Tyrone Hayes + Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: The toxic baby?

118,664 views ・ 2012-02-13

TED


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翻译人员: Emma Zhao 校对人员: Jingjing Song
00:15
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: I was going to ask if there's a doctor in the house.
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Penelope Jagessar Chaffer:我要问声这里是否有医生。
00:18
No, I'm just joking.
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不问了,开个玩笑。
00:20
It's interesting, because it was six years ago
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很有趣,因为六年前
00:23
when I was pregnant with my first child
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当我怀第一个宝宝的时候
00:25
that I discovered
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我发现
00:27
that the most commonly used preservative
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最常用的防腐剂
00:29
in baby care products
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用于婴儿制品
00:31
mimics estrogen
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进入人体后
00:33
when it gets into the human body.
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酷似雌性激素。
00:35
Now it's very easy actually
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事实上,
00:37
to get a chemical compound from products
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产品中的化学合成物
00:39
into the human body through the skin.
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很容易透过皮肤进入人体。
00:41
And these preservatives had been found
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并且,这些防腐剂
00:43
in breast cancer tumors.
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已经在乳腺癌肿瘤中发现。
00:45
That was the start of my journey
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这就是我开始
00:47
to make this film, "Toxic Baby."
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拍摄《中毒宝宝》的起因。
00:49
And it doesn't take much time
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并且,不用花多少时间
00:51
to discover some really astonishing statistics
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就会发现有关这个问题的令人震惊的
00:53
with this issue.
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统计数字。
00:55
One is that you and I all have
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之一就是你和我
00:58
between 30 to 50,000 chemicals
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体内都带有30至5万种
01:00
in our bodies
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化学制品
01:02
that our grandparents didn't have.
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而我们的祖父母却没有的。
01:04
And many of these chemicals
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其中很多的化学成分
01:06
are now linked to the skyrocketing incidents
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现在联系到
01:09
of chronic childhood disease
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工业化国家中常见的
01:11
that we're seeing across industrialized nations.
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飞速发展的慢性儿童疾病。
01:14
I'll show you some statistics.
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我给大家看些数据。
01:16
So for example, in the United Kingdom,
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举个例子,在英国,
01:18
the incidence of childhood leukemia
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儿童白血病的发病率
01:20
has risen by 20 percent just in a generation.
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在一代人中已提高了20%。
01:23
Very similar statistic for childhood cancer in the U.S.
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在美国,儿童癌症发病率的增长数字也非常相似
01:26
In Canada, we're now looking at one in 10 Canadian children with asthma.
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在加拿大,有十分之一的儿童患有哮喘。
01:30
That's a four-fold increase.
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这是四倍的增长率。
01:33
Again, similar story around the world.
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同样,类似的事情在世界各地发生着。
01:35
In the United States,
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在美国,
01:37
probably the most astonishing statistic
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或许最令人震惊的数据
01:39
is a 600 percent increase
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是自闭症,自闭症障碍
01:41
in autism and autistic spectrum disorders
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和其他学习障碍
01:44
and other learning disabilities.
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600%的发病增长率。
01:46
Again, we're seeing that trend
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同样,我们看到这个趋势
01:48
across Europe, across North America.
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在横扫欧洲和北美。
01:50
And in Europe,
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在欧洲
01:52
there's certain parts of Europe,
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某些地区,
01:54
where we're seeing a four-fold increase
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我们看到有四倍增长的
01:56
in certain genital birth defects.
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一些生殖器先天缺陷案例。
01:59
Interestingly, one of those birth defects
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有趣的是,其中一种的先天缺陷的案例
02:01
has seen a 200 percent increase in the U.S.
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在美国已经增长了200%。
02:04
So a real skyrocketing
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同样正在真正激增的还有
02:06
of chronic childhood disease
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慢性儿童疾病
02:08
that includes other things
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以及其他疾病
02:10
like obesity and juvenile diabetes,
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譬如肥胖,青少年糖尿病,
02:12
premature puberty.
