Tyrone Hayes + Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: The toxic baby?

118,353 views ・ 2012-02-13

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: I was going to ask if there's a doctor in the house.
0
15260
3000
00:18
No, I'm just joking.
1
18260
2000
00:20
It's interesting, because it was six years ago
2
20260
3000
00:23
when I was pregnant with my first child
3
23260
2000
00:25
that I discovered
4
25260
2000
00:27
that the most commonly used preservative
5
27260
2000
00:29
in baby care products
6
29260
2000
00:31
mimics estrogen
7
31260
2000
00:33
when it gets into the human body.
8
33260
2000
00:35
Now it's very easy actually
9
35260
2000
00:37
to get a chemical compound from products
10
37260
2000
00:39
into the human body through the skin.
11
39260
2000
00:41
And these preservatives had been found
12
41260
2000
00:43
in breast cancer tumors.
13
43260
2000
00:45
That was the start of my journey
14
45260
2000
00:47
to make this film, "Toxic Baby."
15
47260
2000
00:49
And it doesn't take much time
16
49260
2000
00:51
to discover some really astonishing statistics
17
51260
2000
00:53
with this issue.
18
53260
2000
00:55
One is that you and I all have
19
55260
3000
00:58
between 30 to 50,000 chemicals
20
58260
2000
01:00
in our bodies
21
60260
2000
01:02
that our grandparents didn't have.
22
62260
2000
01:04
And many of these chemicals
23
64260
2000
01:06
are now linked to the skyrocketing incidents
24
66260
3000
01:09
of chronic childhood disease
25
69260
2000
01:11
that we're seeing across industrialized nations.
26
71260
3000
01:14
I'll show you some statistics.
27
74260
2000
01:16
So for example, in the United Kingdom,
28
76260
2000
01:18
the incidence of childhood leukemia
29
78260
2000
01:20
has risen by 20 percent just in a generation.
30
80260
3000
01:23
Very similar statistic for childhood cancer in the U.S.
31
83260
3000
01:26
In Canada, we're now looking at one in 10 Canadian children with asthma.
32
86260
4000
01:30
That's a four-fold increase.
33
90260
3000
01:33
Again, similar story around the world.
34
93260
2000
01:35
In the United States,
35
95260
2000
01:37
probably the most astonishing statistic
36
97260
2000
01:39
is a 600 percent increase
37
99260
2000
01:41
in autism and autistic spectrum disorders
38
101260
3000
01:44
and other learning disabilities.
39
104260
2000
01:46
Again, we're seeing that trend
40
106260
2000
01:48
across Europe, across North America.
41
108260
2000
01:50
And in Europe,
42
110260
2000
01:52
there's certain parts of Europe,
43
112260
2000
01:54
where we're seeing a four-fold increase
44
114260
2000
01:56
in certain genital birth defects.
45
116260
3000
01:59
Interestingly, one of those birth defects
46
119260
2000
02:01
has seen a 200 percent increase in the U.S.
47
121260
3000
02:04
So a real skyrocketing
48
124260
2000
02:06
of chronic childhood disease
49
126260
2000
02:08
that includes other things
50
128260
2000
02:10
like obesity and juvenile diabetes,
51
130260
2000
02:12
premature puberty.
52
132260
2000
02:14
So it's interesting for me,
53
134260
2000
02:16
when I'm looking for someone who can really talk to me
54
136260
2000
02:18
and talk to an audience about these things,
55
138260
3000
02:21
that probably one of the most important people in the world
56
141260
3000
02:24
who can discuss toxicity in babies
57
144260
3000
02:27
is expert in frogs.
58
147260
2000
02:29
(Laughter)
59
149260
2000
02:31
Tyrone Hayes: It was a surprise to me as well
60
151260
3000
02:34
that I would be talking about pesticides,
61
154260
3000
02:37
that I'd be talking about public health,
62
157260
4000
02:41
because, in fact, I never thought I would do anything useful.
63
161260
3000
02:44
(Laughter)
64
164260
3000
02:47
Frogs.
65
167260
3000
02:50
In fact, my involvement in the whole pesticide issue
66
170260
3000
02:53
was sort of a surprise as well
67
173260
2000
02:55
when I was approached by the largest chemical company in the world
68
175260
3000
02:58
and they asked me if I would evaluate
69
178260
2000
03:00
how atrazine affected amphibians, or my frogs.
