Who belongs in a city? | OluTimehin Adegbeye

翻译人员: Wang Fan 校对人员:

Cities are like siblings in a large polygamous family.

各个城市就像一夫多妻家庭里的 兄弟姐妹一样。

Each one has a unique personality and is headed in a distinct direction.

每一个城市都有独特的性格， 朝着不同的方向成长。

But they all have somewhat shared origins.

但它们都有一个共同的根。

Sometimes I think postcolonial cities are like the children

有时候我觉得后殖民时期的城市 就像是

of the two least-favorite wives,

最不受丈夫待见的两位妻子的孩子。

who are constantly being asked,

总是被说：

"Ah, why can't you be more like your sister?"

“你为什么不能像你姐姐一样？”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The "why" of cities is largely the same, no matter where they are:

这个也适用于“为什么”不管在哪， 各个城市都会有相同的发展：

an advantageous location that makes trade and administration possible;

一个占据地利优势的地方 有易于贸易和管理；

the potential for scalable opportunities

无论是否有工作技能

for the skilled and unskilled alike;

城市都能为他们提供上升的可能；

a popular willingness to be in constant flux

愿意处在不断变化之中，

and, of course, resilience.

当然，还要有适应力。

The "how" of cities, however, is a whole other story.

但如何取得这些优势 则是另外一回事了。

How are they run?

城市如何运作？

How do they grow?

城市如何发展？

How do they decide who belongs and who doesn't?

城市如何决定谁能留下、 谁又不能留下？

Lagos is my home.

拉各斯是我的家乡

You can always find the Nigerians

你总能顺着吵闹的声音和跳舞的动静

by following the noise and the dancing, right?

找到尼日利亚人，对吧？

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Like any major city, that place is a lot of things,

和其他大城市一样， 很多东西在这里汇聚

many of which are highly contradictory.

其中很多东西是相互矛盾的。

Our public transportation doesn't quite work,

拉各斯的公共交通不怎么方便，

so we have these privately owned bright yellow buses

于是我们就有了私人开的亮黄色大巴

that regularly cause accidents.

但事故频发。

Luxury car showrooms line badly maintained and often flooded roads.

卖豪车的展厅外面是破破烂烂、 经常淹水的马路。

Street evangelism is only slightly less ubiquitous

路上的传教活动比街头骚扰

than street harassment.

只少那么一点。

Sex workers sometimes have two degrees, a bank job

有的性工作者有双学位， 一份银行工作

and a prominent role in church.

也在教堂担任要角。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

On any given day,

随便哪一天

there can be either a party or a burned body

你在街上看到的如果不是派对

in the middle of a street.

就是一具烧焦的尸体。

There is so much that is possible in Lagos

拉各斯有无数可能

and so much that isn't,

也有无数不可能，

and very often the difference between possibility and impossibility

可能与不可能之间的区别

is simply who you are,

往往只是关系到你的身份这么简单。

and if you're lucky enough, who you're connected to.

如果你要足够幸运，得有关系

Belonging in Lagos is a fluid concept

拉各斯的归属感是一个流动的概念，

determined by ethnic origin, sexual orientation, gender,

决定于种族、性取向和性别，

but most visibly and often most violently,

影响最大、最突出的因素则是

class.

阶级。

Before Nigeria became a country,

尼日利亚独立前

fisherpeople from the inland creeks started to come down the Lagos lagoon

渔民开始从内陆溪水地区 转移到了濒海湖附近，

and establish villages along the coast.

沿着海岸线建起村庄。

About 60 years later, my grandfather, Oludotun Adekunle Kukoyi,

60年后，我的爷爷库科伊

also arrived in Lagos.

也来到了拉各斯。

Like me, he was an alumnus of the University of Ibadan,

爷爷和我都是伊巴丹大学的学生，

a young member of the educated elite in the independence era.

他是国家独立时期受过教育的人， 属于精英阶级中的年轻人。

Over time, he built an illustrious career as a land surveyor,

作为土地测量师，他工作出色，

mapping out now-bustling neighborhoods

他绘制地图的地方 现在已经成了热闹的社区

when they were just waist-high wild grass.

在当时却是齐腰深的一大片野草。

He died when I was nine.

我九岁时，爷爷去世了。

And by that time, my family, like the families of those fisherpeople,

那时，我的家人与其他渔户一样

knew Lagos as home.