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早熟。
02:14
So it's interesting for me,
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我感到很有趣的是,
02:16
when I'm looking for someone who can really talk to me
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当我寻找一位能够真正和我讨论
02:18
and talk to an audience about these things,
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并且对听众们谈论这些事的人
02:21
that probably one of the most important people in the world
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并且他可能是这世上很重要的一个
02:24
who can discuss toxicity in babies
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能讨论婴儿体内的毒性的人
02:27
is expert in frogs.
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却是个青蛙专家。
02:29
(Laughter)
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(笑)
02:31
Tyrone Hayes: It was a surprise to me as well
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Tyrone Hayes:我也很吃惊
02:34
that I would be talking about pesticides,
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我会谈论杀虫剂,
02:37
that I'd be talking about public health,
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我会谈论公共健康,
02:41
because, in fact, I never thought I would do anything useful.
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因为我从来没想过我会做什么有用的事。
02:44
(Laughter)
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(笑)
02:47
Frogs.
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青蛙。
02:50
In fact, my involvement in the whole pesticide issue
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其实,我也吃惊会渉入
02:53
was sort of a surprise as well
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杀虫剂这个问题。
02:55
when I was approached by the largest chemical company in the world
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当时,世上最大的化学制品公司
02:58
and they asked me if I would evaluate
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来问我,是否能评估
03:00
how atrazine affected amphibians, or my frogs.
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阿特拉津对两栖动物或者说我的青蛙的影响。
03:03
It turns out, atrazine is the largest selling product
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结果呢,原来阿特拉津是
03:06
for the largest chemical company in the world.
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世上最大的化学制品公司的最畅销产品。
03:08
It's the number one contaminant
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它含量最高的杂质
03:10
of groundwater, drinking water, rain water.
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于地下水,饮用水和雨水。
03:13
In 2003, after my studies, it was banned in the European Union,
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在2003年,在我的研究之后,阿特拉津被欧盟禁止了。
03:16
but in that same year,
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但是在同一年,
03:18
the United States EPA re-registered the compound.
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美国环保署重新注册了这个化合物。
03:20
We were a bit surprised when we found out
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我们的发现令我们小吃一惊
03:23
that when we exposed frogs
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当我们把青蛙暴露在
03:25
to very low levels of atrazine -- 0.1 parts per billion --
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很低水平的阿特拉津中时,虽然10亿当中只有0.1部分,
03:28
that it produced animals that look like this.
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创造出了长成这个样子的动物。
03:31
These are the dissected gonads of an animal
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动物的生殖腺解剖显示出
03:33
that has two testes, two ovaries,
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它有两个睾丸,两个卵巢,
03:35
another large testis, more ovaries,
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外加一个大的睾丸,几个卵巢,
03:37
which is not normal ...
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这都不正常。
03:39
(Laughter)
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(笑)
03:41
even for amphibians.
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即使是对两栖动物来说。
03:43
In some cases, another species like the North American Leopard Frog
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另外一些例子里,比如一种叫北美豹蚊蛙的物种
03:46
showed that males exposed to atrazine grew eggs in their testes.
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在暴露于阿特拉津后雄性的睾丸竟然长有卵子。
03:49
And you can see these large, yolked-up eggs
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大家可以看到的这些大个的充满黄的卵子
03:51
bursting through the surface of this male's testes.
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布满雄性睾丸的外表。
03:54
Now my wife tells me, and I'm sure Penelope can as well,
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我太太告诉我,当然Penelope也会说,
03:57
that there's nothing more painful than childbirth --
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没有比生孩子更痛的事。
04:00
which that I'll never experience, I can't really argue that --
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生孩子我永远不可能体验,所以我不会争辩这个。
04:03
but I would guess that a dozen chicken eggs in my testicle
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但我会猜想如果我睾丸里有一打的鸡蛋的话,
04:05
would probably be somewhere in the top five.
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这疼痛可能会排在前五个最疼痛的经历里面。
04:08
(Laughter)
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(笑)
04:10
In recent studies that we've published,
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在我们发表的近期研究,
04:12
we've shown that some of these animals when they're exposed to atrazine,
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我们展示了当一些动物暴露在阿特拉津下的时候,
04:14
some of the males grow up
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一些雄性的成长后
04:16
and completely become females.