70
180260
3000
03:03
It turns out, atrazine is the largest selling product
71
183260
3000
03:06
for the largest chemical company in the world.
72
186260
2000
03:08
It's the number one contaminant
73
188260
2000
03:10
of groundwater, drinking water, rain water.
74
190260
3000
03:13
In 2003, after my studies, it was banned in the European Union,
75
193260
3000
03:16
but in that same year,
76
196260
2000
03:18
the United States EPA re-registered the compound.
77
198260
2000
03:20
We were a bit surprised when we found out
78
200260
3000
03:23
that when we exposed frogs
79
203260
2000
03:25
to very low levels of atrazine -- 0.1 parts per billion --
80
205260
3000
03:28
that it produced animals that look like this.
81
208260
3000
03:31
These are the dissected gonads of an animal
82
211260
2000
03:33
that has two testes, two ovaries,
83
213260
2000
03:35
another large testis, more ovaries,
84
215260
2000
03:37
which is not normal ...
85
217260
2000
03:39
(Laughter)
86
219260
2000
03:41
even for amphibians.
87
221260
2000
03:43
In some cases, another species like the North American Leopard Frog
88
223260
3000
03:46
showed that males exposed to atrazine grew eggs in their testes.
89
226260
3000
03:49
And you can see these large, yolked-up eggs
90
229260
2000
03:51
bursting through the surface of this male's testes.
91
231260
3000
03:54
Now my wife tells me, and I'm sure Penelope can as well,
92
234260
3000
03:57
that there's nothing more painful than childbirth --
93
237260
3000
04:00
which that I'll never experience, I can't really argue that --
94
240260
3000
04:03
but I would guess that a dozen chicken eggs in my testicle
95
243260
2000
04:05
would probably be somewhere in the top five.
96
245260
3000
04:08
(Laughter)
97
248260
2000
04:10
In recent studies that we've published,
98
250260
2000
04:12
we've shown that some of these animals when they're exposed to atrazine,
99
252260
2000
04:14
some of the males grow up
100
254260
2000
04:16
and completely become females.
101
256260
2000
04:18
So these are actually two brothers consummating a relationship.
102
258260
3000
04:21
And not only do these genetic males mate with other males,
103
261260
3000
04:24
they actually have the capacity to lay eggs
104
264260
2000
04:26
even though they're genetic males.
105
266260
3000
04:29
What we proposed,
106
269260
2000
04:31
and what we've now generated support for,
107
271260
2000
04:33
is that what atrazine is doing
108
273260
2000
04:35
is wreaking havoc causing a hormone imbalance.
109
275260
2000
04:37
Normally the testes should make testosterone,
110
277260
2000
04:39
the male hormone.
111
279260
2000
04:41
But what atrazine does is it turns on an enzyme,
112
281260
3000
04:44
the machinery if you will, aromatase,
113
284260
2000
04:46
that converts testosterone into estrogen.
114
286260
2000
04:48
And as a result, these exposed males
115
288260
2000
04:50
lose their testosterone, they're chemically castrated,
116
290260
3000
04:53
and they're subsequently feminized
117
293260
2000
04:55
because now they're making the female hormone.
118
295260
2000
04:57
Now this is what brought me to the human-related issues.
119
297260
3000
05:00
Because it turns out
120
300260
2000
05:02
that the number one cancer in women, breast cancer,
121
302260
3000
05:05
is regulated by estrogen and by this enzyme aromatase.
122
305260
3000
05:08
So when you develop a cancerous cell in your breast,
123
308260
2000
05:10
aromatase converts androgens into estrogens,
124
310260
4000
05:14
and that estrogen turns on or promotes
125
314260
2000
05:16
the growth of that cancer
126
316260
2000
05:18
so that it turns into a tumor and spreads.
127
318260
3000
05:21
In fact, this aromatase is so important in breast cancer
128
321260
3000
05:24
that the latest treatment for breast cancer
129
324260
3000
05:27
is a chemical called letrozole,
130
327260
2000
05:29
which blocks aromatase, blocks estrogen,
131
329260
2000
05:31
so that if you developed a mutated cell, it doesn't grow into a tumor.
