Bob Mankoff: Anatomy of a New Yorker cartoon

322,530 views ・ 2013-06-26

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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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翻译人员: lin piao 校对人员: Wei Wu
00:12
I'm going to be talking about designing humor,
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今天我们来聊聊如何营造幽默感
00:14
which is sort of an interesting thing, but it goes
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这个话题挺有趣的,但是有的时候
00:16
to some of the discussions about constraints,
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营造幽默感需要考虑环境的限制和约束
00:20
and how in certain contexts, humor is right,
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在一些场合下,幽默是合适的;
00:22
and in other contexts it's wrong.
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而在另一些场合,幽默就不大妥当。
00:24
Now, I'm from New York,
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我来自纽约,
00:27
so it's 100 percent satisfaction here.
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所以我是百分之百能够接受的。
00:30
Actually, that's ridiculous, because when it comes to humor,
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这实际上挺荒谬的,因为如果说到幽默感,
00:34
75 percent is really absolutely the best you can hope for.
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75%的满意度其实就是最好的期望值了。
00:37
Nobody is ever satisfied 100 percent with humor
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没人会对一幅幽默百分之百地满意。
00:42
except this woman.
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除了这位女士
00:45
(Video) Woman: (Laughs)
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(录像)女士:(大笑)
01:02
Bob Mankoff: That's my first wife.
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鲍勃•曼克夫:她是我的第一位妻子。
01:03
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:06
That part of the relationship went fine.
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在幽默感这方面我们很和谐。
01:08
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:12
Now let's look at this cartoon.
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来,现在让我们看看这幅漫画。
01:15
One of the things I'm pointing out is that
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我想要提醒一点
01:17
cartoons appear within the context
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漫画一般都是印在《纽约客》杂志的
01:19
of The New Yorker magazine,
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文字内容旁边的。
01:21
that lovely Caslon type, and it seems
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嵌在用好看的卡斯隆字体印刷的文章中
01:23
like a fairly benign cartoon within this context.
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让人感觉漫画和文章内容是相关的。
01:26
It's making a little bit fun of getting older,
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这个漫画小小的幽默了一把变老的人,
01:28
and, you know, people might like it.
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你知道,人们也许会觉得这漫画有趣。
01:30
But like I said, you cannot satisfy everyone.
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但是就像我说的,你永远不可能让所有人满意
01:33
You couldn't satisfy this guy.
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比如说这位老兄的评论,
01:35
"Another joke on old white males. Ha ha. The wit.
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“关于白人老头的另一则笑话。哈哈,有意思。
01:38
It's nice, I'm sure to be young and rude,
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不错的漫画。我知道年少轻狂没什么,
01:40
but some day you'll be old, unless you drop dead as I wish."
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可有一天你也会变老的,除非你如我所愿地英年早逝。
01:43
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:47
The New Yorker is rather a sensitive environment,
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《纽约客》面向的读者圈子是相对敏感的,
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very easy for people to get their nose out of joint.
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很容易不小心就惹到谁。
01:53
And one of the things that you realize
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你会体会到
01:56
is it's an unusual environment.
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这是一个特殊的环境。
01:58
Here I'm one person talking to you.
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现在是我一个人给你们大家演讲。
02:00
You're all collective. You all hear each other laugh and know each other laugh.
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你们聚集在一起, 能听到其他人的笑声,大家都在笑。
02:04
In The New Yorker, it goes out to a wide audience,
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但《纽约客》有着广阔的受众群体
02:08
and when you actually look at that,
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当人们观赏漫画的时候,
02:10
and nobody knows what anybody else is laughing at,
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没人知道其他人的笑点是什么,
02:13
and when you look at that the subjectivity involved in humor
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你在观赏漫画时,融在幽默中的那种主观性
02:17
is really interesting.
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是非常有意思的。
02:18
Let's look at this cartoon.
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比如这幅漫画,
02:20
"Discouraging data on the antidepressant."
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”抗抑郁药的悲观结果“
02:22
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
02:24
Indeed, it is discouraging.
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确实,看起来太悲观了。
02:27
Now, you would think, well, look,
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现在你会想,好呀,看,
02:29
most of you laughed at that.
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现场大多数人都在看着漫画笑呢。
02:31
Right? You thought it was funny.
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对吧,你觉得这个确实挺好笑的。
02:32
In general, that seems like a funny cartoon,
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总的来说,这是一幅搞笑的漫画。
02:34
but let's look what online survey I did.
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但是我们看看我做的网络问卷调查,
02:37
Generally, about 85 percent of the people liked it.
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总的来说有85%的人喜欢这则漫画。
02:39
A hundred and nine voted it a 10, the highest. Ten voted it one.
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有109人给它打了最高分,十分。也有10个人打了一分。
02:43
But look at the individual responses.
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让我们看看一些具体的回复吧!
02:45
"I like animals!!!!!" Look how much they like them.