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会变成完全的雌性。
04:18
So these are actually two brothers consummating a relationship.
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所以,有些配偶关系实际上是两兄弟的组合。
04:21
And not only do these genetic males mate with other males,
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并不只是这些基因雄性和其他雄性交配,
04:24
they actually have the capacity to lay eggs
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他们实际上还有能力产卵,
04:26
even though they're genetic males.
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尽管他们是基因雄性。
04:29
What we proposed,
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我们所提议的
04:31
and what we've now generated support for,
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我们也得到了支持,
04:33
is that what atrazine is doing
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就是阿特拉津
04:35
is wreaking havoc causing a hormone imbalance.
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严重危害而导致荷尔蒙的不平衡。
04:37
Normally the testes should make testosterone,
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通常睾丸应该产出雄性激素,
04:39
the male hormone.
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就是雄性荷尔蒙。
04:41
But what atrazine does is it turns on an enzyme,
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但是阿特拉津所做的就是它会开启一种酶,
04:44
the machinery if you will, aromatase,
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叫芳香化酶,
04:46
that converts testosterone into estrogen.
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它会把雄性激素转化成雌性激素。
04:48
And as a result, these exposed males
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结果就是,这些被暴露过的雄性
04:50
lose their testosterone, they're chemically castrated,
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就失去了他们的雄性激素,他们是被化学阉制了,
04:53
and they're subsequently feminized
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因为他们不断制造雌性激素,
04:55
because now they're making the female hormone.
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他们就被女性化了。
04:57
Now this is what brought me to the human-related issues.
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现在,这就引到了跟人有关的话题。
05:00
Because it turns out
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事实证明
05:02
that the number one cancer in women, breast cancer,
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女性中最多的癌症-乳腺癌,
05:05
is regulated by estrogen and by this enzyme aromatase.
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就是受控于雌性激素和芳香化酶。
05:08
So when you develop a cancerous cell in your breast,
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当你乳房里有了一个癌细胞,
05:10
aromatase converts androgens into estrogens,
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芳香化酶就把雄性激素转化成雌性激素,
05:14
and that estrogen turns on or promotes
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而那个雌性激素又启动或促进
05:16
the growth of that cancer
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癌症的成长,
05:18
so that it turns into a tumor and spreads.
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因此它就形成肿块并扩散。
05:21
In fact, this aromatase is so important in breast cancer
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实际上,芳香化酶在乳腺癌上起很关键的作用。
05:24
that the latest treatment for breast cancer
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最新的乳腺癌的治疗法,
05:27
is a chemical called letrozole,
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就是用一种叫来曲唑的化学制品,
05:29
which blocks aromatase, blocks estrogen,
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来阻止芳香化酶,阻止雌激素,
05:31
so that if you developed a mutated cell, it doesn't grow into a tumor.
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所以如果你产生了变异的细胞,它不会长成肿瘤。
05:34
Now what's interesting is, of course,
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现在,有趣的是,
05:36
that we're still using 80 million pounds of atrazine,
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我们仍然在用八千万镑的阿特拉津,
05:39
the number one contaminant in drinking water, that does the opposite --
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饮用水中第一多的杂质,起着相反的作用-
05:42
turns on aromatase, increases estrogen
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启动芳香化酶,增加雌性激素,
05:44
and promotes tumors in rats
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在老鼠身上长肿瘤
05:46
and is associated with tumors, breast cancer, in humans.
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在人身上引发的就是肿瘤,乳腺癌。
05:50
What's interesting is, in fact,
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事实上,更有趣的是,
05:52
the same company that sold us 80 million pounds of atrazine,
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销售八千万镑的阿特拉津的公司
05:54
the breast cancer promoter,
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——乳腺癌的推广者,
05:56
now sells us the blocker -- the exact same company.
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现在又在卖阻滞剂,同一家公司。
05:59
And so I find it interesting
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我感到有趣的是,
06:01
that instead of treating this disease
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我们对付疾病的方法
06:03
by preventing exposure to the chemicals that promote it,
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不是预防暴露于引发疾病的化学制品
06:06
we simply respond
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而是简单地
06:08
by putting more chemicals into the environment.