132
331260
3000
05:34
Now what's interesting is, of course,
133
334260
2000
05:36
that we're still using 80 million pounds of atrazine,
134
336260
3000
05:39
the number one contaminant in drinking water, that does the opposite --
135
339260
3000
05:42
turns on aromatase, increases estrogen
136
342260
2000
05:44
and promotes tumors in rats
137
344260
2000
05:46
and is associated with tumors, breast cancer, in humans.
138
346260
4000
05:50
What's interesting is, in fact,
139
350260
2000
05:52
the same company that sold us 80 million pounds of atrazine,
140
352260
2000
05:54
the breast cancer promoter,
141
354260
2000
05:56
now sells us the blocker -- the exact same company.
142
356260
3000
05:59
And so I find it interesting
143
359260
2000
06:01
that instead of treating this disease
144
361260
2000
06:03
by preventing exposure to the chemicals that promote it,
145
363260
3000
06:06
we simply respond
146
366260
2000
06:08
by putting more chemicals into the environment.
147
368260
3000
06:11
PJC: So speaking of estrogen,
148
371260
2000
06:13
one of the other compounds that Tyrone talks about in the film
149
373260
3000
06:16
is something called bisphenol A, BPA,
150
376260
3000
06:19
which has been in the news recently.
151
379260
3000
06:22
It's a plasticizer.
152
382260
2000
06:24
It's a compound that's found in polycarbonate plastic,
153
384260
3000
06:27
which is what baby bottles are made out of.
154
387260
2000
06:29
And what's interesting about BPA
155
389260
2000
06:31
is that it's such a potent estrogen
156
391260
3000
06:34
that it was actually once considered for use
157
394260
2000
06:36
as a synthetic estrogen in hormone placement therapy.
158
396260
3000
06:39
And there have been many, many, many studies that have shown
159
399260
3000
06:42
that BPA leaches from babies' bottles
160
402260
3000
06:45
into the formula, into the milk,
161
405260
2000
06:47
and therefore into the babies.
162
407260
2000
06:49
So we're dosing our babies,
163
409260
2000
06:51
our newborns, our infants,
164
411260
2000
06:53
with a synthetic estrogen.
165
413260
2000
06:55
Now two weeks ago or so,
166
415260
2000
06:57
the European Union passed a law
167
417260
2000
06:59
banning the use of BPA
168
419260
2000
07:01
in babies' bottles and sippy cups.
169
421260
2000
07:03
And for those of you who are not parents,
170
423260
2000
07:05
sippy cups are those little plastic things
171
425260
2000
07:07
that your child graduates to after using bottles.
172
427260
3000
07:10
But just two weeks before that,
173
430260
3000
07:13
the U.S. Senate refused to even debate
174
433260
3000
07:16
the banning of BPA
175
436260
2000
07:18
in babies' bottles and sippy cups.
176
438260
3000
07:21
So it really makes you realize
177
441260
2000
07:23
the onus on parents
178
443260
2000
07:25
to have to look at this and regulate this and police this
179
445260
2000
07:27
in their own lives
180
447260
2000
07:29
and how astonishing that is.
181
449260
2000
07:31
(Video) PJC: With many plastic baby bottles
182
451260
3000
07:34
now proven to leak the chemical bisphenol A,
183
454260
3000
07:37
it really shows how sometimes
184
457260
2000
07:39
it is only a parent's awareness
185
459260
2000
07:41
that stands between chemicals and our children.
186
461260
4000
07:45
The baby bottle scenario proves
187
465260
2000
07:47
that we can prevent unnecessary exposure.
188
467260
3000
07:50
However, if we parents are unaware,
189
470260
2000
07:52
we are leaving our children
190
472260
2000
07:54
to fend for themselves.
191
474260
3000
08:03
TH: And what Penelope says here
192
483260
2000
08:05
is even more true.
193
485260
2000
08:07
For those of you who don't know, we're in the middle of the sixth mass extinction.
194
487260
3000
08:10
Scientists agree now.
195
490260
2000
08:12
We are losing species from the Earth
196
492260
2000
08:14
faster than the dinosaurs disappeared,
197
494260
2000
08:16
and leading that loss are amphibians.
198
496260
2000
08:18
80 percent of all amphibians
199
498260
2000
08:20
are threatened and in come decline.
200
500260
2000
08:22
And I believe, many scientists believe
201
502260
2000
08:24
that pesticides are an important part of that decline.
