Tyrone Hayes + Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: The toxic baby?

譯者: YUTING HUANG 審譯者: Joan Liu

Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: I was going to ask if there's a doctor in the house.

事前我就在詢問是否會有醫生在場。

No, I'm just joking.

當然，這只是開玩笑的。

It's interesting, because it was six years ago

我來告訴大家這一切是如何開始的。六年前，

when I was pregnant with my first child

當我懷了第一個寶寶時，

that I discovered

我發現

that the most commonly used preservative

嬰兒護理產品中

in baby care products

最常使用的防腐劑

mimics estrogen

進入人類身體後，

when it gets into the human body.

會成為一種類似雌激素的物質。

Now it's very easy actually

事實上，產品中的各種化學物質，

to get a chemical compound from products

很容易經由皮膚

into the human body through the skin.

進入人體。

And these preservatives had been found

而乳癌腫瘤中

in breast cancer tumors.

也發現了這些防腐劑。

That was the start of my journey

於是我開始探索這個議題，

to make this film, "Toxic Baby."

拍攝了電影"中毒的寶寶"，

And it doesn't take much time

沒多久時間，

to discover some really astonishing statistics

我發現了關於這方面，

with this issue.

驚人的統計資料。

One is that you and I all have

其中之一是，不論是你們或我

between 30 to 50,000 chemicals

有大約3萬到5萬種的化學物質

in our bodies

在身體裡面，

that our grandparents didn't have.

這些化學物質是我們祖父母輩沒有的。

And many of these chemicals

其中很多化學物質，

are now linked to the skyrocketing incidents

則和越來越多的慢性孩童疾病，

of chronic childhood disease

脫不了關係。

that we're seeing across industrialized nations.

這在工業化國家已經是個顯見的事實。

I'll show you some statistics.

我現在秀一些統計數據給大家看，

So for example, in the United Kingdom,

舉例來說，在英國，

the incidence of childhood leukemia

兒童白血病的案例，

has risen by 20 percent just in a generation.

僅僅一個世代，已經增加了百分之二十，

Very similar statistic for childhood cancer in the U.S.

美國兒童癌症也呈現相似的統計數據。

In Canada, we're now looking at one in 10 Canadian children with asthma.

在加拿大，十分之一的兒童有氣喘症，

That's a four-fold increase.

比起上個世代，增加了四倍。

Again, similar story around the world.

同樣的，類似的情形也發生在世界上其他地方。

In the United States,

在美國，

probably the most astonishing statistic

則出現了可能是最驚人的數據，

is a 600 percent increase

患有自閉症，自閉症系列障礙

in autism and autistic spectrum disorders

以及學習障礙的兒童，

and other learning disabilities.

增加了百分之六百。

Again, we're seeing that trend

當然，相同的趨勢也出現在

across Europe, across North America.

整個歐洲，北美洲。

And in Europe,

在歐洲，

there's certain parts of Europe,

某些地區，

where we're seeing a four-fold increase

患有某種生殖器先天缺陷的兒童，

in certain genital birth defects.

增加了四倍。

Interestingly, one of those birth defects

值得關注的是，其中一種先天性缺陷，

has seen a 200 percent increase in the U.S.

在美國增加了百分之兩百。

So a real skyrocketing

數量急劇上升的

of chronic childhood disease

慢性兒童疾病

that includes other things

還包含了其它像是

like obesity and juvenile diabetes,

肥胖，少年糖尿病，

premature puberty.

青春期早熟。

So it's interesting for me,

而非常有趣的是，

when I'm looking for someone who can really talk to me

當我試著要找到適合的人，可以對我和大眾

and talk to an audience about these things,

談論這個主題，

that probably one of the most important people in the world

發現了世界上一個很重要，

who can discuss toxicity in babies

可以討論有毒物對嬰兒影響的人

is expert in frogs.

竟然是 研究青蛙的專家。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Tyrone Hayes: It was a surprise to me as well

我也很驚訝

that I would be talking about pesticides,

我要談論農藥，

that I'd be talking about public health,

談論大眾健康。

because, in fact, I never thought I would do anything useful.

