Shimon Steinberg: Natural pest control ... using bugs!

譯者: kane tan 審譯者: Wang-Ju Tsai

I'm a bug lover, myself --

我是蟲子的愛好者，

not from childhood, by the way,

不過並不是從小就這樣，

but rather late.

是年紀較大以後才開始的。

在大學時期，

When I bachelored,

majoring in zoology at Tel Aviv University,

我在特拉維夫大學主修動物學，

I kind of fell in love with bugs.

我開始對蟲子產生興趣。

And then, within zoology,

於是，在動物學系裡，

I took the course or the discipline of entomology,

我選修了昆蟲學的相關課程，

the science of insects.

昆蟲科學這門課。

And then I thought to myself, how can I be practical

當時我想著，我要怎麼去運用它呢?

or help in the science of entomology?

或是我該如何對昆蟲科學有所貢獻?

And then I moved to the world of plant protection --

接著我開始往保護植物的方向走 --

plant protection from insects,

保護植物不被昆蟲侵害，

from bad bugs.

被那些害蟲所侵害。

And then within plant protection,

在保護植物這方面，

I came into the discipline of biological pest control,

我開始接觸

生物抑制害蟲法，

which we actually define

我們對這方法的定義是

as the use of living organisms

利用活著的有機生物

to reduce populations of noxious plant pests.

來降低對於植物有害的

那些害蟲數量。

So it's a whole discipline in plant protection

在於植物保護上來說，

aimed at the reduction of chemicals.

這種方式的目標是降低化學藥劑的使用量。

And biological pest control, by the way,

這種生物抑制害蟲法，

or these "good bugs" that we are talking about,

或是我們所談的這種益蟲，

they've existed in the world for thousands and thousands of years,

它們已經存在這世上好幾千年了，

已經很久很久了。

for a long, long time.

But only in the last 120 years,

但是直到近120年左右

人們才逐漸開始知道，

people started, or people knew more and more

如何去開發、利用它們，

how to exploit, or how to use, this biological control phenomenon,

以及如何去使用這種生物抑制害蟲法，

or in fact, natural control phenomenon,

或者該說，自然抑制法，

for their own needs.

來達到人們的目的。

Because biological control phenomenon -- you can see it in your backyard.

因為生物抑制害蟲法

它就存在於你的後院裡面。

Just take a magnifying glass. You see what I have here?

只要拿個放大鏡。你看我拿的這個是什麼？

這是一個十倍的放大鏡。

That's a magnifier, times 10.

對，十倍而已。

打開它。

You just open it, twist leaves,

你只要把葉子翻開來，你就會發現一個新世界，

and you see a whole new world of minute insects,

那裡有著微小的昆蟲，

or little spiders of one millimeter, one-and-a-half, two millimeters long,

長度只有 1 公釐, 1.5 公釐

或是2公釐大小的蜘蛛，

and you can distinguish between the good ones and the bad ones.

你可以去分辨益蟲和害蟲。

So this phenomenon of natural control exists literally everywhere.

所以這種自然的抑制方式

確實在每個地方存在著。

我確定這棟建築物的前面就有。

Here, in front of this building, I'm sure.

看看這株植物。

Just have a look at the plants.

到處都是，

So it's everywhere, and we need to know how to exploit it.

我們需要知道怎麼去發現它。

Well, let's go hand by hand

好，讓我們逐項來看，

and browse through just a few examples.

看看後面這些例子。

What is a pest?

什麼是害蟲?

What damage does it actually inflict on the plant?

它會對植物產生什麼樣的害處?

And what is the natural enemy,

還有它的天敵是什麼呢?

the biological control agent, or the "good bug"

生物抑制害蟲的媒介，

或是我們所提到的益蟲?

that we're talking about?

In general, I'm going to talk about insects and spiders,

大致上來說，我要談的

是昆蟲和蜘蛛，

or mites, let us call them.

或是蟎，我們這樣稱呼它好了。

Insects, those six-legged organisms

昆蟲 -- 是那些有六隻腳的有機生物，

而蜘蛛或蟎，

and spiders or mites, the eight-legged organisms.

