Who belongs in a city? | OluTimehin Adegbeye

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: F Wenjie

Cities are like siblings in a large polygamous family.

城市，就像是一個大型 一夫多妻家庭中的手足。

Each one has a unique personality and is headed in a distinct direction.

每個城市都有獨特的人格， 且朝向不同的方向前進。

But they all have somewhat shared origins.

但它們都有著共同的源頭。

Sometimes I think postcolonial cities are like the children

有時，我認為後殖民城市

就像是兩個最不被喜愛的 妻子所生的孩子，

of the two least-favorite wives,

who are constantly being asked,

總是被質問：

"Ah, why can't you be more like your sister?"

「你為什麼不能更像你姐姐一點？」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

The "why" of cities is largely the same, no matter where they are:

城市的「為什麼」大部份是 相同的，不論位在哪裡：

an advantageous location that makes trade and administration possible;

能讓貿易與行政 成為可能的有利位置；

the potential for scalable opportunities

對於有技能與無技能者，

for the skilled and unskilled alike;

有可擴展之機會的潛力；

a popular willingness to be in constant flux

大眾有意願處在經常的變遷中，

and, of course, resilience.

當然，還有恢復力。

The "how" of cities, however, is a whole other story.

然而，城市的「如何」 又是另一回事了。

How are they run?

它們如何運作？

How do they grow?

它們如何成長？

How do they decide who belongs and who doesn't?

它們如何決定誰屬於、 誰不屬於它們？

Lagos is my home.

拉哥斯是我的家鄉。

You can always find the Nigerians

只要順著噪音以及舞蹈，

by following the noise and the dancing, right?

你總是能夠找到奈及利亞人，對吧？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Like any major city, that place is a lot of things,

和任何大城市一樣， 拉哥斯有許多特質，

many of which are highly contradictory.

當中有不少都非常矛盾。

Our public transportation doesn't quite work,

我們的大眾運輸系統不太有用，

so we have these privately owned bright yellow buses

所以我們有亮黃色的私有巴士，

that regularly cause accidents.

它們常造成意外事故。

Luxury car showrooms line badly maintained and often flooded roads.

維護很差且常淹水的道路邊 滿是豪華車展示中心。

Street evangelism is only slightly less ubiquitous

街頭福音傳道只比街頭騷擾

than street harassment.

稍微不那麼普遍一點點。

Sex workers sometimes have two degrees, a bank job

有的性工作者同時有 兩個學位、一份銀行工作、

and a prominent role in church.

以及教堂中的一個要角。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

On any given day,

在任何一個日子，

there can be either a party or a burned body

街道中央可能會有一個派對，

或是一具被燒死的屍體。

in the middle of a street.

There is so much that is possible in Lagos

在拉哥斯，非常多事情 都是有可能的，

and so much that isn't,

也有非常多不是，

and very often the difference between possibility and impossibility

而通常，可能與不可能之間的差別，

is simply who you are,

就只在於你是誰，

and if you're lucky enough, who you're connected to.

如果你夠幸運有人脈，那也會有關。

Belonging in Lagos is a fluid concept

屬於拉哥斯是一種流動的概念，

determined by ethnic origin, sexual orientation, gender,

決定因子包括人種、性向、性別，

but most visibly and often most violently,

但最能看見且通常也最極端的因子，

class.

是階級。

Before Nigeria became a country,

在奈及利亞成為國家之前，

fisherpeople from the inland creeks started to come down the Lagos lagoon

來自內陸小溪的漁民， 開始來到拉哥斯的環礁湖，

and establish villages along the coast.

沿著海岸建立村莊。

About 60 years later, my grandfather, Oludotun Adekunle Kukoyi,

大約六十年後，我的祖父 歐魯多頓阿迪庫諾庫柯伊

also arrived in Lagos.

也到了拉哥斯。

Like me, he was an alumnus of the University of Ibadan,

和我一樣，他也是 伊巴丹大學的校友，

a young member of the educated elite in the independence era.

在獨立時代中受教育的年輕菁英。

Over time, he built an illustrious career as a land surveyor,

隨時間，他身為一名土地勘察員， 建立起了著越的事業，

mapping out now-bustling neighborhoods

在現在熱鬧的街坊區域還只是

when they were just waist-high wild grass.

及腰野草叢生的時候就將之規劃好。

He died when I was nine.

他過世時我才九歲。

And by that time, my family, like the families of those fisherpeople,

那時，我的家人就已經 和那些漁民的家人一樣，

knew Lagos as home.

