Shimon Steinberg: Natural pest control ... using bugs!

翻译人员: Jenny Yang 校对人员: Angelia King

I'm a bug lover, myself --

我是虫子的爱好者，

not from childhood, by the way,

不过并不是从小就这样，

but rather late.

是年纪较大以后才开始的。

在大学时期，

When I bachelored,

majoring in zoology at Tel Aviv University,

我在特拉维夫大学主修动物学，

I kind of fell in love with bugs.

我开始对虫子产生兴趣。

And then, within zoology,

于是，在动物学系里，

I took the course or the discipline of entomology,

我选修了昆虫学的相关课程，

the science of insects.

昆虫科学这门课。

And then I thought to myself, how can I be practical

当时我想着，我要怎么去运用它

or help in the science of entomology?

或是我该如何对昆虫科学有所贡献?

And then I moved to the world of plant protection --

接着我开始往保护植物的方向探索

plant protection from insects,

保护植物不被昆虫侵害，

from bad bugs.

被那些害虫所侵害。

And then within plant protection,

在保护植物这方面，

I came into the discipline of biological pest control,

我开始接触

生物抑制害虫法，

which we actually define

我们对这方法的定义是

as the use of living organisms

利用活着的有机生物

to reduce populations of noxious plant pests.

来降低对于植物有害的

那些害虫数量。

So it's a whole discipline in plant protection

在于植物保护上来说，

aimed at the reduction of chemicals.

这种方式的目标是降低化学药剂的使用量。

And biological pest control, by the way,

这种生物抑制害虫法，

or these "good bugs" that we are talking about,

或是我们所谈的这种益虫，

they've existed in the world for thousands and thousands of years,

它们已经存在这世上好几千年了，

已经很久很久了。

for a long, long time.

But only in the last 120 years,

但是直到近120年来

人们才逐渐开始知道，

people started, or people knew more and more

如何去开发、利用它们，

how to exploit, or how to use, this biological control phenomenon,

以及如何去使用这种生物抑制害虫法，

or in fact, natural control phenomenon,

或者该说，自然抑制法，

for their own needs.

来达到人们的目的。

Because biological control phenomenon -- you can see it in your backyard.

因为生物抑制害虫法

它就存在于你的后院里面。

Just take a magnifying glass. You see what I have here?

只要拿个放大镜。你看我拿的这个是什么？

这是一个十倍的放大镜。

That's a magnifier, times 10.

对，十倍而已。

只用它。

You just open it, twist leaves,

你只要把叶子翻开来，你就会发现一个新世界，

and you see a whole new world of minute insects,

那里有着微小的昆虫，

or little spiders of one millimeter, one-and-a-half, two millimeters long,

长度只有1毫米,1.5毫米

或是2毫米大小的蜘蛛，

and you can distinguish between the good ones and the bad ones.

你可以去分辨益虫和害虫。

So this phenomenon of natural control exists literally everywhere.

所以这种自然的抑制方式

确实在每个地方存在着。

我敢肯定这栋建筑物的前面就有。

Here, in front of this building, I'm sure.

看看这些植物。

Just have a look at the plants.

到处都是昆虫，

So it's everywhere, and we need to know how to exploit it.

我们需要知道怎么去发现它。

Well, let's go hand by hand

好，让我们一样样来看，

and browse through just a few examples.

看看后面这些例子。

What is a pest?

什么是害虫?

What damage does it actually inflict on the plant?

它会对植物产生什么样的害处?

And what is the natural enemy,

还有它的天敌是什么呢?

the biological control agent, or the "good bug"

生物抑制害虫的媒介，

或是我们所提到的益虫?

that we're talking about?

In general, I'm going to talk about insects and spiders,

大致上来说，我要谈的

是昆虫和蜘蛛，

or mites, let us call them.

或是螨，我们这样称呼它好了。

Insects, those six-legged organisms

昆虫 -- 是那些有六只脚的有机生物，

而蜘蛛或螨，

and spiders or mites, the eight-legged organisms.