它們是八隻腳的有機生物。

我們看看這個。

Let's have a look at that.

Here is a devastating pest, a spider mite,

這是一隻害蟲，會搞破壞的害蟲，一隻蜘蛛蟎，

because it does a lot of webbing, like a spider.

因為它像蜘蛛一樣會產生許多網狀的東西。

你看中間的那隻是媽媽

You see the mother in between,

and two daughters, probably, on the left and right,

還有左右兩邊那大概是兩個女兒，

右手邊還有一個蛋。

and a single egg on the right-hand side.

And then you see what kind of damage it can inflict.

接下來你可以知道它所造成的損害是什麼，

On your right-hand side, you can see a cucumber leaf,

右手邊你可以看見黃瓜的葉子，

中間是棉花的葉子，

in the middle, a cotton leaf,

and on the left, a tomato leaf with these little stipplings.

左邊是蕃茄的葉子，

They can literally turn from green to white,

這些蜘蛛利用尖嘴刺穿葉子，

because of the sucking, piercing mouth parts of those spiders.

吸食汁液之後，

讓這些葉子

由綠色轉變成白色。

但接下來的是大自然

But here comes nature, that provides us with a good spider.

提供我們的益蟲蜘蛛。

This is a predatory mite -- just as small as a spider mite;

這是一隻掠食性蟎 -- 和蜘蛛蟎一樣小，

1 公釐到 2 公釐左右的長度，

one, two millimeters long, not more than that --

running quickly, hunting, chasing the spider mites.

迅速的奔跑，獵食，

追逐著蜘蛛蟎。

And here, you can see this lady in action on your left-hand side --

你可以看見左手邊這位女士

正在用餐 --

just pierces, sucks the body fluids on the left-hand side of the pest mite.

刺穿過左邊那隻蜘蛛蟎的身體，

吸食著它的體液。

And after five minutes, this is what you see:

大概五分鐘過後，結果如你所見，

just a typical dead corpse --

只剩下一具典型的屍體 --

the shriveled, sucked-out, dead corpse of the spider mite,

充滿皺摺，已經被吸乾的，

蜘蛛蟎的屍體，

and next to it, two satiated individuals, predatory mites,

在旁邊的，則是兩隻

吃飽喝足的掠食蟎，

左手邊的是媽媽，

a mother on the left-hand side, a young nymph on the right-hand side.

右手邊的是一個年輕小妞。

By the way, a meal for them for 24 hours,

對了，對它們來說，

is about five of the spider mites, of the bad mites,

一天24小時的食物，

大概是5隻蜘蛛蟎，或是那些害蟲蟎，

and-or 15 to 20 eggs of the pest mites.

或是 15 到 20 顆

害蟲蟎的蛋。

換句話說，它們一直都很飢渴。

By the way, they are always hungry.

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

And here is another example: aphids.

這是另一個例子：蚜蟲。

對了，現在在以色列正值春天，

It's springtime now in Israel.

溫度正快速在上升。

When temperatures rise sharply,

you can see those bad ones, those aphids, all over the plants --

你可以看見那些有害的蚜蟲，在植物上到處都是，

in your hibiscus, in your lantana,

在你的山芙蓉上，在你的馬纓丹上，

in the young, fresh foliage of the so-called spring flush.

在那些被稱為春芽的

剛長出來的嫩葉上。

By the way, with aphids you have only females, like Amazons.

對了，那些蚜蟲，只有女性，

就像亞馬遜一族一樣。

Females giving rise to females, giving rise to other females.

女性生出女性，然後再生出女性。

完全沒有男性。

No males at all.

Parthenogenesis, as it's so called.

這被稱為單性生殖。

And they're very happy with that, apparently.

看起來它們對這件事還挺開心的。

(Laughter)

Here we can see the damage.

接下來我們可以看見它所造成的傷害。

Those aphids secrete a sticky, sugary liquid called honeydew,

這些蚜蟲會分泌

一些黏稠的，甜甜的液體，

稱作蜜汁。

and this just clogs the upper parts of the plant.

