Howard Rheingold: Way-new collaboration

53,224 views ใƒป 2008-02-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Junhan Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:13
I'm here to enlist you
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
in helping reshape the story about how humans and other critters get things done.
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:27
Here is the old story -- we've already heard a little bit about it:
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ดค๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
biology is war in which only the fiercest survive;
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์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋Š” ์˜ค์ง ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ž๋งŒ์ด ์‚ด์•„ ๋‚จ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
businesses and nations succeed only by defeating,
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๋น„์ง€๋‹ˆ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ์•ผํ•˜๊ณ ,
00:47
destroying and dominating competition;
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๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์—์„œ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ์„ฑ๊ณต ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
politics is about your side winning at all costs.
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์ •์น˜๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ํŽธ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ง“์ด๋“  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
But I think we can see the very beginnings of a new story beginning to emerge.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ ์†์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์ž‘์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
It's a narrative spread across a number of different disciplines,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
in which cooperation, collective action and complex interdependencies
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ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ–‰๋™, ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์˜์กด์ด
01:23
play a more important role.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:26
And the central, but not all-important, role of competition and survival of the fittest
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์ฆ‰, ์š”์ ์€ ์ ์ž์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
01:35
shrinks just a little bit to make room.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ํ˜‘์—…๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ–‰๋™์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
I started thinking about the relationship between communication, media
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์ €๋Š” ํ†ต์‹ ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
and collective action when I wrote "Smart Mobs,"
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Smart Mobs๋ผ๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋ฌด๋ ต๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:51
and I found that when I finished the book, I kept thinking about it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ฑ…์„ ๋‹ค ์ผ์„ ๋•Œ์ฏค ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
In fact, if you look back, human communication media
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์˜จ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต์‹  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋ฉด,
02:02
and the ways in which we organize socially have been co-evolving for quite a long time.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
Humans have lived for much, much longer
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋†๊ฒฝ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์•ฝ ์ผ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค
02:13
than the approximately 10,000 years of settled agricultural civilization
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
in small family groups. Nomadic hunters bring down rabbits, gathering food.
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์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ, ์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ๋“ค์€ ํ† ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ์Œ์‹์„ ๋ชจ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
The form of wealth in those days was enough food to stay alive.
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๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ํ’์กฑํ•จ์ด๋ž€๊ฑด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:33
But at some point, they banded together to hunt bigger game.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
And we don't know exactly how they did this,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
02:43
although they must have solved some collective action problems;
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์–ด์จŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๋‹จํ–‰๋™๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
it only makes sense that you can't hunt mastodons
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๋•Œ๋Š”
02:52
while you're fighting with the other groups.
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๋งˆ์Šคํ† ๋ˆ(์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋™๋ฌผ) ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:55
And again, we have no way of knowing,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ญ์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ๊ธธ์ด ์—†๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
02:57
but it's clear that a new form of wealth must have emerged.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Œ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
More protein than a hunter's family could eat before it rotted.
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์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์ฉ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋‹ค ๋จน์–ด์น˜์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:07
So that raised a social question
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๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
03:09
that I believe must have driven new social forms.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
Did the people who ate that mastodon meat owe something
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๋งˆ์Šคํ† ๋ˆ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จน์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
03:17
to the hunters and their families?
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋นš์„ ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:19
And if so, how did they make arrangements?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘์˜ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:23
Again, we can't know, but we can be pretty sure that some form of
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์—ญ์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:26
symbolic communication must have been involved.
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์˜ˆ์š”.
03:31
Of course, with agriculture came the first big civilizations,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋†๊ฒฝ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
03:36
the first cities built of mud and brick, the first empires.
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์ง„ํ™๊ณผ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜๊ณ , ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
And it was the administers of these empires
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ œ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋‚˜ ์–‘, ํฌ๋„์ฃผ ๋“ฑ์„
03:45
who began hiring people to keep track of the wheat and sheep and wine that was owed
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๋นŒ๋ ค ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:51
and the taxes that was owed on them
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๋˜ํ•œ ํ‘œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ ํ† ์— ์ƒˆ๊น€์œผ๋กœ์„œ
03:53
by making marks; marks on clay in that time.