因為我沒想過，我在做的事會對大家有幫助。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Frogs.

青蛙

In fact, my involvement in the whole pesticide issue

事實上，我也很訝異，

was sort of a surprise as well

我會參與農藥的研究。

when I was approached by the largest chemical company in the world

當時世界上最大的化學公司，

and they asked me if I would evaluate

要求我評估

how atrazine affected amphibians, or my frogs.

草脫淨農藥ATRAZINE對兩棲類動物或青蛙有什麼影響。

It turns out, atrazine is the largest selling product

ATRAZINE是世界上最大化學公司所出售

for the largest chemical company in the world.

最暢銷的化學產品。

It's the number one contaminant

結果顯示，它是地下水，飲用水和雨水

of groundwater, drinking water, rain water.

最大的污染源。

In 2003, after my studies, it was banned in the European Union,

2003年，歐盟開始禁止使用草脫淨農藥ATRAZINE。

but in that same year,

但是同一年，

the United States EPA re-registered the compound.

美國環境保護局卻重新註冊這個產品。

We were a bit surprised when we found out

實驗結果非常的驚人，

that when we exposed frogs

我們發現，即使青蛙暴露在

to very low levels of atrazine -- 0.1 parts per billion --

非常低濃度(0.1ppb)的農藥中，

that it produced animals that look like this.

仍然會發生突變。

These are the dissected gonads of an animal

這是青蛙的性腺解剖，

that has two testes, two ovaries,

有兩個睾丸，兩個卵巢，

another large testis, more ovaries,

另一大睾丸，和許多個卵巢，

which is not normal ...

當然，

(Laughter)

這一點都不正常.....

even for amphibians.

即使是兩棲類。

In some cases, another species like the North American Leopard Frog

其他類似的實驗，像是北美跳蛙，

showed that males exposed to atrazine grew eggs in their testes.

當公青蛙暴露在農藥中，睾丸會排卵。

And you can see these large, yolked-up eggs

你們可以看到這些大卵，

bursting through the surface of this male's testes.

充滿擠壓整個睾丸表面。

Now my wife tells me, and I'm sure Penelope can as well,

我的老婆告訴我，我想潘尼洛普也會說同樣的話，

that there's nothing more painful than childbirth --

沒有任何的痛，比的上生小孩的痛。

which that I'll never experience, I can't really argue that --

因為我永遠沒辦法體驗這件事，所以也無法爭辯，

but I would guess that a dozen chicken eggs in my testicle

但是我想如果有許多雞蛋在我的睾丸內

would probably be somewhere in the top five.

也許可以排的上

(Laughter)

痛苦指數前五名。

In recent studies that we've published,

最近公佈新的研究中顯示，

we've shown that some of these animals when they're exposed to atrazine,

我們將動物暴露在農藥ATRAZINE中，

some of the males grow up

某些種類雄性長大之後，

and completely become females.

會完全變成雌性。

So these are actually two brothers consummating a relationship.

現在你們看到的這兩隻青蛙其實是親兄弟，

And not only do these genetic males mate with other males,

這些雄性雌化的青蛙不只可以和其他雄蛙交配，

they actually have the capacity to lay eggs

他們事實上也可以產卵，

even though they're genetic males.

即使他們的基因是雄性。

What we proposed,

因此我們認為，

and what we've now generated support for,

且已經獲得證實，

is that what atrazine is doing

因為ATRAZINE的破壞

is wreaking havoc causing a hormone imbalance.

造成動物體內荷爾蒙不平衡。

Normally the testes should make testosterone,

正常狀況下，睪丸應該會產生睪丸酮

the male hormone.

一種男性荷爾蒙。

But what atrazine does is it turns on an enzyme,

但是草脫淨農藥會活化某種酵素，

the machinery if you will, aromatase,

以化學反應機構來解釋，也就是某種芳香酶，

that converts testosterone into estrogen.

將睪丸酮轉變為雌激素，

And as a result, these exposed males

結果造成了這些雄性動物

lose their testosterone, they're chemically castrated,

無法產生睪丸酮，被化學閹割了，

and they're subsequently feminized

最終，雄性雌化，

because now they're making the female hormone.