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把更多的化学制品投入到环境里。
06:11
PJC: So speaking of estrogen,
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PJC:说到雌性激素,
06:13
one of the other compounds that Tyrone talks about in the film
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Tyrone在影片里提到的另一种叫做双酚A的化合物,
06:16
is something called bisphenol A, BPA,
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即BPA,
06:19
which has been in the news recently.
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最近也有报道。
06:22
It's a plasticizer.
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它是一种增塑剂。
06:24
It's a compound that's found in polycarbonate plastic,
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这种化合物在聚碳酸脂塑料里可见,
06:27
which is what baby bottles are made out of.
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婴儿奶瓶就是用这种塑料制作的。
06:29
And what's interesting about BPA
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BPA的有趣之处是,
06:31
is that it's such a potent estrogen
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它是一种很有效的雌激素,
06:34
that it was actually once considered for use
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曾被考虑用于
06:36
as a synthetic estrogen in hormone placement therapy.
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人造雌激素来做激素放置疗法。
06:39
And there have been many, many, many studies that have shown
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已经有过很多很多很多的研究表明
06:42
that BPA leaches from babies' bottles
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BPA从婴儿奶瓶
06:45
into the formula, into the milk,
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渗到婴儿食品,渗进奶水
06:47
and therefore into the babies.
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所以也渗进到宝宝体内。
06:49
So we're dosing our babies,
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所以,我们在给我们的宝宝们,
06:51
our newborns, our infants,
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我们的新生儿们,我们的婴儿们
06:53
with a synthetic estrogen.
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服用人造雌性激素。
06:55
Now two weeks ago or so,
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大约两周前,
06:57
the European Union passed a law
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欧洲联盟通过一则法律
06:59
banning the use of BPA
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禁止使用BPA
07:01
in babies' bottles and sippy cups.
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在婴儿奶瓶和吸管杯中。
07:03
And for those of you who are not parents,
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对那些不是父母的说一声
07:05
sippy cups are those little plastic things
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吸管杯就是
07:07
that your child graduates to after using bottles.
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宝宝们停止使用奶瓶的后的塑料替代物。
07:10
But just two weeks before that,
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但,也就是在两周前,
07:13
the U.S. Senate refused to even debate
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美国参议院竟拒绝
07:16
the banning of BPA
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对禁止婴儿奶瓶和吸管杯
07:18
in babies' bottles and sippy cups.
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使用BPA之事展开辩论。
07:21
So it really makes you realize
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这也让你们认识到
07:23
the onus on parents
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是父母的义务
07:25
to have to look at this and regulate this and police this
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去看待这件事,安排和监督
07:27
in their own lives
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他们自己的生活,
07:29
and how astonishing that is.
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这是很惊人的。
07:31
(Video) PJC: With many plastic baby bottles
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(录像)PJC:很多的婴儿奶瓶
07:34
now proven to leak the chemical bisphenol A,
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已经证实有双酚A的渗漏,
07:37
it really shows how sometimes
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也表明有时是
07:39
it is only a parent's awareness
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父母的关注
07:41
that stands between chemicals and our children.
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站在化学制品和我们孩子之间。
07:45
The baby bottle scenario proves
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婴儿奶瓶的情形证明
07:47
that we can prevent unnecessary exposure.
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我们能够防止不必要的接触。
07:50
However, if we parents are unaware,
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可是,如果我们做父母的不知道,
07:52
we are leaving our children
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那我们就让孩子们
07:54
to fend for themselves.
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照料他们自己去了。
08:03
TH: And what Penelope says here
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TH:Penelop说的
08:05
is even more true.
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再真实不过了。
08:07
For those of you who don't know, we're in the middle of the sixth mass extinction.
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你们可能还有不知道的,我们是在第六位大规模绝种之中。
08:10
Scientists agree now.
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科学们都赞成。
08:12
We are losing species from the Earth
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我们地球上物种的流失
08:14
faster than the dinosaurs disappeared,
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比恐龙消失还快
08:16
and leading that loss are amphibians.
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最快的就是两栖类。
08:18
80 percent of all amphibians
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所有两栖动物的80%
08:20
are threatened and in come decline.