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๋นš์ง„ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณผ์„ธ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
Not too much longer after that, the alphabet was invented.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ, ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ช… ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
And this powerful tool was really reserved, for thousands of years,
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์ด ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡์ฒœ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์žฌ์ •์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š”
04:08
for the elite administrators (Laughter) who kept track of accounts for the empires.
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์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋งŒ ์“ฐ์—ฌ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
And then another communication technology enabled new media:
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๊ทธ ํ›„์—” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์‚ฌ ์†Œํ†ต ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
the printing press came along, and within decades,
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ํ™œ์ž ์ธ์‡„์ˆ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„
04:28
millions of people became literate.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธ€์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ธ ์ค„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
And from literate populations,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ,
04:34
new forms of collective action emerged in the spheres of knowledge,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ํ–‰๋™์ด ์ง€์‹์ธ, ์ข…๊ต, ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ
04:38
religion and politics.
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
We saw scientific revolutions, the Protestant Reformation,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ์ข…๊ต๊ฐœํ˜, ์ž…ํ—Œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€,
04:47
constitutional democracies possible where they had not been possible before.
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์ด์ „์—” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
Not created by the printing press,
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ํ™œ์ž ์ธ์‡„์ˆ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:55
but enabled by the collective action that emerges from literacy.
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๊ธ€์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:00
And again, new forms of wealth emerged.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ, ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
Now, commerce is ancient. Markets are as old as the crossroads.
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์ƒ์—…์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์™”๊ณ , ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์‹ญ์ž๋กœ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:09
But capitalism, as we know it, is only a few hundred years old,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋…„ ๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ,
05:13
enabled by cooperative arrangements and technologies,
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ํ˜‘๋™ ์กฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค, ์ฆ‰-
05:18
such as the joint-stock ownership company,
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๊ณต๋™ ์ถœ์ž์ž ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋‚˜
05:21
shared liability insurance, double-entry bookkeeping.
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์ฑ…์ž„๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ณต์œ , ๋ณต์‹๋ถ€๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
Now of course, the enabling technologies are based on the Internet,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
and in the many-to-many era, every desktop is now a printing press,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ…Œ์Šคํฌํƒ‘ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š”
05:38
a broadcasting station, a community or a marketplace.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ, ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ, ํ˜น์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
Evolution is speeding up.
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์ง„ํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์†๋˜์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
More recently, that power is untethering and leaping off the desktops,
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํž˜์€ ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํƒ‘ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์ณ๋‚˜์™€ ํญ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
and very, very quickly, we're going to see a significant proportion, if not the majority of
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์œจ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
05:59
the human race, walking around holding, carrying or wearing supercomputers
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋”์šฑ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์Šคํ”ผ๋“œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ
06:07
linked at speeds greater
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์ˆ˜ํผ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ 
06:10
than what we consider to be broadband today.
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๊ฑธ์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
Now, when I started looking into collective action,
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์ง‘๋‹จ์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž๊ฐ€
06:17
the considerable literature on it is based on what sociologists call "social dilemmas."
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
And there are a couple of mythic narratives of social dilemmas.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์—๋Š” ๋‘์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์‹ ํ™”์  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
I'm going to talk briefly about two of them:
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
the prisoner's dilemma and the tragedy of the commons.
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'์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ'์™€ '๊ณต์œ ์ง€์˜ ๋น„๊ทน'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
Now, when I talked about this with Kevin Kelly,
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์ผ€๋นˆ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ
06:34
he assured me that everybody in this audience pretty much knows the details
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฝค
06:38
of the prisoner's dilemma,
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์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์ฆํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:40
so I'm just going to go over that very, very quickly.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋žตํžˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
If you have more questions about it, ask Kevin Kelly later. (Laughter)
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ผ€๋นˆ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. (์›ƒ์Œ)
06:50
The prisoner's dilemma is actually a story that's overlaid
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์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋Š” ์˜›๋‚  ํ•ต์ „์Ÿ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:53
on a mathematical matrix that came out of the game theory
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๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์œ„์—์„œ
06:57
in the early years of thinking about nuclear war:
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์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
two players who couldn't trust each other.
