Tyrone Hayes + Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: The toxic baby?

118,664 views ・ 2012-02-13

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: I was going to ask if there's a doctor in the house.
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No, I'm just joking.
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It's interesting, because it was six years ago
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when I was pregnant with my first child
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that I discovered
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that the most commonly used preservative
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in baby care products
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mimics estrogen
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when it gets into the human body.
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Now it's very easy actually
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to get a chemical compound from products
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into the human body through the skin.
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And these preservatives had been found
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in breast cancer tumors.
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That was the start of my journey
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to make this film, "Toxic Baby."
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And it doesn't take much time
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to discover some really astonishing statistics
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with this issue.
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One is that you and I all have
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between 30 to 50,000 chemicals
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in our bodies
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that our grandparents didn't have.
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And many of these chemicals
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are now linked to the skyrocketing incidents
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of chronic childhood disease
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that we're seeing across industrialized nations.
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I'll show you some statistics.
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So for example, in the United Kingdom,
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the incidence of childhood leukemia
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has risen by 20 percent just in a generation.
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Very similar statistic for childhood cancer in the U.S.
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In Canada, we're now looking at one in 10 Canadian children with asthma.
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That's a four-fold increase.
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Again, similar story around the world.
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In the United States,
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probably the most astonishing statistic
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is a 600 percent increase
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in autism and autistic spectrum disorders
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and other learning disabilities.
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Again, we're seeing that trend
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across Europe, across North America.
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And in Europe,
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there's certain parts of Europe,
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where we're seeing a four-fold increase
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in certain genital birth defects.
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Interestingly, one of those birth defects
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has seen a 200 percent increase in the U.S.
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So a real skyrocketing
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of chronic childhood disease
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that includes other things
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like obesity and juvenile diabetes,
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premature puberty.
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So it's interesting for me,
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when I'm looking for someone who can really talk to me
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and talk to an audience about these things,
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that probably one of the most important people in the world
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who can discuss toxicity in babies
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is expert in frogs.
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(Laughter)
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Tyrone Hayes: It was a surprise to me as well
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that I would be talking about pesticides,
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that I'd be talking about public health,
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because, in fact, I never thought I would do anything useful.
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(Laughter)
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Frogs.
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In fact, my involvement in the whole pesticide issue
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was sort of a surprise as well
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when I was approached by the largest chemical company in the world
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and they asked me if I would evaluate
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how atrazine affected amphibians, or my frogs.
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It turns out, atrazine is the largest selling product
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for the largest chemical company in the world.
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It's the number one contaminant
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of groundwater, drinking water, rain water.
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In 2003, after my studies, it was banned in the European Union,
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but in that same year,
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the United States EPA re-registered the compound.
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We were a bit surprised when we found out
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that when we exposed frogs
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to very low levels of atrazine -- 0.1 parts per billion --
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that it produced animals that look like this.
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These are the dissected gonads of an animal
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that has two testes, two ovaries,
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another large testis, more ovaries,
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which is not normal ...
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(Laughter)
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even for amphibians.
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In some cases, another species like the North American Leopard Frog
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showed that males exposed to atrazine grew eggs in their testes.
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And you can see these large, yolked-up eggs
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bursting through the surface of this male's testes.
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Now my wife tells me, and I'm sure Penelope can as well,
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that there's nothing more painful than childbirth --
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which that I'll never experience, I can't really argue that --
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but I would guess that a dozen chicken eggs in my testicle
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would probably be somewhere in the top five.
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(Laughter)
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In recent studies that we've published,
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we've shown that some of these animals when they're exposed to atrazine,
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some of the males grow up
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and completely become females.
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So these are actually two brothers consummating a relationship.
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And not only do these genetic males mate with other males,
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they actually have the capacity to lay eggs
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even though they're genetic males.
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What we proposed,
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and what we've now generated support for,
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is that what atrazine is doing
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is wreaking havoc causing a hormone imbalance.
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Normally the testes should make testosterone,
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the male hormone.
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But what atrazine does is it turns on an enzyme,
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the machinery if you will, aromatase,
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that converts testosterone into estrogen.
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And as a result, these exposed males
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lose their testosterone, they're chemically castrated,
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and they're subsequently feminized
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because now they're making the female hormone.
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Now this is what brought me to the human-related issues.
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Because it turns out
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that the number one cancer in women, breast cancer,
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is regulated by estrogen and by this enzyme aromatase.
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So when you develop a cancerous cell in your breast,
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aromatase converts androgens into estrogens,
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and that estrogen turns on or promotes
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the growth of that cancer
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so that it turns into a tumor and spreads.
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In fact, this aromatase is so important in breast cancer
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that the latest treatment for breast cancer
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is a chemical called letrozole,
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which blocks aromatase, blocks estrogen,
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so that if you developed a mutated cell, it doesn't grow into a tumor.
