Shimon Steinberg: Natural pest control ... using bugs!

44,039 views ใƒป 2010-10-28

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Surie Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Dae-won Jeong
00:15
I'm a bug lover, myself --
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
not from childhood, by the way,
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์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„๋ฌดํŠผ
00:19
but rather late.
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
ํ…”์•„๋น„๋ธŒ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ
00:22
When I bachelored,
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00:23
majoring in zoology at Tel Aviv University,
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๋™๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:26
I kind of fell in love with bugs.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์™€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
And then, within zoology,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ, ๋™๋ฌผํ•™ ์ „๊ณต ์ค‘์—
00:30
I took the course or the discipline of entomology,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์€, ์—”ํ† ๋ชฐ๋กœ์ง€,
00:33
the science of insects.
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์ฆ‰ ๊ณค์ถฉํ•™์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
And then I thought to myself, how can I be practical
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ , ๊ณค์ถฉํ•™์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
00:39
or help in the science of entomology?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
00:42
And then I moved to the world of plant protection --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์ž์›๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋ฐœ์„ ๋“ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
plant protection from insects,
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ํ•ด์ถฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
00:48
from bad bugs.
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์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
00:50
And then within plant protection,
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์‹๋ฌผ์ž์›๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ค‘์—
00:52
I came into the discipline of biological pest control,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์€
์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ•ด์ถฉ ๋ฐฉ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
which we actually define
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์ •์˜ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
00:58
as the use of living organisms
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
01:01
to reduce populations of noxious plant pests.
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์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ํ•ด์ถฉ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
So it's a whole discipline in plant protection
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์ฆ‰ ์‹๋ฌผ์ž์›๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
01:09
aimed at the reduction of chemicals.
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ํ™”ํ•™์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
And biological pest control, by the way,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ•ด์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ œ, ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
01:15
or these "good bugs" that we are talking about,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์€
01:18
they've existed in the world for thousands and thousands of years,
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์š”.
01:22
for a long, long time.
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01:23
But only in the last 120 years,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 120๋…„ ์ „ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
01:27
people started, or people knew more and more
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
how to exploit, or how to use, this biological control phenomenon,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ ์ž‘์šฉ,
01:35
or in fact, natural control phenomenon,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์ œ ์ž‘์šฉ์„
01:38
for their own needs.
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ํ•„์š”์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:41
Because biological control phenomenon -- you can see it in your backyard.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์€
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋งˆ๋‹น์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
Just take a magnifying glass. You see what I have here?
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๋‹๋ณด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋“ค์ด๋Œ€๋ฉด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
10๋ฐฐ ๋‹๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
That's a magnifier, times 10.
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๋„ค, 10๋ฐฐ์š”.
๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด์„œ
01:52
You just open it, twist leaves,
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์žŽ์‚ฌ๊ท€์˜ ๋’ท๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
and you see a whole new world of minute insects,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:58
or little spiders of one millimeter, one-and-a-half, two millimeters long,
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๋˜๋Š” 1mm์ด๋‚˜ 1.5mm, ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ์˜
์ž‘์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
and you can distinguish between the good ones and the bad ones.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์œ ๋†ˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ข‹์€ ๋†ˆ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
So this phenomenon of natural control exists literally everywhere.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด
๋ง๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์•ž์—๋„, ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๊ฑด๋ฐ
02:11
Here, in front of this building, I'm sure.
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์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:13
Just have a look at the plants.
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์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
So it's everywhere, and we need to know how to exploit it.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
02:19
Well, let's go hand by hand
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์ž, ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:21
and browse through just a few examples.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
02:24
What is a pest?
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ํ•ด์ถฉ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:26
What damage does it actually inflict on the plant?
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์–ด๋–ค ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๊ดด๋กญํž๊นŒ์š”?
02:29
And what is the natural enemy,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ฒœ์ ์ด๊ณ ,
02:31
the biological control agent, or the "good bug"
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ,
๋˜๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ, ์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:34
that we're talking about?