因為他們只有雌性荷爾蒙。

Now this is what brought me to the human-related issues.

現在我們回到人類的議題上，

Because it turns out

因為事實證明

that the number one cancer in women, breast cancer,

女性的最主要的癌症威脅－乳癌

is regulated by estrogen and by this enzyme aromatase.

就是受到雌激素和這種芳香酶的影響，

So when you develop a cancerous cell in your breast,

所以當你有一個癌症細胞在乳房形成，

aromatase converts androgens into estrogens,

芳香酶將男性荷爾蒙轉變為雌激素，

and that estrogen turns on or promotes

雌激素助長了

the growth of that cancer

癌細胞的成長

so that it turns into a tumor and spreads.

最終變成腫瘤並擴散。

In fact, this aromatase is so important in breast cancer

事實上，這種芳香酶對乳癌的形成很關鍵。

that the latest treatment for breast cancer

在最新的乳癌治療法中，

is a chemical called letrozole,

有一種化學藥物-Letrozole，

which blocks aromatase, blocks estrogen,

用來抑制芳香酶和雌激素，

so that if you developed a mutated cell, it doesn't grow into a tumor.

讓人體突變的細胞，不會增長成腫瘤。

Now what's interesting is, of course,

但是，值得注意的是，

that we're still using 80 million pounds of atrazine,

我們每年仍然使用高達八千萬磅的草脫淨農藥ATRAZINE，

the number one contaminant in drinking water, that does the opposite --

汙染了我們的飲用水，帶來很多問題，

turns on aromatase, increases estrogen

干擾動物荷爾蒙分泌，

and promotes tumors in rats

刺激老鼠體內腫瘤形成，

and is associated with tumors, breast cancer, in humans.

也和人類乳癌的發生息息相關。

What's interesting is, in fact,

而有趣的是，事實上，

the same company that sold us 80 million pounds of atrazine,

銷售八千萬磅農藥ATRAZINE

the breast cancer promoter,

造成乳癌患者增加的公司，

now sells us the blocker -- the exact same company.

同時也賣抑制腫瘤生長的藥物。

And so I find it interesting

這真的很矛盾，

that instead of treating this disease

我們對付疾病的方式，

by preventing exposure to the chemicals that promote it,

應該是減少暴露在致病的化學品中，

we simply respond

而不是糊塗的

by putting more chemicals into the environment.

讓更多的化學品污染環境。

PJC: So speaking of estrogen,

說到雌激素，

one of the other compounds that Tyrone talks about in the film

有另一種化學物質

is something called bisphenol A, BPA,

酚甲烷，簡稱BPA

which has been in the news recently.

也就是最近新聞媒體中提及的

It's a plasticizer.

塑化劑。

It's a compound that's found in polycarbonate plastic,

它是聚碳酸酯塑膠中的某種化學物質，

which is what baby bottles are made out of.

也是嬰兒奶瓶中含有的成分。

And what's interesting about BPA

值得注意的是，

is that it's such a potent estrogen

BPA具有雌激素的作用，

that it was actually once considered for use

因此曾經考慮用它

as a synthetic estrogen in hormone placement therapy.

作為合成雌激素以補充荷爾蒙。

And there have been many, many, many studies that have shown

很多很多的研究報告中證實，

that BPA leaches from babies' bottles

嬰兒奶瓶中的BPA

into the formula, into the milk,

會滲透到奶粉，牛奶中，

and therefore into the babies.

接著進入嬰兒體內。

So we're dosing our babies,

這就像我們讓新生兒

our newborns, our infants,

服用

with a synthetic estrogen.

合成雌激素。

Now two weeks ago or so,

大約兩星期前，

the European Union passed a law

歐盟通過法律，

banning the use of BPA

禁止在嬰兒奶瓶和幼兒學習杯

in babies' bottles and sippy cups.

使用BPA。

And for those of you who are not parents,

向不是父母親的人說明，

sippy cups are those little plastic things

所謂的幼兒學習杯是一種塑膠容器，

that your child graduates to after using bottles.

