在生物学中，共生的概念，群组选择，

group selection, evolutionary psychology are contested, to be sure.

以及演化心理学颇都是非常具有争议性的。

But there is really no longer any major debate over the fact that

但是，关于生物学中

cooperative arrangements have moved from a peripheral role to a central role

合作机制已经日渐重要这个事实，再不会有任何大的辩论，

in biology, from the level of the cell to the level of the ecology.

从细胞到整个生态系统都是如此。

And again, our notions of individuals as economic beings

此外，这也颠覆了我们视个人为经济体

have been overturned.

的概念。

Rational self-interest is not always the dominating factor.

理性的个人利益，并不总是占优势的因素。

In fact, people will act to punish cheaters, even at a cost to themselves.

实际上，人们会为了惩罚欺骗者而做出行动，哪怕会输掉他们自己的利益。

And most recently, neurophysiological measures

最近，神经生物学的测量显示

have shown that people who punish cheaters in economic games

在经济游戏中惩罚欺骗者的人

show activity in the reward centers of their brain.

脑部的酬劳中枢处于活跃状态。

Which led one scientist to declare that altruistic punishment

这项发现让某位科学家宣称，利他的惩罚

may be the glue that holds societies together.

也许是使社会连接在一起的粘合剂。

Now, I've been talking about how new forms of communication and new media

我一直说新的沟通模式和新的媒体

in the past have helped create new economic forms.

在过去如何帮助塑造新的经济模式。

Commerce is ancient. Markets are very old. Capitalism is fairly recent;

商业是古老的，市场是历史悠久的，资本主义是近代的。

socialism emerged as a reaction to that.

而社会主义的崛起，则是对资本主义的回应。

And yet we see very little talk about how the next form may be emerging.

但我们很少看到有人讲到下个模式将如何崛起。

Jim Surowiecki briefly mentioned Yochai Benkler's paper about open source,

詹姆斯·索诺维尔基简要的提到了约柴·本科勒教授关于开放源代码的论文，

pointing to a new form of production: peer-to-peer production.

论文中提出了一种新的生产模式——点对点的生产。

I simply want you to keep in mind that if in the past, new forms of cooperation

我只想要你们记住，如果在过去是新的科技促进了新的合作模式，

enabled by new technologies create new forms of wealth,

继而制造出新的财富形式，

we may be moving into yet another economic form

我们也许正向另一个新的经济模式演进，

that is significantly different from previous ones.

它与过去的模式相比有着显著的不同。

Very briefly, let's look at some businesses. IBM, as you know, HP, Sun --

让我们很简要的看看几个企业，你们知道IBM、惠普以及SUN。

some of the most fierce competitors in the IT world are open sourcing

在IT产业中，他们最强的竞争者正将软件开源，

their software, are providing portfolios of patents for the commons.

为公共经济提供专利的支持。

Eli Lilly -- in, again, the fiercely competitive pharmaceutical world --

美国礼来公司在竞争激烈的药品世界里

has created a market for solutions for pharmaceutical problems.

创造了一个解决药品问题的市场。

Toyota, instead of treating its suppliers as a marketplace,

丰田不再象对待市场一样对待供应商，

treats them as a network and trains them to produce better,

而是视他们为网络的一环并训练加强他们生产力，

even though they are also training them to produce better for their competitors.

尽管丰田知道这样一来竞争者也将因此获得更好的产品。

Now none of these companies are doing this out of altruism;

这些公司都不是为了利他主义而行动的。

they're doing it because they're learning that

他们做这些事都是因为

a certain kind of sharing is in their self-interest.

了解到在自我利益中含有某种程度的分享。

Open source production has shown us that world-class software, like Linux and Mozilla,

开放自由软件的生产让我们看到世界级的软件，像Linux以及Mozilla，

can be created with neither the bureaucratic structure of the firm

但这些软件不能从公司的官僚结构中生产，

nor the incentives of the marketplace as we've known them.

也无法从我们所知的市场诱因中产出。

Google enriches itself by enriching thousands of bloggers through AdSense.

谷歌使用AdSense丰富成千上万的博客，同时使自己富足。

Amazon has opened its Application Programming Interface

亚马逊开放了自己的应用程序接口

to 60,000 developers, countless Amazon shops.

给6万名开发者以及无数的亚马逊商店。

They're enriching others, not out of altruism but as a way of enriching themselves.

他们并不是出于利他主义而去做好事，而是当作一种充实自己的手段。

eBay solved the prisoner's dilemma and created a market

Ebay解决了囚犯困境，

where none would have existed by creating a feedback mechanism

创造了前所未有的市场。他们创造了一个回馈机制，

that turns a prisoner's dilemma game into an assurance game.