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02:35
In general, I'm going to talk about insects and spiders,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ
๊ณค์ถฉ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ,
02:40
or mites, let us call them.
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๋˜๋Š” ์‘์• (์ง„๋“œ๊ธฐ)๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
Insects, those six-legged organisms
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๊ณค์ถฉ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฏ๊ฐœ์ด๊ณ ,
๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ์‘์• ๋Š”
02:46
and spiders or mites, the eight-legged organisms.
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ž, ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
02:50
Let's have a look at that.
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02:51
Here is a devastating pest, a spider mite,
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์ด๊ฑด ํ•ด์ถฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์•„์ฃผ ์ง€๋…ํ•œ ๋†ˆ์ด์ฃ , ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ ์‘์• (์ ๋ฐ•์ด์‘์• )์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
because it does a lot of webbing, like a spider.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋…€์„์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ง‘์„ ์ง“๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ฏธ์ด๊ณ ,
02:58
You see the mother in between,
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02:59
and two daughters, probably, on the left and right,
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์–‘ ์˜†์— ์ž์‹๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์™ผ์ชฝ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์•Œ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
03:02
and a single egg on the right-hand side.
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03:04
And then you see what kind of damage it can inflict.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
On your right-hand side, you can see a cucumber leaf,
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์ด ์˜ค์ด ์žŽ์ด๊ณ ,
๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋Š” ๋ฉดํ™” ์žŽ,
03:09
in the middle, a cotton leaf,
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03:10
and on the left, a tomato leaf with these little stipplings.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์žŽ๋“ค์ด ํ† ๋งˆํ†  ์žŽ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
They can literally turn from green to white,
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๋ง๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์žŽ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜์–—๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
because of the sucking, piercing mouth parts of those spiders.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์ด ์žŽ์‚ฌ๊ท€์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ด์„œ
์ชฝ์ชฝ ๋นจ์•„๋จน๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์—ฐ์—๋Š”
03:23
But here comes nature, that provides us with a good spider.
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์ข‹์€ ์‘์• ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
This is a predatory mite -- just as small as a spider mite;
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ฆฌ์‘์• ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ๋ฐ•์ด์‘์• ๋งŒํผ ์ž‘์ง€์š”.
1~2mm ์ •๋„ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ํฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•„์š”.
03:30
one, two millimeters long, not more than that --
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03:32
running quickly, hunting, chasing the spider mites.
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์žฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๊ฐ€
์ ๋ฐ•์ด์‘์• ๋ฅผ ์ซ“์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
And here, you can see this lady in action on your left-hand side --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ๋…€์„์ด ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์™ผ์ชฝ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
03:41
just pierces, sucks the body fluids on the left-hand side of the pest mite.
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์‹คํ—˜์šฉ ์ ๋ฐ•์ด์‘์• ์˜ ๋ชธ ์™ผ์ชฝ์—
์นจ์„ ์ฐ”๋Ÿฌ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
And after five minutes, this is what you see:
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5๋ถ„ ํ›„๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋“ฏ์ด
03:49
just a typical dead corpse --
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์‹œ์ฒด๋งŒ ๋‚จ์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
the shriveled, sucked-out, dead corpse of the spider mite,
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๋นจ์•„๋จนํžŒ ์ฑ„ ๊ป์งˆ๋งŒ ๋‚จ์€
์ ๋ฐ•์ด์‘์• ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:55
and next to it, two satiated individuals, predatory mites,
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๊ทธ ์˜†์— ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜
๋ฐฐ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ ๋จน์€ ์ด๋ฆฌ์‘์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
์–ด๋ฏธ๋Š” ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:00
a mother on the left-hand side, a young nymph on the right-hand side.
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์ƒˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
By the way, a meal for them for 24 hours,
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์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
04:06
is about five of the spider mites, of the bad mites,
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๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ ๋ฐ•์ด์‘์• ๋ฅผ ๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‚˜์œ ๋…€์„๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:11
and-or 15 to 20 eggs of the pest mites.