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์„œ๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋‘์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ
07:03
Let me just say that every unsecured transaction
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ณด์ฆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Š”
07:06
is a good example of a prisoner's dilemma.
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'์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ' ์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
Person with the goods, person with the money,
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๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์„œ๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด
07:12
because they can't trust each other, are not going to exchange.
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๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Š” ์ด๋ค„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
Neither one wants to be the first one
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๋‘˜๋‹ค ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
07:19
or they're going to get the sucker's payoff,
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๋‘˜๋‹ค '์†์€์ž์˜ ์†Œ๋“ (sucker' payoff)' ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:21
but both lose, of course, because they don't get what they want.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑธ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ์ฑ„ ์Œ๋ฐฉ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ง™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
If they could only agree, if they could only turn a prisoner's dilemma into
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
07:29
a different payoff matrix called an assurance game, they could proceed.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ž๋Š” ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ๊ณ„์† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
Twenty years ago, Robert Axelrod used the prisoner's dilemma
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20์—ฌ๋…„ ์ „ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค๋กœ๋“œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:39
as a probe of the biological question:
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'์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
if we are here because our ancestors were such fierce competitors,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๋ฒŒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
07:49
how does cooperation exist at all?
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๋Œ€์ฒด ํ˜‘์—…์ด๋ž€๊ฑด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:51
He started a computer tournament for
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋„๋ก
07:53
people to submit prisoner's dilemma strategies and discovered,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ
07:58
much to his surprise, that a very, very simple strategy won --
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ „๋žต์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
it won the first tournament, and even after everyone knew it won,
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๊ทธ ์ „๋žต์€ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒผ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ด๊ฒผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
08:06
it won the second tournament -- that's known as tit for tat.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์  ๋ณด๋ณต(tit-for-tat)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
Another economic game that may not be as well known as the prisoner's dilemma
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์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋งŒํผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€
08:19
is the ultimatum game,
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์ตœํ›„ํ†ต์ฒฉ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
and it's also a very interesting probe of
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
08:23
our assumptions about the way people make economic transactions.
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๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
Here's how the game is played: there are two players;
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
they've never played the game before,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๊ณ 
08:34
they will not play the game again, they don't know each other,
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๋˜ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ์—†์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋ฉฐ
08:37
and they are, in fact, in separate rooms.
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๊ฐ์ž ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
First player is offered a hundred dollars
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์—๊ฒŒ 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ค์ฃผ๊ณ 
08:42
and is asked to propose a split: 50/50, 90/10,
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๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์œจ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 50๋Œ€ 50์ด๋‚˜ 90๋Œ€ 10 ๊ฐ™์ด์š”
08:48
whatever that player wants to propose. The second player either accepts the split --
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์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์œจ์— ๋™์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:55
both players are paid and the game is over --
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์–‘์ธก ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์œจ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ๋๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
or rejects the split -- neither player is paid and the game is over.
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๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋Š์ชฝ๋„ ์ง€๋ถˆ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์ฃ .
09:04
Now, the fundamental basis of neoclassical economics
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‹ ๊ณ ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์—์„œ๋Š”
09:08
would tell you it's irrational to reject a dollar
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด 99๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
09:12
because someone you don't know in another room is going to get 99.
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์ด์ชฝ์—์„œ 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
Yet in thousands of trials with American and European and Japanese students,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ช‡์ฒœ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณธ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
09:23
a significant percentage would reject any offer that's not close to 50/50.
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50๋Œ€50์— ๊ฐ€๊น์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ œ์•ˆ์€ ๋†’์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
And although they were screened and didn't know about the game
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์ „์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์•Œ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:34
and had never played the game before,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•ด๋ณธ์ ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„
09:36
proposers seemed to innately know this
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์ œ์•ˆ์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ 50๋Œ€50์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:39
because the average proposal was surprisingly close to 50/50.