它们是八只脚的有机生物。

我们看看这个。

Let's have a look at that.

Here is a devastating pest, a spider mite,

这是一只害虫，会搞破坏的害虫，一只蜘蛛螨，

because it does a lot of webbing, like a spider.

因为它像蜘蛛一样会产生许多网状的东西。

你看中间的那只是妈妈

You see the mother in between,

and two daughters, probably, on the left and right,

还有左右两边那大概是两个女儿，

右手边还有一个蛋。

and a single egg on the right-hand side.

And then you see what kind of damage it can inflict.

接下来你可以知道它所造成的损害是什么。

On your right-hand side, you can see a cucumber leaf,

右手边你可以看见黄瓜的叶子，

中间是棉花的叶子，

in the middle, a cotton leaf,

and on the left, a tomato leaf with these little stipplings.

左边是蕃茄的叶子连着一些小叶子

They can literally turn from green to white,

这些蜘蛛利用尖嘴刺穿叶子，

because of the sucking, piercing mouth parts of those spiders.

吸食汁液之后，

让这些叶子

由绿色转变成白色。

但接下来的是大自然

But here comes nature, that provides us with a good spider.

提供我们的益虫蜘蛛。

This is a predatory mite -- just as small as a spider mite;

这是一只掠食性螨-- 和蜘蛛螨一样小，

1毫米到2毫米左右的长度，

one, two millimeters long, not more than that --

running quickly, hunting, chasing the spider mites.

跑得很快，能猎食，

追逐着蜘蛛螨。

And here, you can see this lady in action on your left-hand side --

你可以看见左手边这位女士

正在用餐 --

just pierces, sucks the body fluids on the left-hand side of the pest mite.

刺穿过左边那只蜘蛛螨的身体，

吸食着它的体液。

And after five minutes, this is what you see:

大概五分钟过后，结果如你所见，

just a typical dead corpse --

只剩下一具典型的尸体 --

the shriveled, sucked-out, dead corpse of the spider mite,

充满皱折，已经被吸干的

蜘蛛螨的尸体，

and next to it, two satiated individuals, predatory mites,

在旁边的，则是两只

吃饱喝足的掠食螨，

左手边的是妈妈，

a mother on the left-hand side, a young nymph on the right-hand side.

右手边的是一个小姑娘。

By the way, a meal for them for 24 hours,

对了，对它们来说，

is about five of the spider mites, of the bad mites,

一天24小时的食物，

大概是5只蜘蛛螨，或是那些害虫螨，

and-or 15 to 20 eggs of the pest mites.

或是15到20只

害虫螨的蛋。

换句话说，它们一直都很饿。

By the way, they are always hungry.

(Laughter)

(笑声)

And here is another example: aphids.

这是另一个例子：蚜虫。

对了，现在在以色列正值春天，

It's springtime now in Israel.

温度正快速在上升。

When temperatures rise sharply,

you can see those bad ones, those aphids, all over the plants --

你可以看见那些有害的蚜虫，在植物上到处都是，

in your hibiscus, in your lantana,

在山芙蓉上，在马缨丹上，

in the young, fresh foliage of the so-called spring flush.

在那些被称为春芽的

刚长出来的嫩叶上。

By the way, with aphids you have only females, like Amazons.

对了，那些蚜虫，只有母蚜虫

就像亚马逊一族一样。

Females giving rise to females, giving rise to other females.

母的生母的，然后再生出母的。

完全没有公的。

No males at all.

Parthenogenesis, as it's so called.

这被称为单性生殖。

And they're very happy with that, apparently.

看起来它们对此还挺开心的。

(Laughter)

Here we can see the damage.

接下来我们可以看见它所造成的伤害。

Those aphids secrete a sticky, sugary liquid called honeydew,

这些蚜虫会分泌

一些黏稠的，甜甜的液体，

称作为蜜汁。

and this just clogs the upper parts of the plant.