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Now what's interesting is, of course,
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that we're still using 80 million pounds of atrazine,
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the number one contaminant in drinking water, that does the opposite --
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turns on aromatase, increases estrogen
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and promotes tumors in rats
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and is associated with tumors, breast cancer, in humans.
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What's interesting is, in fact,
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the same company that sold us 80 million pounds of atrazine,
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the breast cancer promoter,
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now sells us the blocker -- the exact same company.
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And so I find it interesting
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that instead of treating this disease
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by preventing exposure to the chemicals that promote it,
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we simply respond
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by putting more chemicals into the environment.
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PJC: So speaking of estrogen,
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one of the other compounds that Tyrone talks about in the film
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is something called bisphenol A, BPA,
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which has been in the news recently.
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It's a plasticizer.
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It's a compound that's found in polycarbonate plastic,
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which is what baby bottles are made out of.
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And what's interesting about BPA
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is that it's such a potent estrogen
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that it was actually once considered for use
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as a synthetic estrogen in hormone placement therapy.
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And there have been many, many, many studies that have shown
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that BPA leaches from babies' bottles
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into the formula, into the milk,
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and therefore into the babies.
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So we're dosing our babies,
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our newborns, our infants,
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with a synthetic estrogen.
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Now two weeks ago or so,
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the European Union passed a law
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banning the use of BPA
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in babies' bottles and sippy cups.
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And for those of you who are not parents,
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sippy cups are those little plastic things
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that your child graduates to after using bottles.
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But just two weeks before that,
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the U.S. Senate refused to even debate
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the banning of BPA
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in babies' bottles and sippy cups.
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So it really makes you realize
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the onus on parents
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to have to look at this and regulate this and police this
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in their own lives
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and how astonishing that is.
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(Video) PJC: With many plastic baby bottles
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now proven to leak the chemical bisphenol A,
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it really shows how sometimes
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it is only a parent's awareness
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that stands between chemicals and our children.
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The baby bottle scenario proves
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that we can prevent unnecessary exposure.
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However, if we parents are unaware,
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we are leaving our children
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to fend for themselves.
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TH: And what Penelope says here
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is even more true.
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For those of you who don't know, we're in the middle of the sixth mass extinction.
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Scientists agree now.
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We are losing species from the Earth
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faster than the dinosaurs disappeared,
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and leading that loss are amphibians.
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80 percent of all amphibians
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are threatened and in come decline.
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And I believe, many scientists believe
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that pesticides are an important part of that decline.
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In part, amphibians are good indicators and more sensitive
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because they don't have protection from contaminants in the water --
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no eggshells, no membranes
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and no placenta.
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In fact, our invention -- by "our" I mean we mammals --
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one of our big inventions was the placenta.
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But we also start out as aquatic organisms.
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But it turns out that this ancient structure
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that separates us from other animals, the placenta,
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cannot evolve or adapt fast enough
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because of the rate that we're generating new chemicals
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that it's never seen before.
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The evidence of that is that studies in rats, again with atrazine,
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show that the hormone imbalance atrazine generates causes abortion.
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Because maintaining a pregnancy is dependent on hormones.
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Of those rats that don't abort,
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atrazine causes prostate disease
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in the pups so the sons
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are born with an old man's disease.
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Of those that don't abort,
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atrazine causes impaired mammary, or breast, development
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in the exposed daughters in utero,
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so that their breast don't develop properly.
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And as a result, when those rats grow up,
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their pups experience retarded growth and development
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because they can't make enough milk to nourish their pups.
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So the pup you see on the bottom is affected by atrazine
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that its grandmother was exposed to.
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And given the life of many of these chemicals,
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generations, years, dozens of years,
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that means that we right now
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are affecting the health
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of our grandchildren's grandchildren
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by things that we're putting into the environment today.
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And this is not just philosophical, it's already known,
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that chemicals like diethylstilbestrol and estrogen,
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PCBs, DDT
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cross the placenta
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and effectively determine
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the likelihood of developing breast cancer
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and obesity and diabetes
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already when the baby's in the womb.
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In addition to that, after the baby's born,
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our other unique invention as mammals
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is that we nourish our offspring after they're born.
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We already know that chemicals
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like DDT and DES and atrazine
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can also pass over into milk,
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again, affecting our babies
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even after their born.
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PJC: So when Tyrone tells me
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that the placenta is an ancient organ,
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I'm thinking, how do I demonstrate that?
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How do you show that?
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And it's interesting when you make a film like this,
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because you're stuck trying to visualize science
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that there's no visualization for.
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And I have to take a little bit of artistic license.
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(Video) (Ringing)
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Old man: Placenta control.
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What is it?
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Oh what?
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(Snoring)
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(Honk)
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Puffuffuff, what?
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Perflourooctanoic acid.
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Blimey.