将囚犯困境变成了合作博弈。

Instead of, "Neither of us can trust each other, so we have to make suboptimal moves,"

原来是“我们彼此间不信任，所以我们不得不退而求其次”，

it's, "You prove to me that you are trustworthy and I will cooperate."

现在是“你必须先证明自己是可信任的，然后我才愿意合作”。

Wikipedia has used thousands of volunteers to create a free encyclopedia

维基百科利用上万名志愿者来创造一个免费的百科全书，

with a million and a half articles in 200 languages in just a couple of years.

在短短两年内就以200种语言完成了150万篇文章。

We've seen that ThinkCycle has enabled NGOs in developing countries

我们看到ThinkCycle让发展中国家的非政府组织

to put up problems to be solved by design students around the world,

提出问题，由世界各地设计学科的学生来帮忙解决。

including something that's being used for tsunami relief right now:

这包括现在海啸救援中所使用的东西。

it's a mechanism for rehydrating

这是用来为霍乱病患者

cholera victims that's so simple to use it,

补充水分的简单装置，非常容易用，即使是不识字的人

illiterates can be trained to use it.

也可以通过培训很快掌握使用。

BitTorrent turns every downloader into an uploader,

BitTorrent将每个下载者变成上传者，

making the system more efficient the more it is used.

这让系统变得使用越多就越有效率。

Millions of people have contributed their desktop computers

千百万人自愿贡献出他们的桌面电脑，

when they're not using them to link together through the Internet

在自己不使用的时候，一起连接到网络

into supercomputing collectives

变成超级电脑集体的一份子。

that help solve the protein folding problem for medical researchers --

比如用来协助医学研究员解决蛋白质褶皱的问题，

that's Folding@home at Stanford --

这是在丹佛大学的Folding@Home。

to crack codes, to search for life in outer space.

或者破解密码。或是在外太空寻找生命迹象。

I don't think we know enough yet.

我认为我们知道的还远远不够。

I don't think we've even begun to discover what the basic principles are,

我们甚至连最基本的原理是什么都还没有搞清楚。

but I think we can begin to think about them.

但是我觉得我们可以开始思考这些问题。

And I don't have enough time to talk about all of them,

而我没有足够的时间可以讲述所有东西。

but think about self-interest.

但是想想利己主义吧。

This is all about self-interest that adds up to more.

这全是自我利益最大化的例子。

In El Salvador, both sides that withdrew from their civil war

在萨尔外多的内战中，撤退的两方

took moves that had been proven to mirror a prisoner's dilemma strategy.

所采取的行动，验证了囚犯困境的脱困策略。

In the U.S., in the Philippines, in Kenya, around the world,

在美国，菲律宾，肯尼亚以及世界各地，

citizens have self-organized political protests and

公民利用手机和短信

get out the vote campaigns using mobile devices and SMS.

自己组织政治游行以及投票活动。

Is an Apollo Project of cooperation possible?

一个类似阿波罗登月计划的合作是否可能呢？

A transdisciplinary study of cooperation?

跨学科的研究合作是否可能呢？

I believe that the payoff would be very big.

我相信合作带来的活力会非常大。

I think we need to begin developing maps of this territory

我想我们需要开始为这新领地绘制地图，

so that we can talk about it across disciplines.

这样我们可以跨领域进行讨论。

And I am not saying that understanding cooperation

我并不是说了解了合作

is going to cause us to be better people --

会使我们变成更好的人。

and sometimes people cooperate to do bad things --

有时候人们会一起合作做坏事。

but I will remind you that a few hundred years ago,

但是你要知道，在几百年前，

people saw their loved ones die from diseases they thought

人们看见自己亲爱的人死于疾病时，

were caused by sin or foreigners or evil spirits.

认为那是由罪恶、外国人或者恶魔造成的。

Descartes said we need an entire new way of thinking.

笛卡尔说我们应该有一个全新的思考方式。

When the scientific method provided that new way of thinking

当科学带来了那个新的思考方式，

and biology showed that microorganisms caused disease,

当生物学查出微生物是造成疾病的原因，

suffering was alleviated.

病人的痛苦减轻了。

What forms of suffering could be alleviated,

什么样的痛苦可以得到减缓呢？

what forms of wealth could be created

如果我们对合作了解的更多，

if we knew a little bit more about cooperation?

什么样的财富可以被创造呢？

I don't think that this transdisciplinary discourse

我不认为这跨学科的对话

is automatically going to happen;

将会自动发生。

it's going to require effort.

这将会需要努力。

So I enlist you to help me get the cooperation project started.

因此，我在此号召大家来帮助我一起启动这个合作计划。

Thank you.

谢谢！

(Applause)

(掌声)