这些会在植物的上面

形成小水珠的形状。

Here you see a typical cucumber leaf that turned from green to black

你可以看见典型的黄瓜叶子

因为覆盖在上面的黑色真菌

because of a black fungus, sooty mold, which is covering it.

以及乌黑的霉菌

让它从绿色变成了黑色。

And here comes the salvation, through this parasitic wasp.

接下来拯救者上场了，

就是这个寄生的胡蜂。

Here we are not talking about a predator.

这儿我们说的不是掠食者。

Here we are talking a parasite --

我们说的是寄生者，

not a two-legged parasite,

并不是两只脚的寄生者，

but an eight-legged parasite, of course.

而是六只脚的寄生者。

This is a parasitic wasp,

这是寄生胡蜂，

again, two millimeters long, slender, a very quick and sharp flier.

大概2毫米长，相当纤细，

它是一种行动迅速

相当机警的飞行者。

And here you can see this parasite in action,

这边你可以看见寄生的过程，

就像是在做特技表演一样。

like in an acrobatic maneuver.

She stands vis-à-vis

它正面对面

in front of the victim at the right-hand side,

从右手边直接挡在对手的面前，

bending its abdomen and inserting a single egg

弯起它的腹部

将一个蛋放进宿主体内，

一个蛋进入了

into the body fluids of the aphid.

蚜虫的体液之中。

By the way, the aphid tries to escape.

对了，这只蚜虫试图要逃脱。

She kicks and bites and secretes different liquids,

它乱踢乱咬，

分泌不同的液体，

but nothing will happen, in fact --

不过结果都没有用。

only the egg of the parasitoid will be inserted

寄生者只会放一个蛋

在蚜虫的体液之中。

into the body fluids of the aphid.

过了几天之后，依据温度状况，

And after a few days, depending upon temperature,

the egg will hatch

蛋就会孵化出来，

and the larva of this parasite will eat the aphid from the inside.

寄生者的幼虫

会从内部将蚜虫吃掉。

(Laughter)

这一切都是自然的现象。

This is all natural. This is all natural.

This is not fiction, nothing at all.

这可不是小说里幻想的内容。

Again -- in your backyard. In your backyard.

还有，就在你的后院里，

在你的后院里也会发生。

(Laughter)

(Applause)

这就是最后的结果。

But this is the end result: mummies.

这就是最后的结果：

木乃伊 --

木 - 乃 - 伊。

This is the visual result of a dead aphid encompassing inside,

这是蚜虫死亡后的外观。

我们看看里面。

a developing parasitoid that, after a few minutes, you see halfway out.

事实上，寄生者成长的过程中

几分钟后你就会看见它几乎跑出来了。

The birth is almost complete.

它已经几乎变成成虫了。

You can see, by the way, in different movies, etc.,

你可以在完整的纪录片中看见这个。

it takes just a few minutes.

这只不过是几分钟的事情。

And if this is a female, she'll immediately mate with a male

如果这只是雌锋，它会立即和雄蜂交配，

之后就会立刻离开，因为它们生命太短。

and off she goes, because time is very short.

This female can live only three to four days,

雌蜂只能存活三到四天的时间，

and she needs to give rise to around 400 eggs.

它必须生出

大约4百个蛋。

That means she has 400 bad aphids

意思是说，它必须找到400只

to put her eggs into their body fluids.

有害的蚜虫

将蛋放进它们的体液中。

This is, of course, not the end of it.

这还没完。

There is a whole wealth of other natural enemies

还有许多其他的天敌，

and this is just the last example.

这只是最后的一个例子。

Again, we'll start first with the pest:

我们再回头来看看这个害虫：

牧草虫。

the thrips.

By the way, all these weird names --

对了，关于这些奇怪的名字 --

I didn't bother you with the Latin names of these creatures,

我们这边不谈正式的学名，

嗯，这些只是俗称而已。

just the popular names.

But this is a nice, slender, very bad pest.