把拉哥斯視為家鄉。

Among the Yoruba, we have a saying,

我們約魯巴人有一句諺語：

"Èkó gb’olè, ó gb’ọ̀lẹ,"

「Èkó gb’olè, ó gb’ọ̀lẹ,」

which can be translated to mean that Lagos will welcome anyone.

可以翻譯為：拉哥斯歡迎任何人。

But that saying is becoming less and less true.

但那句諺語越來越沒有真實性了。

Many Lagosians, including the descendants of those fisherpeople

許多拉哥斯人，包括 比我祖父還要早幾世代

who arrived generations before my grandfather,

就抵達拉哥斯的那些漁民的後裔，

are now being pushed out

現在正在被趕出去，

to make room for an emergent city

就為了替一個被描述成

that has been described as "the new Dubai."

「新杜拜」的新興城市製造空間。

You see, Lagos inspires big dreams, even in its leaders,

你們知道，拉哥斯能鼓舞大夢想， 甚至能鼓舞到它的領導者，

and successive governments have declared aspirations

接替的政府宣佈了朝向沒有貧窮之

towards a megacity where poverty does not exist.

百萬人口大城市邁進的熱望。

Unfortunately, instead of focusing on the eradication of poverty

不幸的是，重心並沒有 如你所預期的

as you would expect,

被放在杜絕貧窮上，

the strategy of choice focuses on eliminating the poor.

政府選擇的策略，著重在消滅窮人。

Last October, the Governor announced plans

去年十月，總督宣佈了一些計畫，

to demolish every single waterfront settlement in Lagos.

要將拉哥斯的每一個 濱水居住地給拆除。

There are more than 40 of these indigenous communities

整個城市中有超過四十個

像這樣的原住民社區，

all over the city,

with over 300,000 people living in them.

有超過三十萬人住在其中。

Otodo Gbame,

歐特杜巴美，

a hundred-year-old fishing village

一個有百年歷史的漁村，

with a population about three-quarters that of Monaco

人口大約是摩納哥的四分之三，

and similar potential for beachfront luxury --

也有類似的海濱奢侈潛力──

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

was one of the first to be targeted.

它被列為首要目標之一。

I first heard of Otodo Gbame after the demolition started.

我第一次聽到歐特杜巴美， 是在拆除開始之後。

When I visited in November 2016, I met Magdalene Aiyefoju.

當我在 2016 年 11 月造訪時， 我遇到了瑪德蓮艾伊佛茱，

She is a now-homeless woman

她現在是個無家可歸的女子，

whose surname means, "the world is blind."

她的姓氏意味著「世界是盲目的」。

Magdalene's son Basil was one of over 20 people

在那次土地霸佔中， 有二十個人被射殺、淹死、

who were shot, drowned

或認定死亡，

or presumed dead in that land grab.

而瑪德蓮的兒子巴索是其中之一。

Standing outside her shelter, I saw the two white-sand football fields

我站在她的庇護所外， 看見兩塊白沙足球場，

where Basil used to play.

巴索以前會在那兒玩。

Spread all around us were the ruins of schools, churches,

我們周圍盡是學校、教堂、

a primary health center, shops,

基層健康中心、商店、

thousands of homes.

及數以千計家園的斷垣殘壁。

Young children enthusiastically helped to put up shelters,

年輕的孩子熱心地協助搭起庇護所，

and about 5,000 of the residents, with nowhere else to go,

大約五千名居民沒有地方可以去，

simply stayed put.

就只留在原處。

And then in April,

接著，在四月，

state security personnel came back.

國家安全人員回來了。

This time, they cleared the community out completely,

這次，他們完全把社區給清除，

with beatings, bullets and fire.

用的是毒打、子彈、和放火。

As I speak, there are construction crews preparing Otodo Gbame's beaches

我說話的同時，建造人員正在 歐特杜巴美的海灘做準備，

for anyone who can afford a multi-million-dollar view.

為任何能付擔得起百萬元 景色的人重新打造它。

The new development is called "Periwinkle Estate."

這新開發稱為「長春花莊園」。

Forced evictions are incredibly violent and, of course, unconstitutional.

強迫驅逐非常暴力， 當然，也非常違反憲法。

And yet, they happen so often in so many of our cities,

但這種事卻經常在我們 許多的城市中發生，

because the first thing we are taught to forget about poor people

因為我們被教導，關於窮人， 要忘掉的第一件事，

is that they are people.

就是他們也是人。

We believe that a home is a thing a person absolutely has a right to,

我們相信，任何人都 有權利擁有一個家，

unless the person is poor and the home is built a certain way

除非那個人很窮， 且那個家是在特定的街坊

in a certain neighborhood.