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”我爱死动物了!!!!!!“ 你们看他多爱动物啊。
02:47
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
02:51
"I don't want to hurt them. That doesn't seem very funny to me."
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”我不想伤害小动物。对我来说这漫画一点都不好笑。“
02:54
This person rated it a two.
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这人给它打了2分。
02:56
"I don't like to see animals suffer -- even in cartoons."
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”就算是在漫画里我也不想看到动物们受折磨“。“
03:00
To people like this, I point out we use anesthetic ink.
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对于这些人,我想说:”我们用的是麻醉墨水,好吗?“
03:05
Other people thought it was funny.
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其他人则认为这幅漫画很有趣
03:07
That actually is the true nature of the distribution of humor
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其实这些都是在传播幽默是遇到的正常反应。
03:10
when you don't have the contagion of humor.
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有的时候你就是抓不住笑点在哪儿。
03:14
Humor is a type of entertainment.
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幽默也是一种娱乐。
03:16
All entertainment contains a little frisson of danger,
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所有娱乐产品都有些小危险小刺激,
03:20
something that might happen wrong,
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一些有可能搞砸搞错的东西。
03:22
and yet we like it when there's protection.
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当然了我们也不希望冒太大的危险。
03:24
That's what a zoo is. It's danger. The tiger is there.
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就像一个动物园,动物园很危险,因为老虎在那儿。
03:27
The bars protect us. That's sort of fun, right?
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铁笼子保护了我们,所以动物园是个好玩儿的地方,对吧?
03:31
That's a bad zoo.
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这是个不好玩的动物园。
03:33
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
03:35
It's a very politically correct zoo, but it's a bad zoo.
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这绝对是个政治上完全正确的动物园,但是它太不好玩了。
03:39
But this is a worse one.
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这是个更糟糕的动物园。
03:42
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
03:45
So in dealing with humor in the context of The New Yorker,
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所以说到《纽约客》里的幽默漫画,
03:50
you have to see, where is that tiger going to be?
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你需要知道:老虎会在哪里出现?
03:52
Where is the danger going to exist?
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哪里会出危险?
03:54
How are you going to manage it?
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你该如何应付?
03:56
My job is to look at 1,000 cartoons a week.
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我的工作是每周浏览1000则漫画。
04:00
But The New Yorker only can take 16 or 17 cartoons,
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其中只有16到17幅会在《纽约客》发表。
04:05
and we have 1,000 cartoons.
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有1000幅漫画呀!
04:06
Of course, many, many cartoons must be rejected.
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当然,就会有很多漫画被退稿。
04:09
Now, we could fit more cartoons in the magazine
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如果我们想要杂志里有更多漫画的话,
04:12
if we removed the articles.
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我们就得删去一些文章咯。
04:14
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
04:18
But I feel that would be a huge loss,
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但是这样做的话损失就太大了。
04:23
one I could live with, but still huge.
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虽然我个人能接受,代价还是太大。
04:27
Cartoonists come in through the magazine every week.
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每周都有漫画家为《纽约客》工作。
04:30
The average cartoonist who stays with the magazine
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这些留在杂志社里的漫画家
04:32
does 10 or 15 ideas every week.
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平均一周要有10到15个点子。
04:34
But they mostly are going to be rejected.
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但是绝大多数的点子都会被毙掉。
04:37
That's the nature of any creative activity.
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这在创意活动中的正常现象。
04:40
Many of them fade away. Some of them stay.
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他们中有许多成了匆匆过客。但也有人幸存下来。
04:44
Matt Diffee is one of them.
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马特·迪菲就是其中一位。
04:45
Here's one of his cartoons.
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这是他的一则漫画。
04:47
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
04:53
Drew Dernavich. "Accounting night at the improv."
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德鲁·德纳维奇。“会计之夜的即兴表演”。
04:56
"Now is the part of the show when we ask the audience
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“现在,这是表演的一部分。我们让
04:58
to shout out some random numbers."
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观众随便喊出一些数字来。”
05:02
Paul Noth. "He's all right. I just wish he were a little more pro-Israel."
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保罗·诺斯。 “他没事,我只是希望他能更亲以色列一些。”
05:07
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
05:12
Now I know all about rejection,
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我当然知道被拒稿是怎么回事,
05:14
because when I quit -- actually, I was booted out of -- psychology school
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因为当我从心理学专业退学-实际上,是被开除的时候,
05:18
and decided to become a cartoonist, a natural segue,
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我决定当一位漫画家,对我是一件很自然的事儿。
05:22
from 1974 to 1977 I submitted 2,000 cartoons to The New Yorker,
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于是从1974年到1977年我向《纽约客》投了2000幅漫画
05:27
and got 2,000 cartoons rejected by The New Yorker.