这是一种很细小，很苗条，

很可怕的害虫。

If you can see this: sweet peppers.

看看这个甜椒。

这可不是外国品种，也不是装饰用的甜椒，

This is not just an exotic, ornamental sweet pepper.

这是一个已经不能吃的甜椒，

This is a sweet pepper which is not consumable

because it is suffering from a viral disease

因为它被那些牧草虫所带的

transmitted by those thrip adults.

滤过性病毒所感染了。

接下来，天敌登场了，

And here comes the natural enemy, minute pirate bug --

微小的掠食虫，

"minute," because it is rather small.

说微小是因为它真的很小。

Here you can see the adult, black, and two young ones.

你可以看见那只黑色的成虫，还有两只幼虫。

And again, in action.

接下来又到了行动时间。

This adult pierces the thrips,

成虫刺穿了牧草虫，

sucking it within just several minutes,

只花了几分钟的时间去吸食它，

然后就换另一个目标下手，

going to the other prey, continuing all over the place.

随处持续着吸食。

And if we spread those minute pirate bugs, the good ones,

如果我们散布这种微小的掠食虫，那种益虫，

for example, in a sweet pepper plot,

例如在种植甜椒的菜园里，

它们会躲藏在花朵中。

they go to the flowers.

And look -- this flower is flooded with predatory bugs, with the good ones,

看这里，当那些掠食性的益虫

将那些害虫牧草虫都清理干净后，

after wiping out the bad ones, the thrips.

花朵里挤满了这些益虫。

So this is a very positive situation.

所以这是相当正面的情况。

No harm to the developing fruit. No harm to the fruit set.

对成长中的果实不会有害处，对成熟的果实也没有害处。

Everything is just fine under these circumstances.

在这种情况下，一切都很美好。

不过问题是，

But again, the question is,

here you saw them on a one-to-one basis -- the pest, the natural enemy.

你可以发现这是一种一物克一物的现象--

害虫和它的天敌。

What we do is actually this.

而我们正在做这件事。

In Northeast Israel, in Kibbutz Sde Eliyahu,

在以色列的东北方，

在Sde Eliyahu的集体农场里，

there is a facility that mass-produces those natural enemies.

有一个机构

正在量产那些天敌。

In other words, what we do there is amplify the natural control,

换句话说，我们在那儿所做的

就是去放大，

我们去放大自然抑制的效果，

or the biological control phenomenon.

或该说是生物抑制的机制。

And in 30,000 square meters of state-of-the-art greenhouses,

在三万五千平方尺的

新型温室之中，

there, we are mass-producing those predatory mites,

我们正在量产那些掠食性的螨，

those minute pirate bugs,

那些微小的掠食性的虫，

those parasitic wasps, etc.

那些寄生的胡蜂 ... 等等。

分成许多不同的区域。

Many different parts.

By the way, they have a very nice landscape --

对了，那儿有很棒的风景。

you see the Jordanian Mountains on the one hand,

一边有约旦山脉，

and the Jordan Valley on the other hand,

另一边有约旦溪谷，

and a good, mild winter and a nice, hot summer,

还有很棒，很温和的冬天，

以及很赞，很热的夏天，

which is an excellent condition to mass-produce those creatures.

对于量产这些生物来说，

这些都是极佳的条件。

And by the way, mass-production -- it is not genetic manipulation.

对了，这边说的量产，

并不是基因改造工程。

There are no GMOs -- genetically modified organisms -- whatsoever.

没有转基因生物

genetically modified organisms ( 生物基因改造)这种事。

We take them from nature,

我们从自然界把益虫找来，

and the only thing that we do is give them the optimal conditions,

我们只做一​​件事，

我们提供最佳的条件，

under the greenhouses or in the climate rooms,

在温室之中，或是在恒温室里，

in order to proliferate, multiply and reproduce.

使得这些益虫能够

快速地大量繁殖。

And that's what we get.

事实上，这也正是我们所得到的结果。

You see under a microscope.