嬰兒戒奶瓶之後的替代水壺。

But just two weeks before that,

但是就在兩週前，

the U.S. Senate refused to even debate

美國參議院甚至拒絕就

the banning of BPA

是否禁用BPA在嬰兒奶瓶和水壺中，

in babies' bottles and sippy cups.

進行辯論。

So it really makes you realize

所以大家必須了解，

the onus on parents

這個驚人的真相。

to have to look at this and regulate this and police this

且身為父母親有責任

in their own lives

在日常生活中去關注，去掌控，

and how astonishing that is.

去監督這件事。

(Video) PJC: With many plastic baby bottles

許許多多的嬰兒奶瓶，

now proven to leak the chemical bisphenol A,

已經證實會滲透出BPA，

it really shows how sometimes

有時真的只能靠

it is only a parent's awareness

父母親的自覺，

that stands between chemicals and our children.

保護我們的寶寶免於接觸有害化學物質。

The baby bottle scenario proves

從嬰兒奶瓶的例子可證明，

that we can prevent unnecessary exposure.

我們可以防止寶寶暴露於不必要的風險中。

However, if we parents are unaware,

然而，如果父母親過於疏忽，

we are leaving our children

就是放任我們的孩子

to fend for themselves.

獨力對抗化學物質。

TH: And what Penelope says here

潘尼洛普所說的

is even more true.

非常正確。

For those of you who don't know, we're in the middle of the sixth mass extinction.

大部分人可能不知道，科學家認為

Scientists agree now.

人類正處於第六次物種毀滅期。

We are losing species from the Earth

地球上現在物種消失的速度

faster than the dinosaurs disappeared,

比恐龍滅亡還快。

and leading that loss are amphibians.

而其中最主要的就是兩棲類，

80 percent of all amphibians

80%的兩棲動物

are threatened and in come decline.

生存受到威脅，數量大幅下降。

And I believe, many scientists believe

科學家們相信，

that pesticides are an important part of that decline.

農藥的濫用是主要禍首之一。

In part, amphibians are good indicators and more sensitive

某種程度而言，兩棲類對環境很敏感，是很好的指標性生物

because they don't have protection from contaminants in the water --

因為兩棲類的卵沒有蛋殼和膜

no eggshells, no membranes

可以保護它在水中免受汙染物影響。

and no placenta.

當然也沒有胎盤。

In fact, our invention -- by "our" I mean we mammals --

事實上，哺乳動物最重要的

one of our big inventions was the placenta.

演化構造之一，就是胎盤。

But we also start out as aquatic organisms.

我們的生命同樣開始於液態，

But it turns out that this ancient structure

不過胎盤提供了我們不同於其他動物的安全環境。

that separates us from other animals, the placenta,

但是這個古老的構造，

cannot evolve or adapt fast enough

現在卻無法提供足夠的防護。

because of the rate that we're generating new chemicals

因為我們製造了太多新的化學產品，

that it's never seen before.

是以前從未出現過。

The evidence of that is that studies in rats, again with atrazine,

再一次用老鼠和農藥的實驗來說明，

show that the hormone imbalance atrazine generates causes abortion.

農藥引發的荷爾蒙不平衡會導致流產。

Because maintaining a pregnancy is dependent on hormones.

因為懷孕就是靠荷爾蒙維持妊娠。

Of those rats that don't abort,

未流產生下的公鼠，

atrazine causes prostate disease

也會受到農藥影響，

in the pups so the sons

幼獸一出生就患有前列腺疾病，

are born with an old man's disease.

這種病一般是出現在較年長的公獸。

Of those that don't abort,

未流產生下的母鼠，

atrazine causes impaired mammary, or breast, development

胚胎時期，

in the exposed daughters in utero,

在子宮內受到農藥的影響，

so that their breast don't develop properly.

導致乳房或乳腺發育不完全。

And as a result, when those rats grow up,

這些老鼠長大之後，

their pups experience retarded growth and development

因為無法提供幼鼠足夠的母乳和營養，

because they can't make enough milk to nourish their pups.