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受到威胁并在减少。
08:22
And I believe, many scientists believe
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我相信,许多的科学家们也相信
08:24
that pesticides are an important part of that decline.
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杀虫剂是减少的主要原因。
08:27
In part, amphibians are good indicators and more sensitive
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在一定程度上,两栖动物是很好的指标且更敏感,
08:30
because they don't have protection from contaminants in the water --
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因为他们对水中的污染物没有任何保护-
08:32
no eggshells, no membranes
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没有蛋壳,没有隔膜
08:34
and no placenta.
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也没有胎盘。
08:36
In fact, our invention -- by "our" I mean we mammals --
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事实上,我们的发明,--我们意思是我们哺乳动物-
08:39
one of our big inventions was the placenta.
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我们的大发明之一就是胎盘。
08:42
But we also start out as aquatic organisms.
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但我们也是从水中的有机体而来的。
08:44
But it turns out that this ancient structure
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但事实证明这个古老的结构-
08:46
that separates us from other animals, the placenta,
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把我们从其他动物分开的结构,胎盘-
08:49
cannot evolve or adapt fast enough
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并不能进化或快速适应
08:51
because of the rate that we're generating new chemicals
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我们生产新化学制品的速度-
08:53
that it's never seen before.
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一个前所未有的速度。
08:55
The evidence of that is that studies in rats, again with atrazine,
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老鼠身上再次用过阿特拉津的研究证据
08:58
show that the hormone imbalance atrazine generates causes abortion.
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显示荷尔蒙不平衡的阿特拉津,会导致流产。
09:01
Because maintaining a pregnancy is dependent on hormones.
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因为维护怀孕是依靠荷尔蒙。
09:04
Of those rats that don't abort,
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当然老鼠不会流产,
09:06
atrazine causes prostate disease
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阿特拉津引起幼崽
09:08
in the pups so the sons
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前列腺疾病
09:10
are born with an old man's disease.
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所以说小老鼠一出生就患有老年病。
09:12
Of those that don't abort,
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对那些不流产的,
09:14
atrazine causes impaired mammary, or breast, development
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阿特拉津会导致不可恢复的乳房受损
09:16
in the exposed daughters in utero,
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在子宫内就遭到阿特拉津接触的女儿们,
09:18
so that their breast don't develop properly.
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她们的乳房不可能正常发育。
09:20
And as a result, when those rats grow up,
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结果是,这些老鼠成长时,
09:22
their pups experience retarded growth and development
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他们的幼崽会经历成长发育缓慢。
09:25
because they can't make enough milk to nourish their pups.
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因为她们没有足够的奶水来喂养幼崽。
09:28
So the pup you see on the bottom is affected by atrazine
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你们看到的最下面的小老鼠受的影响
09:31
that its grandmother was exposed to.
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源自它的祖母被暴露于阿特拉津。
09:33
And given the life of many of these chemicals,
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受这些化学制品影响的的生命,
09:36
generations, years, dozens of years,
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一代代,一年年,成年累月,
09:39
that means that we right now
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可以说我们今天
09:41
are affecting the health
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会影响到我们孙子的孙子
09:43
of our grandchildren's grandchildren
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那一代人的健康
09:45
by things that we're putting into the environment today.
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通过现在投入到环境里的东西。
09:48
And this is not just philosophical, it's already known,
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这并不只是哲理性的,已经众所周知,
09:50
that chemicals like diethylstilbestrol and estrogen,
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化学制品,诸如己烯雌酚,雌激素,
09:52
PCBs, DDT
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PCBs(多氯联苯),DDT(滴滴涕)等
09:54
cross the placenta
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能够穿过胎盘
09:56
and effectively determine
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有效地决定
09:58
the likelihood of developing breast cancer
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子宫内胎儿的乳腺癌的发展
10:00
and obesity and diabetes
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以及肥胖和糖尿病
10:02
already when the baby's in the womb.
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可能性。
10:04
In addition to that, after the baby's born,
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除此之外,婴儿出生后,
10:06
our other unique invention as mammals
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我们哺乳动物的另一个独特的发明
10:08
is that we nourish our offspring after they're born.