這些會在植物的上面

形成小水珠的形狀。

Here you see a typical cucumber leaf that turned from green to black

你可以看見典型的黃瓜葉子

因為覆蓋在上面的黑色真菌

because of a black fungus, sooty mold, which is covering it.

以及烏黑的黴菌

讓它從綠色變成了黑色。

And here comes the salvation, through this parasitic wasp.

接下來拯救者上場了，

就是這個寄生的胡蜂。

Here we are not talking about a predator.

這兒我們說的不是掠食者。

Here we are talking a parasite --

我們說的是寄生者，

not a two-legged parasite,

並不是兩隻腳的寄生者，

but an eight-legged parasite, of course.

而是六隻腳的寄生者。

This is a parasitic wasp,

這是寄生胡蜂，

again, two millimeters long, slender, a very quick and sharp flier.

大概 2 公釐長，相當纖細，

它是一種很迅速

相當機警的飛行者。

And here you can see this parasite in action,

這邊你可以看見寄生的過程，

就像是在做特技表演一樣。

like in an acrobatic maneuver.

She stands vis-à-vis

它正面對面的

in front of the victim at the right-hand side,

從右手邊直接當著對手的面前，

bending its abdomen and inserting a single egg

彎起它的腹部

將一個蛋放進宿主體內，

一個蛋進入了

into the body fluids of the aphid.

蚜蟲的體液之中。

By the way, the aphid tries to escape.

對了，這隻蚜蟲試圖要逃脫。

She kicks and bites and secretes different liquids,

它亂踢亂咬，

分泌不同的液體，

but nothing will happen, in fact --

不過結果都沒有用。

only the egg of the parasitoid will be inserted

寄生者只會放一個蛋

在蚜蟲的體液之中。

into the body fluids of the aphid.

過了幾天之後，依據溫度狀況，

And after a few days, depending upon temperature,

the egg will hatch

蛋就會孵化出來，

and the larva of this parasite will eat the aphid from the inside.

寄生者的幼蟲

會從內部將蚜蟲吃掉。

(Laughter)

這一切都是天生的，是自然的現象。

This is all natural. This is all natural.

This is not fiction, nothing at all.

這可不是小說裡幻想的內容。

Again -- in your backyard. In your backyard.

再說一次，就在你的後院裡，

在你的後院裡。

(Laughter)

(Applause)

這就是最後的結果。

But this is the end result: mummies.

這就是最後的結果：

木乃伊 --

木 - 乃 - 伊。

This is the visual result of a dead aphid encompassing inside,

這是蚜蟲死亡後的外觀。

我們看看裡面。

a developing parasitoid that, after a few minutes, you see halfway out.

事實上，寄生者成長的過程中

幾分鐘後你就會看見它幾乎跑出來了。

The birth is almost complete.

它已經幾乎變成成蟲了。

You can see, by the way, in different movies, etc.,

你可以在完整的紀錄片中看見這個。

it takes just a few minutes.

這只不過是幾分鐘的事情。

And if this is a female, she'll immediately mate with a male

如果這隻是雌鋒，它會立即和雄蜂交配，

之後就會立刻離開，因為它們沒有多少時間。

and off she goes, because time is very short.

This female can live only three to four days,

雌蜂只能存活三到四天的時間，

and she needs to give rise to around 400 eggs.

它必須生出

大約 4 百個蛋。

That means she has 400 bad aphids

意思是說，它必須找到 400 隻

to put her eggs into their body fluids.

有害的蚜蟲

將蛋放進它們的體液中。

This is, of course, not the end of it.

當然並不是就這樣而已。

There is a whole wealth of other natural enemies

還有許多其他的天敵，

and this is just the last example.

這只是最後的一個例子。

Again, we'll start first with the pest:

我們再回頭來看看這個害蟲：

牧草蟲。

the thrips.

By the way, all these weird names --

對了，關於這些奇怪的名字 --

I didn't bother you with the Latin names of these creatures,

我們這邊不談正式的學名，

嗯，這些只是俗稱而已。

just the popular names.

But this is a nice, slender, very bad pest.