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๋˜๋Š” 15~20๊ฐœ์˜ ์•Œ์„
๋จน๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์–˜๋„ค๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”„์ง€์š”.
04:16
By the way, they are always hungry.
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04:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:20
And here is another example: aphids.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ์ด์ฃ .
์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์€ ๋ด„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
It's springtime now in Israel.
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๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ํ•œ์ฐฝ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ง€์š”.
04:25
When temperatures rise sharply,
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04:27
you can see those bad ones, those aphids, all over the plants --
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์ด ๋‚˜์œ ๋…€์„๋“ค, ์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
in your hibiscus, in your lantana,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ํžˆ๋น„์Šค์ปค์Šค์—๋„, ๋ž€ํƒ€๋‚˜์—๋„,
04:33
in the young, fresh foliage of the so-called spring flush.
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์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฑ์‹ฑํ•œ ์ƒˆ์‹น
์‚ฌ์ด์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
04:37
By the way, with aphids you have only females, like Amazons.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ , ์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ์€ ์•”์ปท๋งŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„๋งˆ์กด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
Females giving rise to females, giving rise to other females.
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์•”์ปท์€ ์•”์ปท์„ ๋‚ณ๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์–ด์š”.
04:45
No males at all.
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04:46
Parthenogenesis, as it's so called.
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๋‹จ์„ฑ์ƒ์‹์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์ง€์š”.
04:48
And they're very happy with that, apparently.
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๋‚˜๋ฆ„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
(Laughter)
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04:51
Here we can see the damage.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ”ผํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์ง€์š”.
04:53
Those aphids secrete a sticky, sugary liquid called honeydew,
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์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
๋ˆ์ ๋ˆ์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ
๋‹จ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
and this just clogs the upper parts of the plant.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ถ™์€
์ž‘์€ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
Here you see a typical cucumber leaf that turned from green to black
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์†์ƒ๋œ ์˜ค์ด ์žŽ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์žŽ์ด ๊ฒ€๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
05:08
because of a black fungus, sooty mold, which is covering it.
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๊ฒ€์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ์„์Œ๋ณ‘์ด
์žŽ์„ ๋’ค๋ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
And here comes the salvation, through this parasitic wasp.
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๊ตฌ์›์˜ ๊ธธ์€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
Here we are not talking about a predator.
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์•ฝํƒˆ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
Here we are talking a parasite --
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๊ธฐ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
05:22
not a two-legged parasite,
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๋‘ ๋ฐœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ(์—ญ์ฃผ:์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์ฆ‰ ๋…์žฌ์ž)๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:24
but an eight-legged parasite, of course.
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์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฐœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๊ณค์ถฉ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:27
This is a parasitic wasp,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
again, two millimeters long, slender, a very quick and sharp flier.
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2mm ์ •๋„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ 
๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋‚ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
And here you can see this parasite in action,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ณก์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
like in an acrobatic maneuver.
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05:40
She stands vis-ร -vis
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์ด ๋…€์„์€
05:42
in front of the victim at the right-hand side,
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์–‘์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์„œ์„œ
05:44
bending its abdomen and inserting a single egg
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๋ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฝํ˜€
ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•Œ์„ ์ง‘์–ด ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ์•Œ์€ ์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฒด์•ก ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ
05:50
into the body fluids of the aphid.
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๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
By the way, the aphid tries to escape.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ์€ ๋„๋ง์น˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
05:55
She kicks and bites and secretes different liquids,
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์ฐจ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋œฏ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
๋‹จ๋ฌผ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
but nothing will happen, in fact --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•„๋ฌด ์ผ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
only the egg of the parasitoid will be inserted
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์˜ ์•Œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ์— ์ฒด์•ก ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
into the body fluids of the aphid.