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是我们要喂养出世的宝宝。
10:10
We already know that chemicals
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我们都已知道化学制品
10:12
like DDT and DES and atrazine
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像DDT,DES(己烯雌酚)和阿特拉津
10:14
can also pass over into milk,
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都能透过容器进入奶水,
10:16
again, affecting our babies
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在宝宝出生后
10:18
even after their born.
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还能影响他们。
10:21
PJC: So when Tyrone tells me
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PJC:所以当Tyrone告诉我,
10:23
that the placenta is an ancient organ,
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胎盘是个古老的器官,
10:26
I'm thinking, how do I demonstrate that?
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我就想怎么样来展示它呢?
10:28
How do you show that?
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如何来表现呢?
10:30
And it's interesting when you make a film like this,
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拍电影时有趣的是,
10:32
because you're stuck trying to visualize science
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你一直在想用视觉来展示
10:35
that there's no visualization for.
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无法视觉化的科学。
10:37
And I have to take a little bit of artistic license.
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我只得借助一点艺术特权。
10:45
(Video) (Ringing)
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(视频)(响铃)
10:50
Old man: Placenta control.
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老者:这里是胎盘指挥部。
10:52
What is it?
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胎盘指挥部是什么?
10:54
Oh what?
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什么?
10:57
(Snoring)
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(打呼声)
11:00
(Honk)
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(按喇叭声)
11:05
Puffuffuff, what?
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全,全,全--什么?
11:11
Perflourooctanoic acid.
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全氟辛酸。
11:18
Blimey.
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啊呀。
11:20
Never heard of it.
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没听说过。
11:23
PJC: And neither had I actually
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PJC:我在开始拍这部影片的时候
11:27
before I started making this film.
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也没听说过。
11:29
And so when you realize that chemicals can pass the placenta
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当你意识到化学成分会穿过胎盘
11:32
and go into your unborn child,
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进入你未出世的婴孩,
11:35
it made me start to think,
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这让我开始思考,
11:37
what would my fetus say to me?
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我的胎儿要对我说什么?
11:40
What would our unborn children say to us
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当我们未出世的孩子们
11:43
when they have an exposure
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每天都被暴露于化学品之中,
11:46
that's happening everyday, day after day?
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他们会对我们说什么?
11:49
(Music)
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(音乐)
12:07
(Video) Child: Today,
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(视频)小孩:今天,
12:09
I had some octyphenols,
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我吃了些辛基酚,
12:13
some artificial musks
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吃了些人造麝香
12:16
and some bisphenol A.
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和一些双酚A。
12:21
Help me.
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救救我!
12:26
PJC: It's a very profound notion
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PJV:我们女人
12:29
to know that we as women
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是站在前沿,
12:31
are at the vanguard of this.
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知道这点有很深的意义。
12:33
This is our issue,
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这是我们的问题,
12:35
because we collect these compounds our entire life
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因为我们有毕生时间收集了这些化合物
12:38
and then we end up dumping it and dumping them
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最终把它们倒给
12:41
into our unborn children.
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我们为未出世的孩子。
12:44
We are in effect
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我们实际上
12:46
polluting our children.
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在污染我们的孩子。
12:48
And this was something that was really brought home to me a year ago
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这就是一年前发生在我身上的事。
12:52
when I found out I was pregnant
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我知道怀孕后
12:54
and the first scan revealed
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做的第一次扫描就显示
12:56
that my baby had a birth defect
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我的宝宝有先天性缺陷,
12:59
associated with exposure
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是与子宫里的
13:01
to estrogenic chemicals in the womb
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含雌性激素的化学成分有关。
13:03
and the second scan
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第二次的扫描
13:05
revealed no heartbeat.
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宝宝没有心跳。
13:07
So my child's death, my baby's death,
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我的孩子的死,我宝宝的死亡
13:10
really brought home the resonance of what I was trying to make in this film.
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真正引起我要拍这部电影的共鸣。
13:13
And it's sometimes a weird place
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有时很奇怪,
13:15
when the communicator becomes part of the story,
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本来不在计划之中的传播者
13:18
which is not what you originally intend.