202
504260
3000
08:27
In part, amphibians are good indicators and more sensitive
203
507260
3000
08:30
because they don't have protection from contaminants in the water --
204
510260
2000
08:32
no eggshells, no membranes
205
512260
2000
08:34
and no placenta.
206
514260
2000
08:36
In fact, our invention -- by "our" I mean we mammals --
207
516260
3000
08:39
one of our big inventions was the placenta.
208
519260
3000
08:42
But we also start out as aquatic organisms.
209
522260
2000
08:44
But it turns out that this ancient structure
210
524260
2000
08:46
that separates us from other animals, the placenta,
211
526260
3000
08:49
cannot evolve or adapt fast enough
212
529260
2000
08:51
because of the rate that we're generating new chemicals
213
531260
2000
08:53
that it's never seen before.
214
533260
2000
08:55
The evidence of that is that studies in rats, again with atrazine,
215
535260
3000
08:58
show that the hormone imbalance atrazine generates causes abortion.
216
538260
3000
09:01
Because maintaining a pregnancy is dependent on hormones.
217
541260
3000
09:04
Of those rats that don't abort,
218
544260
2000
09:06
atrazine causes prostate disease
219
546260
2000
09:08
in the pups so the sons
220
548260
2000
09:10
are born with an old man's disease.
221
550260
2000
09:12
Of those that don't abort,
222
552260
2000
09:14
atrazine causes impaired mammary, or breast, development
223
554260
2000
09:16
in the exposed daughters in utero,
224
556260
2000
09:18
so that their breast don't develop properly.
225
558260
2000
09:20
And as a result, when those rats grow up,
226
560260
2000
09:22
their pups experience retarded growth and development
227
562260
3000
09:25
because they can't make enough milk to nourish their pups.
228
565260
3000
09:28
So the pup you see on the bottom is affected by atrazine
229
568260
3000
09:31
that its grandmother was exposed to.
230
571260
2000
09:33
And given the life of many of these chemicals,
231
573260
3000
09:36
generations, years, dozens of years,
232
576260
3000
09:39
that means that we right now
233
579260
2000
09:41
are affecting the health
234
581260
2000
09:43
of our grandchildren's grandchildren
235
583260
2000
09:45
by things that we're putting into the environment today.
236
585260
3000
09:48
And this is not just philosophical, it's already known,
237
588260
2000
09:50
that chemicals like diethylstilbestrol and estrogen,
238
590260
2000
09:52
PCBs, DDT
239
592260
2000
09:54
cross the placenta
240
594260
2000
09:56
and effectively determine
241
596260
2000
09:58
the likelihood of developing breast cancer
242
598260
2000
10:00
and obesity and diabetes
243
600260
2000
10:02
already when the baby's in the womb.
244
602260
2000
10:04
In addition to that, after the baby's born,
245
604260
2000
10:06
our other unique invention as mammals
246
606260
2000
10:08
is that we nourish our offspring after they're born.
247
608260
2000
10:10
We already know that chemicals
248
610260
2000
10:12
like DDT and DES and atrazine
249
612260
2000
10:14
can also pass over into milk,
250
614260
2000
10:16
again, affecting our babies
251
616260
2000
10:18
even after their born.
252
618260
2000
10:21
PJC: So when Tyrone tells me
253
621260
2000
10:23
that the placenta is an ancient organ,
254
623260
3000
10:26
I'm thinking, how do I demonstrate that?
255
626260
2000
10:28
How do you show that?
256
628260
2000
10:30
And it's interesting when you make a film like this,
257
630260
2000
10:32
because you're stuck trying to visualize science
258
632260
3000
10:35
that there's no visualization for.
259
635260
2000
10:37
And I have to take a little bit of artistic license.
260
637260
3000
10:45
(Video) (Ringing)
261
645260
5000
10:50
Old man: Placenta control.
262
650260
2000
10:52
What is it?
263
652260
2000
10:54
Oh what?
264
654260
3000
10:57
(Snoring)
265
657260
3000
11:00
(Honk)
266
660260
5000
11:05
Puffuffuff, what?
267
665260
4000
11:11
Perflourooctanoic acid.
268
671260
4000
11:18
Blimey.
269
678260
2000
11:20
Never heard of it.
270
680260
3000
11:23
PJC: And neither had I actually
271
683260
4000
11:27
before I started making this film.