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๋ฉฐ์น  ํ›„์—, ๊ธฐ์˜จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
06:07
And after a few days, depending upon temperature,
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06:09
the egg will hatch
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์•Œ์ด ๋ถ€ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
and the larva of this parasite will eat the aphid from the inside.
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํฌ์‹์ž๋Š”
์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ์„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋จน์–ด์น˜์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
(Laughter)
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์ž์—ฐํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
06:17
This is all natural. This is all natural.
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06:19
This is not fiction, nothing at all.
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๊ณต์ƒ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ˜€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
06:21
Again -- in your backyard. In your backyard.
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋งˆ๋‹น์—์„œ,
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋งˆ๋‹น์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
(Laughter)
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06:26
(Applause)
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
But this is the end result: mummies.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
๋ฏธ๋ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ใ… ใ…ฃ ใ…‡ ใ…ฃ ใ„น ใ… ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:34
This is the visual result of a dead aphid encompassing inside,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ์˜ ์ตœํ›„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•ˆ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
06:39
a developing parasitoid that, after a few minutes, you see halfway out.
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํฌ์‹์ž๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๋งŒ์— ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
The birth is almost complete.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค ๋ถ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
You can see, by the way, in different movies, etc.,
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋์„ ์•„๋Š” ์˜ํ™” ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:50
it takes just a few minutes.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ–์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
And if this is a female, she'll immediately mate with a male
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ๋…€์„์ด ์•”์ปท์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ปท์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚˜์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์งง๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:56
and off she goes, because time is very short.
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06:58
This female can live only three to four days,
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์•”์ปท์€ ๊ณ ์ž‘ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
and she needs to give rise to around 400 eggs.
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์•”์ปท์€ ๋Œ€๋žต
400๊ฐœ์˜ ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
That means she has 400 bad aphids
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์ฆ‰, 400๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚˜์œ ์ง„๋”ง๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜
07:08
to put her eggs into their body fluids.
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์ฒด์•ก ์†์—
์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
This is, of course, not the end of it.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
There is a whole wealth of other natural enemies
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์—ฐ ์ฒœ์ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:16
and this is just the last example.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
Again, we'll start first with the pest:
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์ž, ํ•ด์ถฉ์„ ๋จผ์ € ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์ฒด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
the thrips.
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07:22
By the way, all these weird names --
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์ด ํฌ์•ˆํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:24
I didn't bother you with the Latin names of these creatures,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ํ•™๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ƒฅ, ํ”ํžˆ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
07:28
just the popular names.
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07:29
But this is a nice, slender, very bad pest.
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๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ์ž˜ ๋น ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ
์•„์ฃผ ๋‚˜์œ ๋…€์„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
If you can see this: sweet peppers.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ํŒŒํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
์ด๊ตญ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ์ •์ƒ์  ํŒŒํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
07:36
This is not just an exotic, ornamental sweet pepper.
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๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
This is a sweet pepper which is not consumable
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07:41
because it is suffering from a viral disease
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ ค์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:44
transmitted by those thrip adults.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด์ฒด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ์„ฑ์ถฉ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์ œ ์ฒœ์ ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜์ง€์š”.
07:48
And here comes the natural enemy, minute pirate bug --
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๋…ธ๋ฆฐ์žฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
"minute," because it is rather small.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๋…€์„์ด์ง€์š”.
07:54
Here you can see the adult, black, and two young ones.
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๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์˜ ์„ฑ์ถฉ๊ณผ ์•„์ง ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
And again, in action.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์‹œ์ง€์š”.
07:59
This adult pierces the thrips,
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์„ฑ์ถฉ์€ ์ด์ฒด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋šซ๊ณ 
08:02
sucking it within just several minutes,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ์ชฝ์ชฝ ๋นจ์•„ ๋จน์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์„ ์ฐพ์•„
08:05
going to the other prey, continuing all over the place.