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์ œ์•ˆ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ ์‹ถ์„ ์ •๋„ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
Now, the interesting part comes in more recently
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
09:47
when anthropologists began taking this game to other cultures
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ 
09:51
and discovered, to their surprise,
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
that slash-and-burn agriculturalists in the Amazon
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์•„๋งˆ์กด๊ฐ•์˜ ํ™”์ „๋ฏผ, ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ์กฑ
09:58
or nomadic pastoralists in Central Asia or a dozen different cultures --
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฐ–์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
10:03
each had radically different ideas of what is fair.
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๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
Which suggests that instead of there being an innate sense of fairness,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ด ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ธ
10:14
that somehow the basis of our economic
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๊ณต์ •ํ•จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:17
transactions can be influenced by our social institutions,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
whether we know that or not.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:25
The other major narrative of social dilemmas is the tragedy of the commons.
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” '๊ณต์œ ์ง€์˜ ๋น„๊ทน' ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
Garrett Hardin used it to talk about overpopulation in the late 1960s.
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๊ฐ€๋ › ํ•˜๋”ฉ์€ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ์ด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ž‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
He used the example of a common grazing area in which each person
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณต์œ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
10:42
by simply maximizing their own flock
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์–‘๋–ผ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ
10:45
led to overgrazing and the depletion of the resource.
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๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ž์›์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜จ๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:48
He had the rather gloomy conclusion that
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ œํ•œ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์€
10:50
humans will inevitably despoil any common pool resource
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃ„๋‹ค ํ›ผ์†์‹œ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”
10:55
in which people cannot be restrained from using it.
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์šฐ์šธํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
Now, Elinor Ostrom, a political scientist, in
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ 1990๋…„์— ์ •์น˜ํ•™์ž์ธ ์—˜๋ ˆ๋…ธ์•„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กฌ์ด
11:04
1990 asked the interesting question that any good scientist should ask,
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์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฒ• ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
which is: is it really true that humans will always despoil commons?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ๊ณต์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ›ผ์†์‹œํ‚ค๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
11:14
So she went out and looked at what data she could find.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
She looked at thousands of cases of humans sharing watersheds,
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ์ž์›,
11:22
forestry resources, fisheries, and discovered that yes, in case after case,
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์–ด์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช‡ ์ฒœ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋งˆ๋‹ค
11:29
humans destroyed the commons that they depended on.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
But she also found many instances in which people escaped the prisoner's dilemma;
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ, ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
in fact, the tragedy of the commons is a multiplayer prisoner's dilemma.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ '๊ณต์œ ์ง€์˜ ๋น„๊ทน'์€ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
And she said that people are only prisoners if they consider themselves to be.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” '์ž๊ธฐ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์ด ์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋‹ค' ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
They escape by creating institutions for collective action.
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์˜ˆ์™ธ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
And she discovered, I think most interestingly,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
11:59
that among those institutions that worked,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž˜ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์—๋Š”
12:02
there were a number of common design
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์›์น™์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
principles, and those principles seem to be
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›์น™์€
12:07
missing from those institutions that don't work.
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์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
I'm moving very quickly over a number of
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
disciplines. In biology, the notions of symbiosis,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ ๊ณต์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ํƒ, ์ง„ํ™”์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€
12:16
group selection, evolutionary psychology are contested, to be sure.
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ํ™•์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
But there is really no longer any major debate over the fact that
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์—ญํ• ๋กœ
12:27
cooperative arrangements have moved from a peripheral role to a central role
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์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
in biology, from the level of the cell to the level of the ecology.
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์„ธํฌ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—์„œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์ด์ฃ .
12:39
And again, our notions of individuals as economic beings
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€
12:44
have been overturned.
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๋’ค์ง‘์–ด ์—Ž์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
Rational self-interest is not always the dominating factor.