把拉各斯当作家。

Among the Yoruba, we have a saying,

约鲁巴语中有一句俗语：

"Èkó gb’olè, ó gb’ọ̀lẹ,"

"Èkó gb’olè, ó gb’ọ̀lẹ,"

which can be translated to mean that Lagos will welcome anyone.

翻译过来就是拉各斯欢迎所有人。

But that saying is becoming less and less true.

但这句话变得越来越不真实。

Many Lagosians, including the descendants of those fisherpeople

许多拉各斯人，包括渔民的后代

who arrived generations before my grandfather,

他们来这儿的时间比我祖父还要长，

are now being pushed out

现在却被赶出这片土地，

to make room for an emergent city

就是为了给发展中的城市腾地方，

that has been described as "the new Dubai."

这座城市被称作“新迪拜”。

You see, Lagos inspires big dreams, even in its leaders,

拉各斯让人们畅想未来， 连城市的管理者也不例外，

and successive governments have declared aspirations

多届政府均表示出他们的决心

towards a megacity where poverty does not exist.

让拉各斯成长为超大城市， 消灭贫困。

Unfortunately, instead of focusing on the eradication of poverty

然而，并非我们所期望的那样

as you would expect,

城市没有致力于消除贫困，

the strategy of choice focuses on eliminating the poor.

反而采取了清除贫困人口的策略。

Last October, the Governor announced plans

去年10月，市长宣布

to demolish every single waterfront settlement in Lagos.

拆除拉各斯海边所有的居住设施。

There are more than 40 of these indigenous communities

当地社区大概有40多个

all over the city,

遍布拉各斯，

with over 300,000 people living in them.

居民人数超过30万。

Otodo Gbame,

奥图顿巴耶，

a hundred-year-old fishing village

是一个拥有百年历史的渔村

with a population about three-quarters that of Monaco

人口约是摩纳哥的四分之三

and similar potential for beachfront luxury --

也拥有像摩纳哥那样发展 高端旅游业的潜力，

(Laughter)

was one of the first to be targeted.

（笑声）

这座渔村第一个被盯上。

I first heard of Otodo Gbame after the demolition started.

我第一次了解奥图顿巴耶是在 拆迁开始之后。

When I visited in November 2016, I met Magdalene Aiyefoju.

2016年11月我去了渔村， 见到了麦格达琳·阿伊芙朱

She is a now-homeless woman

她现在成了无家可归的人。

whose surname means, "the world is blind."

她的姓氏意为“世界被蒙住了双眼”。

Magdalene's son Basil was one of over 20 people

麦格达琳的儿子贝索是 20多名受害者之一,

who were shot, drowned

他们在土地收回的过程中

or presumed dead in that land grab.

被开枪打死、淹死或者被推定死亡。

Standing outside her shelter, I saw the two white-sand football fields

在她棚屋的外面，我看到了两个 白色沙子铺成的足球场

where Basil used to play.

贝索以前在这里玩。

Spread all around us were the ruins of schools, churches,

我们周围都是被拆毁的学校、教堂

a primary health center, shops,

健康中心、商店

thousands of homes.

以及上千个家。

Young children enthusiastically helped to put up shelters,

孩子们热心地帮着搭棚屋，

and about 5,000 of the residents, with nowhere else to go,

5千名无家可归的住户

simply stayed put.

就这么继续留在这里。

And then in April,

到了4月

state security personnel came back.

国家安全部的人又来了

This time, they cleared the community out completely,

这次，整个社区都被他们 清理干净了，

with beatings, bullets and fire.

他们的解决方式是暴力、 枪支和放火。

As I speak, there are construction crews preparing Otodo Gbame's beaches

我说话的这会儿就有建筑工人 在建设海滩

for anyone who can afford a multi-million-dollar view.

为了那些能享受得起 这几百万美元景色的人

The new development is called "Periwinkle Estate."

新开发项目叫“长春花地产”。

Forced evictions are incredibly violent and, of course, unconstitutional.

强行驱离的方式非常暴力， 当然也违反宪法

And yet, they happen so often in so many of our cities,

但却在许多城市屡见不鲜，

because the first thing we are taught to forget about poor people

因为我们往往会

is that they are people.