以特定方式建立的。

But there is no single definition of the word "home."

但對於「家」這個字， 並沒有單一的定義。

After all, what is a slum besides an organic response

畢竟，除了是對嚴重 住房不足及收入不平等的

to acute housing deficits and income inequality?

基本回應之外， 貧民窟還能是什麼？

And what is a shanty if not a person making a home for themselves

如果不是人們克服一切困難 來為自己打造的家，

against all odds?

那麼小屋還能是什麼？

Slums are an imperfect housing solution,

貧民窟是不完美的住房解決方案，

but they are also prime examples of the innovation, adaptability

但它們也是創新、適應、 及恢復的好例子，

and resilience at the foundation --

從基礎上來看是如此，

and the heart --

從心來看亦是如此，

of every functional city.

對每個功能性城市皆是。

You don't need to be the new Dubai

如果你已經是拉哥斯了，

when you're already Lagos.

你不需要成為新杜拜。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

We have our own identity,

我們有我們自己的身份、

our own rhythm,

自己的節奏，

and as anyone who knows Lagos can tell you,

任何認識拉哥斯的人都能告訴你，

poor Lagosians are very often the source of the city's character.

貧窮的拉哥斯人常常就是 該城市之性格的來源。

Without its poor, Lagos would not be known for its music

沒有窮人，拉哥斯就 不會有它知名的音樂、

or its endless energy

或無盡的能量、

or even the fact that you can buy an ice cold drink or a puppy

或甚至是你能夠透過 車窗就購買到冰飲

through your car window.

或小狗的特色。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

The conditions that cause us to define certain neighborhoods as slums

讓我們將某些街坊定義為 貧民窟的那些條件，

can be effectively improved,

可以被有效地改善，

but not without recognizing the humanity and the agency

但不該是用這種不承認其居民之人性

of the people living in them.

及作用的方式。

In Lagos, where public goods are rarely publicly available,

在拉哥斯，公共財 很少是大眾能取得的，

slum dwellers are often at the forefront of innovating solutions.

貧民窟居民通常是在 創新解決方案的最前線。

After being disconnected from the grid for months

只因為電力公司無法想出

because the power company couldn't figure out how to collect bills,

要如何收電費，造成斷電數月，

one settlement designed a system that collectivized remittances

一個居住地就設計了一個系統，

將匯款集體化，

and got everyone cheaper rates into the bargain.

並討價還價幫大家 爭取比較優的費率。

Another settlement created a reform program

另一個居住地創造了一個自新專案，

that hires local bad boys as security.

僱用壞男孩來做保全。

They know every trick and every hideout,

他們知道各種技倆以及躲藏處，

so now troublemakers are more likely to get caught and reported to police

所以製造麻煩者現在 更可能會被抓到並交給警方，

and fewer of the youth end up engaging in criminal activity.

更少年輕人會參與犯罪活動。

Yet another settlement recently completed

還有另一個居住地在近期完成了

a flood-safe, eco-friendly communal toilet system.

一個不怕水災的環保社區廁所系統。

Models like these are being adopted across Lagos.

像這類的模型被用在拉哥斯各地。

Informal settlements are incorrectly named as the problem.

非正式的居住地被誤認定是問題。

In fact, the real problems are the factors that create them,

事實上，真正的問題是 創造它們的那些因子，

like the entrenchment of poverty,

比如貧窮的防堵、

social exclusion

社會排除、

and state failures.

及國家失靈。

When our governments frame slums as threats

當我們的政府把 貧民窟貼上威脅的標籤，

in order to justify violent land grabs or forced evictions,

來正當化其暴力 土地霸佔或強迫驅逐，

they're counting on those of us who live in formal housing

他們要靠我們這些 住在正式住房中的人，

to tacitly and ignorantly agree with them.

能夠沉默地、漠視地認同這些作為。

Rather, we must remind them

但我們反而應該要提醒他們，

that governments exist to serve not only those who build

政府存在的目的不只是服務那些

and live in luxury homes,

建立和居住在奢侈家園的人，

but also those who clean and guard them.

也要服務那些清理 和保衛這些家園的人。

Our --

我們的──

(Applause)

（掌聲）

our realities may differ,

我們的現實可能不同，

but our rights don't.

但我們的權利不該有所不同。

The Lagos state government,

拉哥斯的國家政府，

like far too many on our continent,

就像我們大陸上太多的國家政府，

pays lip service to ideas of inclusion,

包容的理念都說得很好聽，

while acting as though progress can only be achieved

但行為卻好像是 一定要透過消除、利用、

by the erasure, exploitation and even elimination of groups

甚至消滅那些被它認為 可犧牲之族群的方式，

it considers expendable.