从显微镜下你可以看见，

You see in the upper left corner? You see a single predatory mite.

在左上角有单只的掠食性螨。

And this is the whole bunch of predatory mites.

我们这是在量产那种掠食性螨。

You see this ampul. You see this one.

看看这个小瓶子。

I have one gram of those predatory mites.

这儿有一克的掠食性螨。

One gram is 80,000 individuals.

一克里有八万只，

八万只螨

80,000 individuals are good enough to control one acre,

已经足以

在一英亩，也就是四千平方尺

4,000 square meters,

的草莓田中，

of a strawberry plot

在一整年的采收季节里，

against spider mites for the whole season

去解决那些蜘蛛螨。

of almost one year.

And we can produce from this, believe you me,

而藉由这个，

several dozens of kilograms on an annual basis.

我们每年可以生产出

几十公斤的数量。

So this is what I call amplification of the phenomenon.

这就是我说的

去放大这种自然机制。

And no, we do not disrupt the balance.

我们并不是在破坏生态平衡。

相反的，

On the contrary,

because we bring it to every cultural plot

我们将这些益虫导入到那些

where the balance was already disrupted

已经被化学药剂

破坏生态平衡的农田，

by the chemicals.

Here we come with those natural enemies

我们使用了这些天敌

in order to reverse a little bit of the wheel

以期能够将情况反转过来，

and to bring more natural balance to the agricultural plot

藉由降低化学药剂的使用

让农田能够达到更高的自然平衡。

by reducing those chemicals.

这就是我们的概念。

That's the whole idea.

And what is the impact?

然而，成效如何呢？

In this table, you can actually see what is an impact

藉由这个表，你可以确切的看见，

of a successful biological control by good bugs.

藉由使用益虫成功进行生物抑制

所获得的成效。

For example, in Israel, where we employ more than 1,000 hectares --

例如，在以色列，

我们在那儿

进行生物抑制害虫，

10,000 dunams in Israeli terms --

来保护甜椒园，

已经超过了一千公顷 --

of biological pests controlling sweet pepper

under protection,

用以色列的单位是一万杜纳亩，

75 percent of the pesticides were actually reduced.

已经确实让农药的使用量

减少了75%。

And Israeli strawberries, even more --

而以色列的草莓园所使用的农药 --

80 percent of the pesticides,

则甚至减少了80%，

especially those aimed against pest mites in strawberries.

尤其是那些针对草莓上有害螨的农药。

所以效果是相当可观的。

So the impact is very strong.

接下来的一些问题，

And there goes the question,

especially if you ask growers, agriculturists:

尤其是当你问那些耕种者，农民们：

Why biological control?

为什么会选择生物抑制法?

Why good bugs?

为什么选择益虫?

By the way, the number of answers you get

不过，不管你问了几个人，

equals the number of people you ask.

每个人都会给你不一样的答案。

But if we go, for example, to this place, Southeast Israel,

比方说这个地方，

以色列的东南方，

the Arava area above the Great Rift Valley,

大裂谷上面一点的阿拉瓦区域，

那儿有着 --

where the pearl of Israeli agriculture is located,

以色列最顶尖的

农业之宝，

especially under greenhouse conditions, or under screenhouse conditions --

尤其是在温室条件之下，在透明的房间中--

如果你开车到Eilat埃拉特的话，

if you drive all the way to Eilat, you see this

just in the middle of the desert.

你会发现它位于沙漠的中央。

And if you zoom in,

如果你仔细去看，

you can definitely watch this:

你一定可以看见，

grandparents with their grandchildren,

爷爷奶奶带着孙子们

distributing the natural enemies, the good bugs,

正在散布这些天敌，那些益虫，

instead of wearing special clothes

而不是穿戴着特殊衣物和防毒面具

and gas masks and applying chemicals.

去喷洒着化学药剂。

So safety, with respect to the application,

这种技术的使用是相当安全的，

is the number one answer that we get from growers,

这是我们询问耕种者们为什么要用生物抑制法

for "Why biological control?"