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Never heard of it.
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PJC: And neither had I actually
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before I started making this film.
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And so when you realize that chemicals can pass the placenta
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and go into your unborn child,
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it made me start to think,
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what would my fetus say to me?
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What would our unborn children say to us
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when they have an exposure
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that's happening everyday, day after day?
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(Music)
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(Video) Child: Today,
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I had some octyphenols,
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some artificial musks
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and some bisphenol A.
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Help me.
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PJC: It's a very profound notion
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to know that we as women
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are at the vanguard of this.
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This is our issue,
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because we collect these compounds our entire life
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and then we end up dumping it and dumping them
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into our unborn children.
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We are in effect
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polluting our children.
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And this was something that was really brought home to me a year ago
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when I found out I was pregnant
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and the first scan revealed
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that my baby had a birth defect
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associated with exposure
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to estrogenic chemicals in the womb
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and the second scan
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revealed no heartbeat.
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So my child's death, my baby's death,
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really brought home the resonance of what I was trying to make in this film.
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And it's sometimes a weird place
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when the communicator becomes part of the story,
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which is not what you originally intend.
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And so when Tyrone talks about
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the fetus being trapped in a contaminated environment,
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this is my contaminated environment.
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This is my toxic baby.
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And that's something
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that's just profound and sad,
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but astonishing
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because so many of us don't actually know this.
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TH: One of this things that's exciting and appropriate
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for me to be here at TEDWomen
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is that, well, I think it was summed up best last night at dinner
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when someone said, "Turn to the man at your table and tell them,
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'When the revolution starts, we've got your back.'"
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The truth is, women,
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you've had our back on this issue for a very long time,
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starting with Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"
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to Theo Colborn's "Our Stolen Future"
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to Sandra Steingraber's books
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"Living Downstream" and "Having Faith."
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And perhaps it's the connection to our next generation --
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like my wife and my beautiful daughter here about 13 years ago --
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perhaps it's that connection
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that makes women activists
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in this particular area.
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But for the men here, I want to say
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it's not just women and children that are at risk.
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And the frogs that are exposed to atrazine,
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the testes are full of holes and spaces,
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because the hormone imbalance,
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instead of allowing sperm to be generated,
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such as in the testis here,
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the testicular tubules end up empty
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and fertility goes down by as much as 50 percent.
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It's not just my work in amphibians,
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but similar work has been shown in fish in Europe,
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holes in the testes and absence of sperm in reptiles in a group from South America
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and in rats, an absence of sperm
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in the testicular tubules as well.
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And of course, we don't do these experiments in humans,
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but just by coincidence,
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my colleague has shown
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that men who have low sperm count, low semen quality
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have significantly more atrazine in their urine.
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These are just men who live
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in an agricultural community.
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Men who actually work in agriculture
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have much higher levels of atrazine.
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And the men who actually apply atrazine
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have even more atrazine in their urine,
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up to levels that are 24,000 times what we know to be active
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are present in the urine of these men.
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Of course, most of them, 90 percent are Mexican, Mexican-American.
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And it's not just atrazine they're exposed to.
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They're exposed to chemicals like chloropicrin,
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which was originally used as a nerve gas.
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And many of these workers
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have life expectancies of only 50.
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It shouldn't come to any surprise that the things that happen in wildlife
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are also a warning to us,
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just like Rachel Carson and others have warned.
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As evident in this slide from Lake Nabugabo in Uganda,
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the agricultural runoff from this crop,
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which goes into these buckets,
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is the sole source of drinking, cooking and bathing water for this village.
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Now if I told the men in this village
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that the frogs have pour immune function
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and eggs developing in their testes,
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the connection between environmental health and public health
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would be clear.
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You would not drink water that you knew was having this kind of impact
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on the wildlife that lived in it.
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The problem is, in my village, Oakland,
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in most of our villages,
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we don't see that connection.
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We turn on the faucet, the water comes out, we assume it's safe,
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and we assume that we are masters of our environment,
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rather than being part of it.
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PJC: So it doesn't take much to realize
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that actually this is an environmental issue.
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And I kept thinking over and over again
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this question.
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We know so much about global warming and climate change,
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and yet, we have no concept
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of what I've been calling internal environmentalism.
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We know what we're putting out there,
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we have a sense of those repercussions,
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but we are so ignorant of this sense
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of what happens when we put things, or things are put
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into our bodies.
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And it's my feeling
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and it's my urging being here
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to know that, as we women move forward
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as the communicators of this,
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but also as the ones who carry that burden
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of carrying the children, bearing the children,
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we hold most of the buying power in the household,
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is that it's going to be us moving forward
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to carry the work of Tyrone and other scientists around the world.
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And my urging is
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that when we think about environmental issues
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that we remember that it's not just about melting glaciers and ice caps,
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but it's also about our children as well.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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