這是一種很細小，很苗條，

很糟糕的害蟲。

If you can see this: sweet peppers.

看看這個甜椒。

這可不是外國品種，也不是裝飾用的甜椒，

This is not just an exotic, ornamental sweet pepper.

這是一個已經不能吃的甜椒，

This is a sweet pepper which is not consumable

because it is suffering from a viral disease

因為它被那些牧草蟲所帶的

transmitted by those thrip adults.

濾過性病毒所感染了。

接下來，天敵登場了，

And here comes the natural enemy, minute pirate bug --

微小的掠食蟲，

"minute," because it is rather small.

說微小是因為它真的很小。

Here you can see the adult, black, and two young ones.

你可以看見那隻黑色的成蟲，還有兩隻幼蟲。

And again, in action.

接下來又到了行動時間。

This adult pierces the thrips,

成蟲刺穿了牧草蟲，

sucking it within just several minutes,

只花了幾分鐘的時間去吸食，

然後就換另一個目標下手，

going to the other prey, continuing all over the place.

在這裡持續進行著。

And if we spread those minute pirate bugs, the good ones,

如果我們散佈這種微小的掠食蟲，那種益蟲，

for example, in a sweet pepper plot,

例如在種植甜椒的菜園裡，

它們會躲藏在花朵中。

they go to the flowers.

And look -- this flower is flooded with predatory bugs, with the good ones,

看這裡，當那些掠食性的蟲，那些益蟲

將那些害蟲，牧草蟲都清理乾淨後，

after wiping out the bad ones, the thrips.

花朵裏擠滿了這些益蟲。

So this is a very positive situation.

所以這是相當正面的情況。

No harm to the developing fruit. No harm to the fruit set.

對成長中的果實不會有害處，對成熟的果實也沒有害處。

Everything is just fine under these circumstances.

在這種情況下，一切都很美好。

不過問題是，

But again, the question is,

here you saw them on a one-to-one basis -- the pest, the natural enemy.

你可以發現這是一種一物剋一物的現象 --

害蟲和它的天敵。

What we do is actually this.

而我們正在做這件事。

In Northeast Israel, in Kibbutz Sde Eliyahu,

在以色列的東北方，

在 Sde Eliyahu 的集體農場裡，

there is a facility that mass-produces those natural enemies.

有一個機構

正在量產那些天敵。

In other words, what we do there is amplify the natural control,

換句話說，我們在那兒所做的，

就是去放大，

我們去放大自然抑制的效果，

or the biological control phenomenon.

或該說是生物抑制的機制。

And in 30,000 square meters of state-of-the-art greenhouses,

在三萬五千平方尺的

新型溫室之中，

there, we are mass-producing those predatory mites,

我們正在量產那些掠食性的蟎，

those minute pirate bugs,

那些微小的掠食性的蟲，

those parasitic wasps, etc.

那些寄生的胡蜂 ... 等等。

分成許多不同的區域。

Many different parts.

By the way, they have a very nice landscape --

對了，那兒有很棒的風景。

you see the Jordanian Mountains on the one hand,

一邊有約旦山脈，

and the Jordan Valley on the other hand,

另一邊有約旦溪谷，

and a good, mild winter and a nice, hot summer,

還有很棒，很溫和的冬天，

以及很讚，很熱的夏天，

which is an excellent condition to mass-produce those creatures.

對於量產這些生物來說，

這些是極佳的條件。

And by the way, mass-production -- it is not genetic manipulation.

對了，這邊說的量產，

並不是基因改造工程。

There are no GMOs -- genetically modified organisms -- whatsoever.

沒有GMO，

genetically modified organisms ( 生物基因改造 )這種事。

We take them from nature,

我們從自然界把益蟲找來，

and the only thing that we do is give them the optimal conditions,

我們只做一件事，

我們提供最佳的條件，

under the greenhouses or in the climate rooms,

在溫室之中，或是在恆溫室裡，

in order to proliferate, multiply and reproduce.

使得這些益蟲能夠

快速地大量繁殖。

And that's what we get.

事實上，這也正是我們所得到的結果。

You see under a microscope.