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์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์„ ํ—ค์ง‘๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
And if we spread those minute pirate bugs, the good ones,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ, ๋…ธ๋ฆฐ์žฌ๋ฅผ
08:12
for example, in a sweet pepper plot,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํŒŒํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐญ์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด
๊ฝƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
they go to the flowers.
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08:17
And look -- this flower is flooded with predatory bugs, with the good ones,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฝƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
๋…ธ๋ฆฐ์žฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
after wiping out the bad ones, the thrips.
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๋‚˜์œ ์ด์ฒด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์‹น์“ธ์ด ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:25
So this is a very positive situation.
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์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
No harm to the developing fruit. No harm to the fruit set.
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๊ณผ์œก์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ต์€ ์—ด๋งค์—๋„ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
Everything is just fine under these circumstances.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์š”์ ์€
08:35
But again, the question is,
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08:36
here you saw them on a one-to-one basis -- the pest, the natural enemy.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜,
ํ•ด์ถฉ๊ณผ ์ฒœ์ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
What we do is actually this.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
In Northeast Israel, in Kibbutz Sde Eliyahu,
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
ํ‚ค๋ถ€์ธ  ์Šค๋ฐ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์•ผํ›„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
there is a facility that mass-produces those natural enemies.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž์—ฐ ์ฒœ์ ๋“ค์„ ์–‘์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
In other words, what we do there is amplify the natural control,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
or the biological control phenomenon.
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๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ ์ž‘์—…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
09:01
And in 30,000 square meters of state-of-the-art greenhouses,
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3๋งŒ5์ฒœ ํ‰๋ฐฉ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜
ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์˜จ์‹ค์—์„œ
09:06
there, we are mass-producing those predatory mites,
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์ด๋ฆฌ์‘์• ์™€
09:09
those minute pirate bugs,
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๋…ธ๋ฆฐ์žฌ์™€
09:11
those parasitic wasps, etc.
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๊ธฐ์ƒ ๋ง๋ฒŒ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์–‘์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
09:14
Many different parts.
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09:15
By the way, they have a very nice landscape --
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๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
you see the Jordanian Mountains on the one hand,
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ํ•œ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ์š”๋ฅด๋‹จ ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:20
and the Jordan Valley on the other hand,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ์š”๋‹จ๊ฐ• ๊ณ„๊ณก์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
and a good, mild winter and a nice, hot summer,
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์˜จํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒจ์šธ๊ณผ
๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์žˆ์–ด
09:26
which is an excellent condition to mass-produce those creatures.
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๊ณค์ถฉ์„ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์–‘์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
์ตœ์ ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
And by the way, mass-production -- it is not genetic manipulation.
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์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์–‘์‹์€
์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
There are no GMOs -- genetically modified organisms -- whatsoever.
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GMO๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋“  ๋ญ๋“  ๊ฐ„์—์š”.
09:38
We take them from nature,
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์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์žก์•„๋‹ค๊ฐ€
09:40
and the only thing that we do is give them the optimal conditions,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
์ตœ์ ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„
09:44
under the greenhouses or in the climate rooms,
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์˜จ์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํ›„์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์–‘์‹์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ
09:47
in order to proliferate, multiply and reproduce.
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๋ฒˆ์‹ํ• 
๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
And that's what we get.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
You see under a microscope.
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
You see in the upper left corner? You see a single predatory mite.
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์™ผ์ชฝ ์œ„์— ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด๋ฆฌ์‘์•  ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
09:58
And this is the whole bunch of predatory mites.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•œ ๋–ผ์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ์‘์• ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
You see this ampul. You see this one.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•ฐํ’€ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ง€์š”.
10:04
I have one gram of those predatory mites.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฆฌ์‘์•  1g์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
One gram is 80,000 individuals.
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8๋งŒ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ 1g์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
8๋งŒ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
10:11
80,000 individuals are good enough to control one acre,
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋ƒ๋ฉด
1์—์ด์ปค, ์ฆ‰ 4์ฒœ ํ‰๋ฐฉ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜
10:17
4,000 square meters,
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๋”ธ๊ธฐ๋ฐญ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
10:19
of a strawberry plot
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์ ๋ฐ•์ด์‘์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
10:21
against spider mites for the whole season
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๋ฐฉ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
of almost one year.