導致他們的幼鼠智力發展受損。

So the pup you see on the bottom is affected by atrazine

這些下層幼鼠因為他們的祖父母輩接觸了農藥ATRAZINE，

that its grandmother was exposed to.

他們間接成為受害者。

And given the life of many of these chemicals,

這些有害的化學成分

generations, years, dozens of years,

就這樣年復一年，代代相傳。

that means that we right now

這意味著，

are affecting the health

我們現在加諸於環境的

of our grandchildren's grandchildren

各種汙染

by things that we're putting into the environment today.

會影響到我們的孫子、孫子的孫子。

And this is not just philosophical, it's already known,

這不是哲學概念，這是我們已經知道的事實。

that chemicals like diethylstilbestrol and estrogen,

某些化學成分像是二乙烯二苯乙烯雌酚、雌激素

PCBs, DDT

多氯聯苯(PCBs)、雙對氯苯基三氯乙烷(DDT)

cross the placenta

透過胎盤

and effectively determine

讓寶寶還在子宮內時，

the likelihood of developing breast cancer

就被影響，

and obesity and diabetes

有可能羅患乳癌、

already when the baby's in the womb.

肥胖或是糖尿病。

In addition to that, after the baby's born,

除此之外，當嬰兒出生後，

our other unique invention as mammals

我們哺乳類得天獨的演化，

is that we nourish our offspring after they're born.

在於我們能哺育下一代。

We already know that chemicals

而這些已知的有害化學物質，

like DDT and DES and atrazine

像是DDT、DES和 ATRAZINE

can also pass over into milk,

在寶寶出生之後

again, affecting our babies

可以經由乳汁

even after their born.

再一次傷害他們。

PJC: So when Tyrone tells me

當Tyrone博士告訴我，

that the placenta is an ancient organ,

胎盤是一個古老的器官

I'm thinking, how do I demonstrate that?

我就在想我該如何說明？

How do you show that?

如何呈現這個概念？

And it's interesting when you make a film like this,

製作電影有意思的地方在於

because you're stuck trying to visualize science

你要試圖將抽像的科學概念

that there's no visualization for.

影像化。

And I have to take a little bit of artistic license.

因此我必須搭配一些藝術手法。

(Video) (Ringing)

(電話聲)

Old man: Placenta control.

胎盤控制中心

What is it?

什麼？

Oh what?

什麼？

(Snoring)

(鼾聲)

(Honk)

(喇叭)

Puffuffuff, what?

氟...氟...什麼?

Perflourooctanoic acid.

全.....氟...辛酸銨。

Blimey.

哎呀，

Never heard of it.

沒有聽過。

PJC: And neither had I actually

我也沒有聽過。

before I started making this film.

直到拍電影才知道那是甚麼。

And so when you realize that chemicals can pass the placenta

所以當了解化學物質可以穿過胎盤，

and go into your unborn child,

接觸到我們未出生的胎兒

it made me start to think,

我開始思索

what would my fetus say to me?

我的胎兒會對我說些甚麼？

What would our unborn children say to us

當胎兒們日復一日

when they have an exposure

暴露在化學物質中

that's happening everyday, day after day?

他們想對外面的世界說甚麼？

(Music)

(音樂)

(Video) Child: Today,

今天

I had some octyphenols,

我吃了一些辛基酚，

some artificial musks

一些人造麝香，

and some bisphenol A.

還有一些雙酚A。

Help me.

救救我!

PJC: It's a very profound notion

身為女人

to know that we as women

知道自己處於這個議題的前線，

are at the vanguard of this.

這具有深刻的意義。

This is our issue,

這是我們的問題，

because we collect these compounds our entire life

因為我們一輩子收集累積的化學物質

and then we end up dumping it and dumping them

最後傾倒在

into our unborn children.

我們未出生的胎兒身上。

We are in effect

我們實際上

polluting our children.