不把穷人当人。

We believe that a home is a thing a person absolutely has a right to,

我们认为拥有一个家是 一个人毋庸置疑的权利

unless the person is poor and the home is built a certain way

除非他很穷，又或者他的家 以一种特殊的方式

in a certain neighborhood.

建在了一个特殊的区域。

But there is no single definition of the word "home."

但“家”这个词有许多定义。

After all, what is a slum besides an organic response

毕竟，如果不是因为住房短缺 和收入不平等

to acute housing deficits and income inequality?

谁还会住在贫民窟呢？

And what is a shanty if not a person making a home for themselves

如果不是想尽力为自己建起一个家，

against all odds?

谁又会搭棚屋呢？

Slums are an imperfect housing solution,

贫民窟不是很好的选择

but they are also prime examples of the innovation, adaptability

但贫民窟也很好地展现了每一座城市的

and resilience at the foundation --

创新与适应

and the heart --

是来自内心深处的

of every functional city.

感受。

You don't need to be the new Dubai

你不需要一个新迪拜

when you're already Lagos.

因为你已经有了拉各斯。

(Applause)

（掌声）

We have our own identity,

我们有自己的特点

our own rhythm,

自己的步调

and as anyone who knows Lagos can tell you,

任何一个了解拉各斯的人都可以告诉你

poor Lagosians are very often the source of the city's character.

赋予城市个性的往往是拉各斯的穷人。

Without its poor, Lagos would not be known for its music

没有穷人，拉各斯就没了 她有名的音乐，

or its endless energy

没了她源源不断的活力，

or even the fact that you can buy an ice cold drink or a puppy

你也就不能透过车窗户买杯冰饮，

through your car window.

或买只小狗了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The conditions that cause us to define certain neighborhoods as slums

让社区变成我们口中的贫民窟的因素

can be effectively improved,

是可以改善的，

but not without recognizing the humanity and the agency

但只有在我们意识到 他们也是人的时候

of the people living in them.

才可以实现。

In Lagos, where public goods are rarely publicly available,

使用拉各斯的公共产品 对一般人来讲是很难的，

slum dwellers are often at the forefront of innovating solutions.

贫民窟的居民总是走在 创新办法的前沿。

After being disconnected from the grid for months

他们已经几个月没有电了

because the power company couldn't figure out how to collect bills,

是因为供电公司想不出收费方法， 于是切断了供电，

one settlement designed a system that collectivized remittances

有个贫民窟弄了一个集体收费系统

and got everyone cheaper rates into the bargain.

让每个人都享受到了更优惠的电价。

Another settlement created a reform program

还有一个贫民窟搞了改革，

that hires local bad boys as security.

招当地的小混混当保安。

They know every trick and every hideout,

他们对街头把戏和藏匿地点了如指掌

so now troublemakers are more likely to get caught and reported to police

闹事的人被抓住送去 警察局的几率更大了，

and fewer of the youth end up engaging in criminal activity.

而青少年犯罪活动则更少了。

Yet another settlement recently completed

还有一个贫民窟最近刚刚完成

a flood-safe, eco-friendly communal toilet system.

一个冲水方便、节能环保的 公用厕所系统工程。

Models like these are being adopted across Lagos.

这些成功方法正为拉各斯各地采用

Informal settlements are incorrectly named as the problem.

非正式的住所被当成问题， 这是不正确的。

In fact, the real problems are the factors that create them,

真正的问题在于产生这个现状的原因

like the entrenchment of poverty,

比如根深蒂固的贫困、

social exclusion

社会排挤、

and state failures.

国家管理不当。

When our governments frame slums as threats

政府把贫民窟视作威胁

in order to justify violent land grabs or forced evictions,

是为了让暴力的土地回收和 强制驱离看上去合理些，

they're counting on those of us who live in formal housing

政府指望我们这些住在好房子里的人

to tacitly and ignorantly agree with them.

心照不宣地同意他们的说法。

Rather, we must remind them

相反，我们必须告诉他们

that governments exist to serve not only those who build

政府不仅要服务那些住在

and live in luxury homes,

高档房屋里的人

but also those who clean and guard them.

他们还要服务那些负责清洁和 安保工作的人。

Our --

我们的

(Applause)

（掌声）

our realities may differ,

我们的情况也许不同

but our rights don't.