272
687260
2000
11:29
And so when you realize that chemicals can pass the placenta
273
689260
3000
11:32
and go into your unborn child,
274
692260
3000
11:35
it made me start to think,
275
695260
2000
11:37
what would my fetus say to me?
276
697260
3000
11:40
What would our unborn children say to us
277
700260
3000
11:43
when they have an exposure
278
703260
3000
11:46
that's happening everyday, day after day?
279
706260
3000
11:49
(Music)
280
709260
18000
12:07
(Video) Child: Today,
281
727260
2000
12:09
I had some octyphenols,
282
729260
4000
12:13
some artificial musks
283
733260
3000
12:16
and some bisphenol A.
284
736260
5000
12:21
Help me.
285
741260
2000
12:26
PJC: It's a very profound notion
286
746260
3000
12:29
to know that we as women
287
749260
2000
12:31
are at the vanguard of this.
288
751260
2000
12:33
This is our issue,
289
753260
2000
12:35
because we collect these compounds our entire life
290
755260
3000
12:38
and then we end up dumping it and dumping them
291
758260
3000
12:41
into our unborn children.
292
761260
3000
12:44
We are in effect
293
764260
2000
12:46
polluting our children.
294
766260
2000
12:48
And this was something that was really brought home to me a year ago
295
768260
4000
12:52
when I found out I was pregnant
296
772260
2000
12:54
and the first scan revealed
297
774260
2000
12:56
that my baby had a birth defect
298
776260
3000
12:59
associated with exposure
299
779260
2000
13:01
to estrogenic chemicals in the womb
300
781260
2000
13:03
and the second scan
301
783260
2000
13:05
revealed no heartbeat.
302
785260
2000
13:07
So my child's death, my baby's death,
303
787260
3000
13:10
really brought home the resonance of what I was trying to make in this film.
304
790260
3000
13:13
And it's sometimes a weird place
305
793260
2000
13:15
when the communicator becomes part of the story,
306
795260
3000
13:18
which is not what you originally intend.
307
798260
2000
13:20
And so when Tyrone talks about
308
800260
3000
13:23
the fetus being trapped in a contaminated environment,
309
803260
3000
13:26
this is my contaminated environment.
310
806260
4000
13:30
This is my toxic baby.
311
810260
3000
13:33
And that's something
312
813260
3000
13:36
that's just profound and sad,
313
816260
3000
13:39
but astonishing
314
819260
2000
13:41
because so many of us don't actually know this.
315
821260
3000
13:46
TH: One of this things that's exciting and appropriate
316
826260
2000
13:48
for me to be here at TEDWomen
317
828260
2000
13:50
is that, well, I think it was summed up best last night at dinner
318
830260
4000
13:54
when someone said, "Turn to the man at your table and tell them,
319
834260
2000
13:56
'When the revolution starts, we've got your back.'"
320
836260
3000
13:59
The truth is, women,
321
839260
2000
14:01
you've had our back on this issue for a very long time,
322
841260
3000
14:04
starting with Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"
323
844260
2000
14:06
to Theo Colborn's "Our Stolen Future"
324
846260
2000
14:08
to Sandra Steingraber's books
325
848260
2000
14:10
"Living Downstream" and "Having Faith."
326
850260
3000
14:13
And perhaps it's the connection to our next generation --
327
853260
3000
14:16
like my wife and my beautiful daughter here about 13 years ago --
328
856260
3000
14:19
perhaps it's that connection
329
859260
2000
14:21
that makes women activists
330
861260
2000
14:23
in this particular area.
331
863260
2000
14:25
But for the men here, I want to say
332
865260
2000
14:27
it's not just women and children that are at risk.
333
867260
2000
14:29
And the frogs that are exposed to atrazine,
334
869260
3000
14:32
the testes are full of holes and spaces,
335
872260
2000
14:34
because the hormone imbalance,
336
874260
2000
14:36
instead of allowing sperm to be generated,
337
876260
2000
14:38
such as in the testis here,
338
878260
2000
14:40
the testicular tubules end up empty
339
880260
2000
14:42
and fertility goes down by as much as 50 percent.
340
882260
2000
14:44
It's not just my work in amphibians,
341
884260
3000
14:47
but similar work has been shown in fish in Europe,
342
887260
3000
14:50
holes in the testes and absence of sperm in reptiles in a group from South America
343
890260
3000
14:53
and in rats, an absence of sperm
344
893260
2000
14:55
in the testicular tubules as well.