在污染我們的孩子。

And this was something that was really brought home to me a year ago

一年前發生在我身上的事，讓我更加如此確信。

when I found out I was pregnant

當時我懷孕了，

and the first scan revealed

第一次的掃描檢查就發現，

that my baby had a birth defect

我的寶寶有先天性缺陷。

associated with exposure

這和我子宮中

to estrogenic chemicals in the womb

含有雌激素化學物質有關。

and the second scan

第二次掃描時，

revealed no heartbeat.

胎兒已經沒有心跳，

So my child's death, my baby's death,

我的孩子死了，我的寶寶死了。

really brought home the resonance of what I was trying to make in this film.

就像呼應了我當時正在拍攝的影片。

And it's sometimes a weird place

事情有時候很弔詭，

when the communicator becomes part of the story,

說故事的人變成了故事的一部份，

which is not what you originally intend.

只能說世事難料。

And so when Tyrone talks about

所以當Tyrone博士談到

the fetus being trapped in a contaminated environment,

胎兒被困在受汙染的環境中，

this is my contaminated environment.

這就是我受汙染的子宮，

This is my toxic baby.

這就是我中毒的寶寶。

And that's something

發生這種事情

that's just profound and sad,

當然既深刻又悲痛，

but astonishing

但令人驚訝的是，

because so many of us don't actually know this.

大多數人並不瞭解我們面對的問題。

TH: One of this things that's exciting and appropriate

對我而言，來到TEDWomen理由，

for me to be here at TEDWomen

我用一句振奮且適合的話來描述，

is that, well, I think it was summed up best last night at dinner

就是昨天晚餐，

when someone said, "Turn to the man at your table and tell them,

有人說到：「告訴和你同桌的人，

'When the revolution starts, we've got your back.'"

當革命開始時，我們會保護你們。」

The truth is, women,

事實上，女人們，

you've had our back on this issue for a very long time,

我們已經長時間在這個議題上支持你們，

starting with Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"

從瑞秋．卡森Rachel Carson《寂靜的春天》開始，

to Theo Colborn's "Our Stolen Future"

到柯爾朋Theo Colborn《失竊的未來》，

to Sandra Steingraber's books

史坦葛蘿柏Sandra Steingrabe的著作

"Living Downstream" and "Having Faith."

《住在河下游》和《信仰》

And perhaps it's the connection to our next generation --

這也許持續到我們的下一代，

like my wife and my beautiful daughter here about 13 years ago --

就像我的妻子和美麗的女兒，這是13年前的照片。

perhaps it's that connection

也許這些連結，

that makes women activists

可以讓更多關注這議題的女性，

in this particular area.

投身到這個特殊的領域。

But for the men here, I want to say

但是我想要提醒男人，

it's not just women and children that are at risk.

並不是只有女人和孩子承受風險。

And the frogs that are exposed to atrazine,

受到草脫劑農藥ATRAZINE汙染的青蛙，

the testes are full of holes and spaces,

因為荷爾蒙失調，

because the hormone imbalance,

睪丸上布滿了破洞和空隙

instead of allowing sperm to be generated,

因此無法產生精子。

such as in the testis here,

就像這個睪丸，

the testicular tubules end up empty

輸精管的末端是空的。

and fertility goes down by as much as 50 percent.

生殖能力只剩下百分之五十。

It's not just my work in amphibians,

這樣的結果不單出現在兩棲類研究中，

but similar work has been shown in fish in Europe,

歐洲魚類的實驗也有類似結果，

holes in the testes and absence of sperm in reptiles in a group from South America

南非爬蟲類，也出現了睪丸上有破洞和缺少精子的現象，

and in rats, an absence of sperm

老鼠的研究上，

in the testicular tubules as well.

也有輸精管缺乏精子情形。

And of course, we don't do these experiments in humans,

當然，我們沒有在人體上做實驗，

but just by coincidence,

但是很湊巧的

my colleague has shown

有報告指出，

that men who have low sperm count, low semen quality

尿液中農藥含量較高的男人，

have significantly more atrazine in their urine.

精液中精子的數目相對較少。

These are just men who live

而這些男人，

in an agricultural community.

剛好住在農村社區。

Men who actually work in agriculture

從事農耕的男人，

have much higher levels of atrazine.