所获得答案中的第一名。

Number two, many growers are, in fact, petrified

而第二名的答案，

许多耕种者会担心

by the idea of resistance,

抗药性的问题，

担心这些害虫

that the pests will become resistant to the chemicals,

会逐渐对农药产生抵抗力，

just like in our case, that bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics.

就像是白喉的病菌

对抗生素产生了抗体。

It's the same, and it can happen very quickly.

同样的，这可能很快就会发生了。

Fortunately, in either biological control or even natural control,

所幸，不论是生物抑制法，

或是自然抑制法，

resistance is extremely rare.

都很难会遇到抵抗的力量。

这几乎不可能发生。

It hardly happens.

Because this is evolution, this is the natural ratio,

因为这是一种物种演化；

这是一种自然的机率，

unlike resistance, which happens in the case of chemicals.

不像是生物本身

会对药剂产生抵抗力。

And thirdly, public demand.

第三名的答案是，公众的需求。

The more the public demands the reduction of chemicals,

大众逐渐倾向于去支持

降低化学药剂的使用量，

the more growers become aware of the fact

越来越多的耕种者发现到

他们应该竭尽所能，

that they should, wherever they can and wherever possible,

replace the chemical control with biological control.

改以生物抑制法

来取代化学药剂抑制法。

Even here, there is another grower,

甚至像是这个，另一名耕种者，

她对这些小虫很有兴趣，

you see, very interested in the bugs, the bad ones and the good ones,

不论是害虫或是益虫，

wearing this magnifier already on her head,

手上拿着一个放大镜，

在农作物里面

just walking safely in her crop.

安全地穿梭着。

Finally, I want to get to my vision,

最后，我想谈谈我的看法，

or, in fact, to my dream.

或该说，是我的梦想。

Because, you see, this is the reality.

因为你知道吗，这就是现实状况。

Have a look at the gap.

看看这个落差。

If we take the overall turnover

如果我们计算

of the biocontrol industry worldwide,

全世界生物抑制法的花费，

大约是二亿五千万美金。

it's 250 million dollars.

看看全世界在农作物上

And look at the overall pesticide industry

使用的农药花费。

in all the crops throughout the world.

I think it's times 100 or something like that.

我想大概会是一百倍左右吧。

Twenty-five billion.

大约二百五十亿美金。

So there is a huge gap to bridge.

所以这有着很大的落差需要去填补。

So actually, how can we do it?

所以事实上，我们该怎么做？

How can we bridge, or let's say, narrow, this gap over the years?

我们要怎么去填补，或者说让这个落差

在每一年的生产中逐渐减小？

First of all, we need to find more robust,

首先，我们需要更多健康的，

good and reliable biological solutions,

有益的，可以信赖的生物方案，

more good bugs that we can either mass-produce

更多的益虫，

不论是大量繁殖，

or actually conserve in the field.

或是在田野中保持它的数量。

Secondly, to create even more intensive and strict public demand

第二，促使大众做出

更强烈和更严格的要求

for the reduction of chemicals in agricultural fresh produce.

来减少种植新鲜农产品时

使用的化学药剂。

And thirdly, also to increase awareness by the growers

第三，加强耕种者

to the potential of this industry.

对于这种产业潜力的了解。

And this gap really narrows.

如此，这个落差就会变小。

逐渐地，它就会缩小。

Step by step, it does narrow.

So I think my last slide is:

所以我最后一张投影片是：

我们所说的这些是可以做到的，

All we are saying -- we can actually sing it --

Give nature a chance.

请给大自然一个机会。

I'm saying it on behalf of all the biocontrol practitioners

我谨代表自然抑制法的

倡导者， 执行者

and implementers,

in Israel and abroad,

无论是以色列还是其他国家，在这里呼吁：

really give nature a chance.

给大自然一个机会吧。

Thank you.

谢谢

(Applause)

(掌声)