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却成了故事的一部分。
13:20
And so when Tyrone talks about
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当Tyrone讲
13:23
the fetus being trapped in a contaminated environment,
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胎儿被困在受污染的环境里,
13:26
this is my contaminated environment.
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这个就是我的被污染了环境。
13:30
This is my toxic baby.
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这是我的中了毒的宝宝。
13:33
And that's something
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这件事
13:36
that's just profound and sad,
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很深刻和令人伤心的
13:39
but astonishing
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但令人吃惊的
13:41
because so many of us don't actually know this.
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是因为我们很多人还不知道。
13:46
TH: One of this things that's exciting and appropriate
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TH:能够来到TEDwomen对我
13:48
for me to be here at TEDWomen
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是很兴奋和合适的一件事,
13:50
is that, well, I think it was summed up best last night at dinner
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昨天晚餐时有一位总结的很好,
13:54
when someone said, "Turn to the man at your table and tell them,
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他说:转身对你的邻座说
13:56
'When the revolution starts, we've got your back.'"
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“当革命开始时,我们挺你。”
13:59
The truth is, women,
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事实是,女士们,
14:01
you've had our back on this issue for a very long time,
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在这个问题上我们已经支持了很久。
14:04
starting with Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"
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从Rachel Carson(雷切尔·卡森)的《安静的春天》开始,
14:06
to Theo Colborn's "Our Stolen Future"
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到Theo Colborn(泰奥·柯尔朋) 的《失窃的未来》,♫
14:08
to Sandra Steingraber's books
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和Sandra Steingraber(桑德拉·斯坦格雷伯)的
14:10
"Living Downstream" and "Having Faith."
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《下游生活》和《相信》。
14:13
And perhaps it's the connection to our next generation --
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这也许是我们与下一代人的连系
14:16
like my wife and my beautiful daughter here about 13 years ago --
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就像13年前我太太和我漂亮的女儿,
14:19
perhaps it's that connection
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也许这种连接
14:21
that makes women activists
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使更多的妇女活动家
14:23
in this particular area.
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投身到这个特殊的领域。
14:25
But for the men here, I want to say
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对这里的男士,我想说
14:27
it's not just women and children that are at risk.
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并不只是妇女和孩子身处危险。
14:29
And the frogs that are exposed to atrazine,
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被暴露在阿特拉津的青蛙,
14:32
the testes are full of holes and spaces,
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睾丸上布满洞和空隙,
14:34
because the hormone imbalance,
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由于荷尔蒙不平衡,
14:36
instead of allowing sperm to be generated,
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睾丸本来应该产生精子的,
14:38
such as in the testis here,
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这里的睾丸小管
14:40
the testicular tubules end up empty
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却空空,
14:42
and fertility goes down by as much as 50 percent.
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所以生育力跌落到50%。
14:44
It's not just my work in amphibians,
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并不只是两栖动物,
14:47
but similar work has been shown in fish in Europe,
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在欧洲我们看到鱼类,
14:50
holes in the testes and absence of sperm in reptiles in a group from South America
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在南美我们也发现爬行类和老鼠
14:53
and in rats, an absence of sperm
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都存在睾丸穿孔,
14:55
in the testicular tubules as well.
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无精子的情况。
14:58
And of course, we don't do these experiments in humans,
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当然,我们不在人身上做试验。
15:00
but just by coincidence,
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但巧的是,
15:02
my colleague has shown
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我的同事发现
15:04
that men who have low sperm count, low semen quality
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精子数量和质量都低下的男士的尿样里
15:06
have significantly more atrazine in their urine.
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含有较高的阿特拉津。
15:09
These are just men who live
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这些男士都居住
15:11
in an agricultural community.
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在农业社区。
15:13
Men who actually work in agriculture
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从事农业的男士
15:15
have much higher levels of atrazine.
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含有更高水平的阿特拉津。
15:18
And the men who actually apply atrazine
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那些实际上喷洒阿特拉津的人,
15:20
have even more atrazine in their urine,
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尿液里的阿特拉津的含量
15:23
up to levels that are 24,000 times what we know to be active
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是我们能够测出的现有的人
15:26
are present in the urine of these men.