345
895260
3000
14:58
And of course, we don't do these experiments in humans,
346
898260
2000
15:00
but just by coincidence,
347
900260
2000
15:02
my colleague has shown
348
902260
2000
15:04
that men who have low sperm count, low semen quality
349
904260
2000
15:06
have significantly more atrazine in their urine.
350
906260
3000
15:09
These are just men who live
351
909260
2000
15:11
in an agricultural community.
352
911260
2000
15:13
Men who actually work in agriculture
353
913260
2000
15:15
have much higher levels of atrazine.
354
915260
3000
15:18
And the men who actually apply atrazine
355
918260
2000
15:20
have even more atrazine in their urine,
356
920260
3000
15:23
up to levels that are 24,000 times what we know to be active
357
923260
3000
15:26
are present in the urine of these men.
358
926260
3000
15:29
Of course, most of them, 90 percent are Mexican, Mexican-American.
359
929260
3000
15:32
And it's not just atrazine they're exposed to.
360
932260
2000
15:34
They're exposed to chemicals like chloropicrin,
361
934260
3000
15:37
which was originally used as a nerve gas.
362
937260
2000
15:39
And many of these workers
363
939260
2000
15:41
have life expectancies of only 50.
364
941260
2000
15:43
It shouldn't come to any surprise that the things that happen in wildlife
365
943260
3000
15:46
are also a warning to us,
366
946260
2000
15:48
just like Rachel Carson and others have warned.
367
948260
2000
15:50
As evident in this slide from Lake Nabugabo in Uganda,
368
950260
3000
15:53
the agricultural runoff from this crop,
369
953260
2000
15:55
which goes into these buckets,
370
955260
2000
15:57
is the sole source of drinking, cooking and bathing water for this village.
371
957260
3000
16:00
Now if I told the men in this village
372
960260
2000
16:02
that the frogs have pour immune function
373
962260
2000
16:04
and eggs developing in their testes,
374
964260
2000
16:06
the connection between environmental health and public health
375
966260
2000
16:08
would be clear.
376
968260
2000
16:10
You would not drink water that you knew was having this kind of impact
377
970260
3000
16:13
on the wildlife that lived in it.
378
973260
2000
16:15
The problem is, in my village, Oakland,
379
975260
2000
16:17
in most of our villages,
380
977260
2000
16:19
we don't see that connection.
381
979260
2000
16:21
We turn on the faucet, the water comes out, we assume it's safe,
382
981260
2000
16:23
and we assume that we are masters of our environment,
383
983260
3000
16:26
rather than being part of it.
384
986260
3000
16:29
PJC: So it doesn't take much to realize
385
989260
2000
16:31
that actually this is an environmental issue.
386
991260
3000
16:34
And I kept thinking over and over again
387
994260
3000
16:37
this question.
388
997260
2000
16:39
We know so much about global warming and climate change,
389
999260
3000
16:42
and yet, we have no concept
390
1002260
2000
16:44
of what I've been calling internal environmentalism.
391
1004260
2000
16:46
We know what we're putting out there,
392
1006260
2000
16:48
we have a sense of those repercussions,
393
1008260
2000
16:50
but we are so ignorant of this sense
394
1010260
2000
16:52
of what happens when we put things, or things are put
395
1012260
3000
16:55
into our bodies.
396
1015260
2000
16:57
And it's my feeling
397
1017260
2000
16:59
and it's my urging being here
398
1019260
2000
17:01
to know that, as we women move forward
399
1021260
2000
17:03
as the communicators of this,
400
1023260
2000
17:05
but also as the ones who carry that burden
401
1025260
3000
17:08
of carrying the children, bearing the children,
402
1028260
3000
17:11
we hold most of the buying power in the household,
403
1031260
3000
17:14
is that it's going to be us moving forward
404
1034260
3000
17:17
to carry the work of Tyrone and other scientists around the world.
405
1037260
3000
17:20
And my urging is
406
1040260
2000
17:22
that when we think about environmental issues
407
1042260
2000
17:24
that we remember that it's not just about melting glaciers and ice caps,
408
1044260
4000
17:28
but it's also about our children as well.
409
1048260
2000
17:30
Thank you.
410
1050260
2000
17:32
(Applause)
411
1052260
10000
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7