從顯微靜下你可以看見，

You see in the upper left corner? You see a single predatory mite.

在左上角有單隻的掠食性蟎。

And this is the whole bunch of predatory mites.

這是一堆我們在量產的那種掠食性蟎。

You see this ampul. You see this one.

看看這個小瓶子。

I have one gram of those predatory mites.

這兒有一公克的掠食性蟎。

One gram is 80,000 individuals.

一公克裡有八萬隻，

八萬隻蟎

80,000 individuals are good enough to control one acre,

已經足以

在一英畝，也就是四千平方尺

4,000 square meters,

的草莓田中，

of a strawberry plot

在一整年的採收季節裡，

against spider mites for the whole season

去解決那些蜘蛛蟎。

of almost one year.

And we can produce from this, believe you me,

而藉由這個，

several dozens of kilograms on an annual basis.

我們每年可以生產出

幾十公斤的數量。

So this is what I call amplification of the phenomenon.

這就是我說的

去放大這種自然機制。

And no, we do not disrupt the balance.

我們並不是在破壞生態平衡。

相反的，

On the contrary,

because we bring it to every cultural plot

我們將這些益蟲導入到那些

where the balance was already disrupted

已經被化學藥劑

破壞生態平衡的農田，

by the chemicals.

Here we come with those natural enemies

我們使用了這些天敵，

in order to reverse a little bit of the wheel

以期能夠將情況反轉過來，

and to bring more natural balance to the agricultural plot

藉由降低化學藥劑的使用，

讓農田能夠達到更高的自然平衡。

by reducing those chemicals.

這就是我們的概念。

That's the whole idea.

And what is the impact?

然而，成效如何呢？

In this table, you can actually see what is an impact

藉由這個表，你可以確切的看見，

of a successful biological control by good bugs.

藉由使用益蟲成功進行生物抑制

所獲得的成效。

For example, in Israel, where we employ more than 1,000 hectares --

例如，在以色列，

我們在那兒

進行生物抑制害蟲，

10,000 dunams in Israeli terms --

來保護甜椒園，

已經超過了一千公頃 --

of biological pests controlling sweet pepper

under protection,

用以色列的單位是一萬杜納畝，

75 percent of the pesticides were actually reduced.

已經確實讓農藥的使用量

減少了75%。

And Israeli strawberries, even more --

而以色列的草莓園所使用的農藥 --

80 percent of the pesticides,

則甚至減少了80%，

especially those aimed against pest mites in strawberries.

尤其是那些針對草莓上有害的蟎的農藥。

所以效果是相當可觀的。

So the impact is very strong.

接下來的一些問題，

And there goes the question,

especially if you ask growers, agriculturists:

尤其是當你問那些耕種者，農民們：

Why biological control?

為什麼會選擇生物抑制法?

Why good bugs?

為什麼選擇益蟲?

By the way, the number of answers you get

不過，不管你問了幾個人，

equals the number of people you ask.

每個人都會給你不一樣的答案。

But if we go, for example, to this place, Southeast Israel,

比方說這個地方，

以色列的東南方，

the Arava area above the Great Rift Valley,

大裂谷上面一點的阿拉瓦區域，

那兒有著 --

where the pearl of Israeli agriculture is located,

以色列最頂尖的

農業之寶，

especially under greenhouse conditions, or under screenhouse conditions --

尤其是在溫室條件之下，在透明的房間中 --

如果你開車到 Eilat 的話，

if you drive all the way to Eilat, you see this

just in the middle of the desert.

你會發現它位在沙漠的中央。

And if you zoom in,

如果你仔細去看，

you can definitely watch this:

你一定可以看見，

grandparents with their grandchildren,

爺爺奶奶帶著孫子們，

distributing the natural enemies, the good bugs,

正在散佈這些天敵，那些益蟲，

instead of wearing special clothes

而不是穿戴著特殊衣物和防毒面具，

and gas masks and applying chemicals.

去噴灑著化學藥劑。

So safety, with respect to the application,

這種技術的使用是相當安全的，

is the number one answer that we get from growers,

這是我們詢問耕種者們為什麼要用生物抑制法

for "Why biological control?"