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的24000倍。
15:29
Of course, most of them, 90 percent are Mexican, Mexican-American.
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当然,其中90%的是墨西哥人和墨西哥-美国人。
15:32
And it's not just atrazine they're exposed to.
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他们并不只接触阿特拉津。
15:34
They're exposed to chemicals like chloropicrin,
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他们也接触本来用作神经毒气的化学制品
15:37
which was originally used as a nerve gas.
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例如氯化苦。
15:39
And many of these workers
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这些工人很多
15:41
have life expectancies of only 50.
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只能活到50岁。
15:43
It shouldn't come to any surprise that the things that happen in wildlife
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并不吃惊野生动物
15:46
are also a warning to us,
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也在警告我们,
15:48
just like Rachel Carson and others have warned.
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就像雷切尔·卡森和别的科学家都已警告过一样。
15:50
As evident in this slide from Lake Nabugabo in Uganda,
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这张幻灯片的证据来自乌干达的那布加波湖,
15:53
the agricultural runoff from this crop,
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农作物的流出物
15:55
which goes into these buckets,
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接进到这些水桶,
15:57
is the sole source of drinking, cooking and bathing water for this village.
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这是这个村的唯一水源,用来饮用,做饭和梳洗。
16:00
Now if I told the men in this village
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如果我告诉这个村里的人,
16:02
that the frogs have pour immune function
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青蛙有免疫功能问题,
16:04
and eggs developing in their testes,
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它们的睾丸里长有卵子,
16:06
the connection between environmental health and public health
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那么环境健康和公众健康的关系
16:08
would be clear.
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就显而易见了。
16:10
You would not drink water that you knew was having this kind of impact
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你不会去喝你知道会影响
16:13
on the wildlife that lived in it.
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野生动物的水。
16:15
The problem is, in my village, Oakland,
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问题是,在奥克兰我的村里,
16:17
in most of our villages,
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在我们大多数的村子里
16:19
we don't see that connection.
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我们看不到这种关系。
16:21
We turn on the faucet, the water comes out, we assume it's safe,
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我们打开水龙头,水就出来,我们就认为它是安全的。
16:23
and we assume that we are masters of our environment,
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我们自以为是环境的主人,
16:26
rather than being part of it.
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而不是当中的一部分。
16:29
PJC: So it doesn't take much to realize
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PJC:不难看出
16:31
that actually this is an environmental issue.
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这实际上是个环境问题。
16:34
And I kept thinking over and over again
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我曾反复思考
16:37
this question.
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这个问题。
16:39
We know so much about global warming and climate change,
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我们知道全球温暖化和气候变化
16:42
and yet, we have no concept
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但我们对
16:44
of what I've been calling internal environmentalism.
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我一直称呼的内部环境保护论一无所知。
16:46
We know what we're putting out there,
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我们很清楚我们在往外放什么东西,
16:48
we have a sense of those repercussions,
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我们也感觉到它们的影响,
16:50
but we are so ignorant of this sense
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我们却忽视这种感觉
16:52
of what happens when we put things, or things are put
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但当我们往外放东西发生什么
16:55
into our bodies.
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或吃东西时。
16:57
And it's my feeling
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我的感受
16:59
and it's my urging being here
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和我的迫切,
17:01
to know that, as we women move forward
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让我们妇女要出去
17:03
as the communicators of this,
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作为传达者,
17:05
but also as the ones who carry that burden
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我们也要负担
17:08
of carrying the children, bearing the children,
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养育孩子的重担,
17:11
we hold most of the buying power in the household,
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我们是家庭的主要力量,
17:14
is that it's going to be us moving forward
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所以我们也要再走出一步
17:17
to carry the work of Tyrone and other scientists around the world.
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去承担一些Tyrone和世界的其它科学家们所做的工作。
17:20
And my urging is
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我的迫切要求是
17:22
that when we think about environmental issues
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当我们考虑环境问题的时候,
17:24
that we remember that it's not just about melting glaciers and ice caps,
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记住并不只是消融的冰川,冰冠,
17:28
but it's also about our children as well.
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也关乎我们的孩子。
17:30
Thank you.
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谢谢大家!
17:32
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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