尿液中有比較高的農藥殘餘。

And the men who actually apply atrazine

而實際噴灑草脫劑ATRAZINE的人，

have even more atrazine in their urine,

尿液中農藥的濃度，

up to levels that are 24,000 times what we know to be active

比起一般人，

are present in the urine of these men.

更高達24,000倍。

Of course, most of them, 90 percent are Mexican, Mexican-American.

當然，他們百分之九十是墨西哥人或是墨裔美國人。

And it's not just atrazine they're exposed to.

除了草脫劑農藥之外，

They're exposed to chemicals like chloropicrin,

他們還接觸到其他化學物質，

which was originally used as a nerve gas.

像是原本作為神經毒氣的三氯硝基甲烷。

And many of these workers

大多數這些工人

have life expectancies of only 50.

只能活到50歲。

It shouldn't come to any surprise that the things that happen in wildlife

所以發生在野生動物身上的事，

are also a warning to us,

對人類也同樣是警訊，

just like Rachel Carson and others have warned.

就像瑞秋．卡森以及其他環保先驅所告誡的一樣。

As evident in this slide from Lake Nabugabo in Uganda,

這張投影片是烏干達納布甘布湖

the agricultural runoff from this crop,

灌溉農作物的水

which goes into these buckets,

流經土壤進入湖中，

is the sole source of drinking, cooking and bathing water for this village.

而這個湖泊是村落居民飲用、烹飪和洗澡的唯一水源。

Now if I told the men in this village

如果我告訴當地居民

that the frogs have pour immune function

青蛙免疫系統被破壞，

and eggs developing in their testes,

睪丸中形成卵細胞，

the connection between environmental health and public health

環境和大眾健康之間的關係，

would be clear.

就非常清楚。

You would not drink water that you knew was having this kind of impact

當你知道生活在其中的野生動物受到影響

on the wildlife that lived in it.

你就不會喝受汙染的水。

The problem is, in my village, Oakland,

但問題是，在我居住的村子，奧克蘭

in most of our villages,

或是其他大部分的地區，

we don't see that connection.

人們不知道環境和健康的關係。

We turn on the faucet, the water comes out, we assume it's safe,

我們打開水龍頭，水流出來，我們以為這是安全的，

and we assume that we are masters of our environment,

我們理所當然的認為人類是生態環境的主人，

rather than being part of it.

沒有察覺我們其實是其中一份子。

PJC: So it doesn't take much to realize

不難理解，

that actually this is an environmental issue.

這實際上是與環境息息相關的問題。

And I kept thinking over and over again

我不斷在思考

this question.

這件事情。

We know so much about global warming and climate change,

我們已經知道地球暖化和氣候變遷，

and yet, we have no concept

但是我們仍然

of what I've been calling internal environmentalism.

對自己身體內的變化沒有概念。

We know what we're putting out there,

我們知道人類對環境的破壞，

we have a sense of those repercussions,

也查覺到大自然的反撲，

but we are so ignorant of this sense

但是仍然忽略了，

of what happens when we put things, or things are put

我們加諸環境的污染物，最終

into our bodies.

還是回到自己體內。

And it's my feeling

這是我的深刻體會，

and it's my urging being here

也是我的積極呼籲，

to know that, as we women move forward

當女人進一步

as the communicators of this,

開始傳遞這樣的訊息，

but also as the ones who carry that burden

我們也同時負擔了

of carrying the children, bearing the children,

養育孩子的責任，

we hold most of the buying power in the household,

我們擁有選購家庭用品的決定權，

is that it's going to be us moving forward

這也是我們為什們要更進一步，

to carry the work of Tyrone and other scientists around the world.

去分擔Tyrone博士和世界上其他科學家的擔子。

And my urging is

我迫切的希望，

that when we think about environmental issues

當我們思索環保議題，

that we remember that it's not just about melting glaciers and ice caps,

必須記得這不僅是冰河或冰帽融化的問題，

but it's also about our children as well.

這也和我們的孩子息息相關。

Thank you.

謝謝大家。

(Applause)

(掌聲)