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ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธฐ์ด์ต๋งŒ์ด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
In fact, people will act to punish cheaters, even at a cost to themselves.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๋”๋ผ๋„ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
And most recently, neurophysiological measures
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š”
13:01
have shown that people who punish cheaters in economic games
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๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜
13:07
show activity in the reward centers of their brain.
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๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ค‘์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
Which led one scientist to declare that altruistic punishment
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š” ์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ์ง•๋ฒŒ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”
13:18
may be the glue that holds societies together.
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์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ด๋Š ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์–ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
Now, I've been talking about how new forms of communication and new media
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ…Œ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋งค์ฒด๊ฐ€
13:27
in the past have helped create new economic forms.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
Commerce is ancient. Markets are very old. Capitalism is fairly recent;
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์ƒ์—…์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
socialism emerged as a reaction to that.
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ƒ๊ฒผ๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ๋กœ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
And yet we see very little talk about how the next form may be emerging.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ฒƒ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
Jim Surowiecki briefly mentioned Yochai Benkler's paper about open source,
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์ง ์Šค๋กœ์œ„์—ํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”ํ•˜์ž„ ๋ฒคํด๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ
13:51
pointing to a new form of production: peer-to-peer production.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์–ด ํˆฌ ํ”ผ์–ด(peer-to-peer)๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
I simply want you to keep in mind that if in the past, new forms of cooperation
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ช…์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ
14:01
enabled by new technologies create new forms of wealth,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
we may be moving into yet another economic form
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
14:09
that is significantly different from previous ones.
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
Very briefly, let's look at some businesses. IBM, as you know, HP, Sun --
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๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ IBM,
14:19
some of the most fierce competitors in the IT world are open sourcing
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HP, Sun ๋“ฑ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” IT์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ธฐ์—…์€
14:25
their software, are providing portfolios of patents for the commons.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:32
Eli Lilly -- in, again, the fiercely competitive pharmaceutical world --
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์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์—˜๋ผ์ด ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š”
14:37
has created a market for solutions for pharmaceutical problems.
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์ œ์•ฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
Toyota, instead of treating its suppliers as a marketplace,
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๋„์š”ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
14:48
treats them as a network and trains them to produce better,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:52
even though they are also training them to produce better for their competitors.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:57
Now none of these companies are doing this out of altruism;
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜์ž์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
they're doing it because they're learning that
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์ด์ต์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„
15:03
a certain kind of sharing is in their self-interest.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
Open source production has shown us that world-class software, like Linux and Mozilla,
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Linux ๋‚˜ Mozilla ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€
15:16
can be created with neither the bureaucratic structure of the firm
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๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ ์—†์ด
15:22
nor the incentives of the marketplace as we've known them.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:28
Google enriches itself by enriching thousands of bloggers through AdSense.
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ ์• ๋“œ์„ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋‹ค ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค๋„ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
Amazon has opened its Application Programming Interface
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์•„๋งˆ์กด์€ ์‘์šฉ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค (API) ๋ฅผ
15:38
to 60,000 developers, countless Amazon shops.
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6๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์™€ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์ƒต์— ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
They're enriching others, not out of altruism but as a way of enriching themselves.
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์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹  ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
15:49
eBay solved the prisoner's dilemma and created a market
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์ด๋ฒ ์ด๋Š” ์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
where none would have existed by creating a feedback mechanism
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฆ๊ฒŒ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”
15:58
that turns a prisoner's dilemma game into an assurance game.
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ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
Instead of, "Neither of us can trust each other, so we have to make suboptimal moves,"
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'์„œ๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฐจ์„ ์ฑ…์„ ์„ธ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.' ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ
16:08
it's, "You prove to me that you are trustworthy and I will cooperate."
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'๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
16:14
Wikipedia has used thousands of volunteers to create a free encyclopedia
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์œ„ํ‚คํŽ˜๋””์•„๋Š” ๋‹จ 2๋…„๋งŒ์— 200๊ฐœ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋œ 150๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
16:20
with a million and a half articles in 200 languages in just a couple of years.