所獲得答案中的第一名。

Number two, many growers are, in fact, petrified

而第二名的答案，

許多耕種者會擔心

by the idea of resistance,

抗藥性的問題，

擔心這些害蟲

that the pests will become resistant to the chemicals,

會逐漸對農藥產生抵抗力，

just like in our case, that bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics.

就像是白喉的病菌

對抗生素產生了抗體。

It's the same, and it can happen very quickly.

同樣的，這可能很快就會發生了。

Fortunately, in either biological control or even natural control,

所幸，不論是生物抑制法，

或是自然抑制法，

resistance is extremely rare.

都很難會遇到抵抗的力量。

這幾乎不可能發生。

It hardly happens.

Because this is evolution, this is the natural ratio,

因為這是一種物種演化，

這是一種自然的機率，

unlike resistance, which happens in the case of chemicals.

不像是生物本身

會對藥劑產生抵抗力。

And thirdly, public demand.

第三名的答案是，公眾的需求。

The more the public demands the reduction of chemicals,

大眾逐漸傾向於去支持

降低化學藥劑的使用量，

the more growers become aware of the fact

越來越多的耕種者發現到

他們應該竭盡所能，

that they should, wherever they can and wherever possible,

replace the chemical control with biological control.

改以生物抑制法

來取代化學藥劑抑制法。

Even here, there is another grower,

甚至像是這個，有另一名耕種者，

她對這些小蟲很有興趣，

you see, very interested in the bugs, the bad ones and the good ones,

不論是害蟲或是益蟲，

wearing this magnifier already on her head,

手上拿著一個放大鏡，

在農作物裡面

just walking safely in her crop.

安全地穿梭著。

Finally, I want to get to my vision,

最後，我想談談我的看法，

or, in fact, to my dream.

或該說，是我的夢想。

Because, you see, this is the reality.

因為你知道嗎，這就是現實狀況。

Have a look at the gap.

看看這個落差。

If we take the overall turnover

如果我們計算

of the biocontrol industry worldwide,

全世界生物抑制法的花費，

大約是二億五千萬美金。

it's 250 million dollars.

看看全世界在農作物上

And look at the overall pesticide industry

使用的農藥花費。

in all the crops throughout the world.

I think it's times 100 or something like that.

我想大概會是一百倍左右吧。

Twenty-five billion.

大約二百五十億美金。

So there is a huge gap to bridge.

所以這有著很大的落差需要去填補。

So actually, how can we do it?

所以事實上，我們該怎麼做？

How can we bridge, or let's say, narrow, this gap over the years?

我們要怎麼去填補，或者說讓這個落差

在每一年的生產中逐漸減小？

First of all, we need to find more robust,

首先，我們需要更多健康的，

good and reliable biological solutions,

有益的，可以性賴的生物方案，

more good bugs that we can either mass-produce

更多的益蟲，

不論是大量繁殖，

or actually conserve in the field.

或是在田野中保持它的數量。

Secondly, to create even more intensive and strict public demand

第二點，促使大衆做出

更強烈和更嚴格的要求，

for the reduction of chemicals in agricultural fresh produce.

來減少種植新鮮農產品時

所使用的化學藥劑。

And thirdly, also to increase awareness by the growers

第三點，加強耕種者對於

to the potential of this industry.

對於這種產業潛力的了解。

And this gap really narrows.

如此，這個落差就會變小。

逐漸地，就會縮小。

Step by step, it does narrow.

So I think my last slide is:

所以我最後一張投影片是：

我們所說的這些，都是可以作到的，

All we are saying -- we can actually sing it --

Give nature a chance.

請給大自然一個機會。

I'm saying it on behalf of all the biocontrol practitioners

我謹代表自然抑制法的

提倡者，以及執行者，

and implementers,

in Israel and abroad,

不論是在以色列還是其他國家，在此呼籲：

really give nature a chance.

請給大自然一個機會吧。

Thank you.

謝謝大家。

(Applause)

(掌聲)