才能產生進展。

People living with disabilities who hawk or beg on Lagos streets

在拉哥斯街頭靠著叫賣 或乞討來維生的殘障人士

are rounded up, extorted

被圍捕、勒索、

and detained.

拘留。

Women in low-income neighborhoods are picked up

低收入街坊的女性會被逮捕，

and charged with prostitution,

並被控告賣淫，

regardless of what they actually do for a living.

不論她們實際上謀生的工作是什麼。

Gay citizens are scapegoated to distract from real political problems.

同性戀市民被當作代罪羔羊， 以將焦點從政治問題拉走。

But people, like cities, are resilient,

但就像城市一樣， 人們也是有適應力的，

and no amount of legislation or intimidation or violence

不論有多少立法、恐嚇、或暴力，

can fully eliminate any of us.

都無法將我們任何人完全消滅。

Prostitutes, women and women who work as prostitutes

妓女，女性以及以身為妓女的女性，

still haven't gone extinct,

仍然還沒有滅絕，

despite centuries of active suppression.

即便經過幾世紀的 積極壓迫也沒有滅絕。

Queer Africans continue to exist,

酷兒（譯註：同性、雙性、 變性者）非洲人仍然存在，

even though queerness is now criminalized in most parts of the continent.

即使現在在這塊大陸上大部份 地方都把酷兒視為犯罪。

And I'm fairly certain that poor people don't generally tend to just disappear

我十分確定一點， 奪去窮人所擁有的一切，

because they've been stripped of everything they have.

通常並不會讓他們消失。

We are all already here,

我們都已經在這裡，

and that answers the question

那就是「我們是否屬於這裡」

of whether or not we belong.

這個問題的答案。

When those fisherpeople started to sail down the lagoon

當那些漁民開始航向環礁湖，

in search of new homes,

尋找新家，

it could not have occurred to them

他們可能都不曾想到過，

that the city that would rise up around them

這個在他們周邊發展起的城市，

would one day insist that they do not belong in it.

有一天會堅持認定他們不屬於這裡。

I like to believe that my grandfather,

我想相信我的祖父，

in mapping new frontiers for Lagos,

在為拉哥斯畫出新邊界時，

was trying to open it up

是試圖要將它開放的，

to make room for other people to be welcomed by the city

騰出空間給其他人， 讓他們被這個城市所歡迎，

in the same way that he was.

就像他當初被歡迎一樣。

On my way here, my grandma called me

我來這裡的路上， 我的祖母打電話給我，

to remind me how proud she was,

提醒我她有多麼為我感到驕傲，

how proud [my grandfather] and my mother would have been.

如果我祖父和母親還在世 會多麼為我感到驕傲。

I am their dreams come true.

我就是他們的夢想被實現了。

But there is no reason why their dreams -- or mine, for that matter --

但沒有理由為什麼他們的夢想 ──或我的夢想，就此而言──

are allowed to come true

會被允許實現，

while those of others are turned to nightmares.

但其他人的夢想卻變為惡夢。

And lest we forget:

我們不能忘記：

the minimum requirement for a dream

夢想的最低需求是

is a safe place to lay your head.

是要有一個安全的地方可以安眠。

It is too late now for Basil,

對巴索而言已經太遲了，

but not for Magdalene,

但對瑪德蓮還沒太遲，

not for the hundreds of thousands,

對成千上百、數百萬

the millions still under threat in Lagos

在拉哥斯或我們其他任何城市中

or any of our cities.

受威脅的人，還沒太遲。

The world does not have to remain blind

世界不用一直是盲目的，

to the suffering that is created when we deny people's humanity,

不用一直看不見我們否認 人性時所造成的苦難，

or even to the incredible potential for growth that exists

或看不見當我們 認可和珍視所有貢獻時

when we recognize and value all contributions.

所產生的驚人成長潛能。

We must hold our governments

我們必須要讓我們的政府

and ourselves

以及我們自己

accountable

負責任，

for keeping our shared cities safe for everyone in them,

為城市中的每個人， 保持我們共有之城市的安全，

because the only cities worth building --

因為唯一值得建造的城市──

indeed, the only futures worth dreaming of --

更確切說，唯一值得夢想的未來──

are those that include all of us,

是要包含我們所有人的，

no matter who we are

不論我們是什麼人、

or how we make homes for ourselves.

不論我們如何為自己建立家園。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）