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๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
We've seen that ThinkCycle has enabled NGOs in developing countries
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ThinkCycle ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” NGO ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
16:34
to put up problems to be solved by design students around the world,
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ „๊ณต ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•„ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
including something that's being used for tsunami relief right now:
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณง ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ตฌํ˜ธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
it's a mechanism for rehydrating
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋ณด์ถฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
cholera victims that's so simple to use it,
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
16:48
illiterates can be trained to use it.
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๋ฌธ๋งน์ž๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:51
BitTorrent turns every downloader into an uploader,
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BitTorrent๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋”๋ฅผ ์—…๋กœ๋”๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด
16:55
making the system more efficient the more it is used.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:00
Millions of people have contributed their desktop computers
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๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ ‘ํž˜ (protein-folding) ๋ฌธ์ œ
17:03
when they're not using them to link together through the Internet
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํƒ‘์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”
17:08
into supercomputing collectives
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ PC๋“ค์„ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ
17:10
that help solve the protein folding problem for medical researchers --
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ˆ˜ํผ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณตํ—Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
that's Folding@home at Stanford --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ Folding@home ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:17
to crack codes, to search for life in outer space.
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์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„, ์™ธ๊ณ„์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
17:22
I don't think we know enough yet.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„์ง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:24
I don't think we've even begun to discover what the basic principles are,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›์น™์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:28
but I think we can begin to think about them.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:31
And I don't have enough time to talk about all of them,
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:34
but think about self-interest.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์š”
17:36
This is all about self-interest that adds up to more.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ด์ต์„ ๋” ์Œ“์•„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:39
In El Salvador, both sides that withdrew from their civil war
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์—˜์‚ด๋ฐ”๋„๋ฅด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ด์ „์—์„œ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์–‘์ธก์ด
17:44
took moves that had been proven to mirror a prisoner's dilemma strategy.
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์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:48
In the U.S., in the Philippines, in Kenya, around the world,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์—์„œ, ์ผ€๋ƒ์—์„œ, ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ
17:54
citizens have self-organized political protests and
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์žฅ์น˜์™€ SMS ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
17:57
get out the vote campaigns using mobile devices and SMS.
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์ •์น˜์  ํˆฌ์Ÿ๊ณผ ํˆฌํ‘œ์ถ”์ง„์šด๋™์„ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:03
Is an Apollo Project of cooperation possible?
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ํ˜‘์—…์— ์˜ํ•œ ์•„ํด๋กœ๊ณ„ํš์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
18:06
A transdisciplinary study of cooperation?
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ํ˜‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”์š”?
18:10
I believe that the payoff would be very big.
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์ €๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํด๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:14
I think we need to begin developing maps of this territory
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ํ•™๋ฌธ๋ถ„์•ผ๋“ค์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก
18:18
so that we can talk about it across disciplines.
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์ด ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:20
And I am not saying that understanding cooperation
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘์—…์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
18:24
is going to cause us to be better people --
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์ข€๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:28
and sometimes people cooperate to do bad things --
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ด๋”ฐ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜์œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:31
but I will remind you that a few hundred years ago,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋…„์ „ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
18:34
people saw their loved ones die from diseases they thought
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๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์›์ฃ„์™€ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ๊ณผ ์•…๋ น ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
18:38
were caused by sin or foreigners or evil spirits.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:43
Descartes said we need an entire new way of thinking.
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๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํŠธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:47
When the scientific method provided that new way of thinking
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๊ณผํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฒ•์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ 
18:50
and biology showed that microorganisms caused disease,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ
18:54
suffering was alleviated.
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๊ณ ํ†ต์€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:57
What forms of suffering could be alleviated,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
19:00
what forms of wealth could be created
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ดด๋กœ์›€์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ 
19:02
if we knew a little bit more about cooperation?
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์ถœ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
19:05
I don't think that this transdisciplinary discourse
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์ง€์‹์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด
19:09
is automatically going to happen;
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์ €์ ˆ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:11
it's going to require effort.
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๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:14
So I enlist you to help me get the cooperation project started.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜‘์—… ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:20
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:22
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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