但我们的权利是一样的。

The Lagos state government,

拉各斯政府

like far too many on our continent,

以及非洲大陆上其他的政府

pays lip service to ideas of inclusion,

总是空谈包容的概念，

while acting as though progress can only be achieved

为了发展进步

by the erasure, exploitation and even elimination of groups

不惜清除、剥削甚至牺牲 某些群体的利益

it considers expendable.

他们觉得这些是可以舍弃的东西。

People living with disabilities who hawk or beg on Lagos streets

拉各斯街头乞讨的残疾人

are rounded up, extorted

被驱赶到一起，被敲诈

and detained.

被拘留。

Women in low-income neighborhoods are picked up

低收入的妇女被带走

and charged with prostitution,

以参与卖淫的名目被要求缴纳罚款，

regardless of what they actually do for a living.

根本不管她们究竟以什么为生。

Gay citizens are scapegoated to distract from real political problems.

同性恋者成了替罪羊， 把公众目光引离真正的政治问题。

But people, like cities, are resilient,

但人和城市一样，是有适应力的，

and no amount of legislation or intimidation or violence

无论什么样的法律、恫吓和暴力

can fully eliminate any of us.

都无法让某个群体彻底消失。

Prostitutes, women and women who work as prostitutes

妓女、妇女以及卖淫者

still haven't gone extinct,

仍然存在，

despite centuries of active suppression.

即使对她们的压迫已经 存在了几个世纪。

Queer Africans continue to exist,

非洲的同性恋者依然存在，

even though queerness is now criminalized in most parts of the continent.

尽管同性恋在非洲绝大数地方 是犯罪行为。

And I'm fairly certain that poor people don't generally tend to just disappear

我相信穷人不会因为失去 所拥有的一切

because they've been stripped of everything they have.

就这么从我们的视线中消失。

We are all already here,

我们就在这里，

and that answers the question

这是对我们是否属于城市

of whether or not we belong.

的回答。

When those fisherpeople started to sail down the lagoon

之前那些来到海边

in search of new homes,

寻找新家园的渔民们

it could not have occurred to them

怎么也不会想到

that the city that would rise up around them

自己住的地方会发展成城市

would one day insist that they do not belong in it.

有一天不承认他们属于这里。

I like to believe that my grandfather,

我相信我的爷爷

in mapping new frontiers for Lagos,

在为拉各斯绘制新地图时

was trying to open it up

他一定是想让拉各斯成为

to make room for other people to be welcomed by the city

欢迎每一个人的到来的城市

in the same way that he was.

就像他来时的那样。

On my way here, my grandma called me

在我来这儿之前，奶奶打电话给我

to remind me how proud she was,

说她有多么为我骄傲，

how proud [my grandfather] and my mother would have been.

说如果我爷爷和妈妈还在世的话， 他们会有多么骄傲。

I am their dreams come true.

他们的梦想在我这里实现了。

But there is no reason why their dreams -- or mine, for that matter --

但在他们的梦想或我的梦想

are allowed to come true

成为现实时，

while those of others are turned to nightmares.

绝不可以变成其他人的噩梦。

And lest we forget:

我们不应忘记：

the minimum requirement for a dream

梦其实需要的仅仅是

is a safe place to lay your head.

一个让我们枕着头、感到安心的地方。

It is too late now for Basil,

现在对于贝索来说已经太迟了，

but not for Magdalene,

但对麦格达琳

not for the hundreds of thousands,

以及几十万、上百万

the millions still under threat in Lagos

住在拉各斯或其他城市里的人来说，

or any of our cities.

仍然不晚。

The world does not have to remain blind

世界不必继续被蒙上双眼

to the suffering that is created when we deny people's humanity,

不必无视我们否认他人权利时 造成的苦痛,

or even to the incredible potential for growth that exists

不必无视我们认可尊重 每一个人的贡献

when we recognize and value all contributions.

而带来的巨大增长潜能。

We must hold our governments

我们必须让我们的政府

and ourselves

和我们自己

accountable

承担起责任

for keeping our shared cities safe for everyone in them,

让我们城市中的每一个人 都能获得安全感，

because the only cities worth building --

因为值得建设的城市

indeed, the only futures worth dreaming of --

值得畅想的未来

are those that include all of us,

就是能包容我们所有人的地方，

no matter who we are

不管我们是谁，

or how we make homes for ourselves.

不管我们在何处为家。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）