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10:26
And we can produce from this, believe you me,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ๋ฏฟ์–ด์ง€์‹ค ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:29
several dozens of kilograms on an annual basis.
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์ˆ˜ ์‹ญ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„
๋งค๋…„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
So this is what I call amplification of the phenomenon.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ
์ž์—ฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
And no, we do not disrupt the balance.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๊นจํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ
10:42
On the contrary,
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10:43
because we bring it to every cultural plot
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
10:46
where the balance was already disrupted
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ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์–ด
๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๊นจํŠธ๋ ค์ง„ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€์—
10:49
by the chemicals.
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10:50
Here we come with those natural enemies
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์ฒœ์ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ
10:52
in order to reverse a little bit of the wheel
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์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:55
and to bring more natural balance to the agricultural plot
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ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ
๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์  ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถฐ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
by reducing those chemicals.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
That's the whole idea.
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11:02
And what is the impact?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
11:04
In this table, you can actually see what is an impact
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ํ‘œ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
of a successful biological control by good bugs.
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์ข‹์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ
์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
For example, in Israel, where we employ more than 1,000 hectares --
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์—์„œ๋Š”
์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
1์ฒœ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด ์ด์ƒ์˜
11:18
10,000 dunams in Israeli terms --
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์‹์œผ๋กœ๋ฉด 1๋งŒ ๋‘๋‚จ(์—ญ์ฃผ: 1๋‘๋‚จ=900ํ‰๋ฐฉ๋ฏธํ„ฐ)์˜
์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒŒํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋†์žฅ์€
11:21
of biological pests controlling sweet pepper
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11:23
under protection,
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75ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜
11:25
75 percent of the pesticides were actually reduced.
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์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ 
11:28
And Israeli strawberries, even more --
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๋”ธ๊ธฐ๋ฐญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด
11:31
80 percent of the pesticides,
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80ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
especially those aimed against pest mites in strawberries.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ง„๋“œ๊ธฐ์šฉ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ค„์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
So the impact is very strong.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
And there goes the question,
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11:43
especially if you ask growers, agriculturists:
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ž๋‚˜ ๋†์—…ํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”์š”.
11:46
Why biological control?
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์™œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:48
Why good bugs?
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์™œ ์ฒœ์ ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ ? ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:49
By the way, the number of answers you get
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๋งŒํผ
11:52
equals the number of people you ask.
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๋‹ต๋ณ€๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
But if we go, for example, to this place, Southeast Israel,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์‹œ์ง€์š”.
์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋™๋‚จ๋ถ€
12:00
the Arava area above the Great Rift Valley,
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„๋ผ๋ฐ” ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š”
๊ทธ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋†์—…์˜
12:04
where the pearl of Israeli agriculture is located,
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ณด์„๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋†์žฅ์ด
์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
especially under greenhouse conditions, or under screenhouse conditions --
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ํŠนํžˆ ์˜จ์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š˜๋ง‰ ๋†์—…์˜ ๋ณธ๋ณด๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—์ผ๋ž(์—ญ์ฃผ : ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ํœด์–‘๋„์‹œ)๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋„์ค‘
12:13
if you drive all the way to Eilat, you see this
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12:15
just in the middle of the desert.
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๊ณณ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
And if you zoom in,
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ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋” ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด,
12:19
you can definitely watch this:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
grandparents with their grandchildren,
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ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ์†์ž์†๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
12:23
distributing the natural enemies, the good bugs,
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์ฒœ์ ์„ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
instead of wearing special clothes
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋ณต๊ณผ
12:28
and gas masks and applying chemicals.
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๋ฐฉ๋…๋ฉด์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ ์„œ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
12:31
So safety, with respect to the application,
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์•„์ฃผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กด์ค‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
12:34
is the number one answer that we get from growers,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ต๋ณ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
for "Why biological control?"
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์™œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์ด์ง€์š”.
12:40
Number two, many growers are, in fact, petrified
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๋˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”, ๋งŽ์€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ž๋“ค์ด
์‹ค์ƒ ๋ฌด๊ฐ๊ฐํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”
12:44
by the idea of resistance,
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๋‚ด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•ด์ถฉ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
12:48
that the pests will become resistant to the chemicals,
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๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:52
just like in our case, that bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฉด ๋””ํ”„ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€
ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ง€์š”.
12:56
It's the same, and it can happen very quickly.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์›๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
Fortunately, in either biological control or even natural control,
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋‚˜
ํ˜น์€ ์ž์—ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
13:04
resistance is extremely rare.
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๋‚ด์„ฑ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ญ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
13:08
It hardly happens.
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13:09
Because this is evolution, this is the natural ratio,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ,
์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ชซ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
13:13
unlike resistance, which happens in the case of chemicals.
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ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
๋‚ด์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
And thirdly, public demand.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์…‹์งธ๋กœ, ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
The more the public demands the reduction of chemicals,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š”
ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์š”๋ณด๋‹ค
13:25
the more growers become aware of the fact
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์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์˜ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด
์–ธ์ œ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์ด๋“ 
13:29
that they should, wherever they can and wherever possible,
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13:31
replace the chemical control with biological control.
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ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ
์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
Even here, there is another grower,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ž๋“ค์€
์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด
13:38
you see, very interested in the bugs, the bad ones and the good ones,
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์ข‹์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ๊ณผ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ณค์ถฉ์— ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
13:41
wearing this magnifier already on her head,
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†์— ๋“ค๊ณ ์„œ
๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ
13:44
just walking safely in her crop.
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์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋ ˆ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
Finally, I want to get to my vision,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ €๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
or, in fact, to my dream.
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๊ฟˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
13:52
Because, you see, this is the reality.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
Have a look at the gap.
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์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
13:56
If we take the overall turnover
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜
13:58
of the biocontrol industry worldwide,
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์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์ œ์—…๊ณ„์˜ ๋งค์ถœ์„ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด
2์–ต5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋ถˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
it's 250 million dollars.
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์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์—…๊ณ„๋Š”
14:04
And look at the overall pesticide industry
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹ค ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด
14:07
in all the crops throughout the world.
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14:09
I think it's times 100 or something like that.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ•œ 100์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ
14:12
Twenty-five billion.
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2๋ฐฑ5์‹ญ์–ต๋ถˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
So there is a huge gap to bridge.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
14:17
So actually, how can we do it?
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:19
How can we bridge, or let's say, narrow, this gap over the years?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„
์ˆ˜ ๋…„๋‚ด์— ์ขํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:24
First of all, we need to find more robust,
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๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ 
14:27
good and reliable biological solutions,
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
more good bugs that we can either mass-produce
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์ฆ‰ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„
๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์–‘์‹์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
14:35
or actually conserve in the field.
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๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
Secondly, to create even more intensive and strict public demand
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€
๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ
14:42
for the reduction of chemicals in agricultural fresh produce.
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ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„
๋†์—…๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
And thirdly, also to increase awareness by the growers
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์…‹์งธ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
14:50
to the potential of this industry.
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
And this gap really narrows.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ด ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ๋„ ์ขํ˜€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฐจ๊ทผ์ฐจ๊ทผ ์ขํ˜€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
Step by step, it does narrow.
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14:59
So I think my last slide is:
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š”
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ถ€๋ฅด๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
15:02
All we are saying -- we can actually sing it --
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15:04
Give nature a chance.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž, ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
I'm saying it on behalf of all the biocontrol practitioners
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์ด์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ
ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
15:09
and implementers,
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15:10
in Israel and abroad,
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜๊ณผ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ
15:12
really give nature a chance.
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์ž์—ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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