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然后2000幅全部被《纽约客》退回来了。
05:31
At a certain point, this rejection slip, in 1977 --
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到了1977年的某天,退稿的情况好像有点好转。
05:36
[We regret that we are unable to use the enclosed material. Thank you for giving us the opportunity to consider it.] —
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从“我们很抱歉不能采用你的稿件。多谢你的投稿。”
05:37
magically changed to this.
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一下子变成了这个:
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[Hey! You sold one. No shit! You really sold a cartoon to the fucking New Yorker magazine.]
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“嘿!你终于中了一幅。真的!天杀的 《纽约客》真的用了你的漫画!“
05:42
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
05:44
Now of course that's not what happened,
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当然了他们不是这么说的,
05:47
but that's the emotional truth.
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不过这确实是我当时的心情。
05:51
And of course, that is not New Yorker humor.
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当然了,这不是《纽约客》式的幽默。
05:54
What is New Yorker humor?
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什么是《纽约客》式的幽默呢?
05:55
Well, after 1977, I broke into The New Yorker and started selling cartoons.
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从1977年开始,我成功地向《纽约客》兜售我的漫画。
06:00
Finally, in 1980, I received the revered
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终于在1980年,我签下了让人眼红的
06:03
New Yorker contract,
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《纽约客》合同。
06:05
which I blurred out parts because it's none of your business.
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具体细节我们就省了,因为都是些题外话。
06:09
From 1980. "Dear Mr. Mankoff, confirming the agreement
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从1980开始,“亲爱的曼克夫先生,请确认该协议
06:13
there of -- " blah blah blah blah -- blur --
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内容是,巴拉巴拉巴拉巴拉-省略-
06:15
"for any idea drawings."
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”提供思想绘画(idea drawings)。”
06:19
With respect to idea drawings, nowhere in the contract
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用了“思想绘画”这个词儿,合同里面根本没有
06:22
is the word "cartoon" mentioned.
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提到“漫画”这个词儿。
06:24
The word "idea drawings," and that's the sine qua non of New Yorker cartoons.
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“思想绘画”这个词是《纽约客》漫画的专用词汇。
06:29
So what is an idea drawing? An idea drawing is something
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那什么是“思想绘画”?思想绘画就是一些
06:33
that requires you to think.
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需要你琢磨出来的画。
06:36
Now that's not a cartoon. It requires thinking
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这并不是漫画。它需要人们
06:39
on the part of the cartoonist and thinking on your part
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站在漫画家的角度来琢磨,也要站在你个人的角度来琢磨,
06:42
to make it into a cartoon.
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把两种想法融合到一幅漫画里。
06:44
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
06:50
Here are some, generally you get my cast of cartoon mind.
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我给大家看几幅漫画,你会明白我上面所说的漫画思维了。
06:55
"There is no justice in the world. There is some justice in the world. The world is just."
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“世界上没有绝对的正义。只有部分的正义。世界‘正’是这样。”
07:01
This is What Lemmings Believe.
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这是漫画”旅鼠们所相信的“。
07:03
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
07:09
The New Yorker and I, when we made comments,
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《纽约客》和我都曾认为
07:12
the cartoon carries a certain ambiguity about what it actually is.
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漫画本身的真实含义其实是带有模糊性的。
07:17
What is it, the cartoon? Is it really about lemmings?
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这是什么,漫画吗?这漫画讲的真是旅鼠们吗?
07:19
No. It's about us.
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当然不是。漫画讲的是我们。
07:21
You know, it's my view basically about religion,
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知道吗?这基本上就是我对信仰的认识。
07:24
that the real conflict and all the fights between religion
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真正的宗教间的冲突和争端
07:29
is who has the best imaginary friend.
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都是关于哪一派有最好的幻象挚友。
07:32
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
07:37
And this is my most well-known cartoon.
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这是我最出名的漫画了。
07:39
"No, Thursday's out. How about never — is never good for you?"
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“不,周四不行。‘从来不’怎么样?-‘从来不’行吗?” (原文:“How about never — is never good for you?”)
07:43
It's been reprinted thousands of times, totally ripped off.
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这幅漫画重印了几千次,风行一时呀。
07:45
It's even on thongs,
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甚至被印在皮带上,
07:48
but compressed to "How about never — is never good for you?"
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但是被缩写成“‘从来不’怎么样?-‘从来不’行吗?” (“How about never — is never good for you?”)
07:54
Now these look like very different forms of humor
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看起来这些是不同形式的漫画,
07:58
but actually they bear a great similarity.
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但是事实上他们有很大的相似之处。
08:00
In each instance, our expectations are defied.
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每一幅漫画都违反了我们原先的判断。
08:05
In each instance, the narrative gets switched.
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每一幅漫画中的故事都跟字面描述的不一样。
08:08
There's an incongruity and a contrast.
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既不协调,又有对比鲜明。
08:11
In "No, Thursday's out. How about never — is never good for you?"
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“不,周四不行。‘从来不’怎么样?-‘从来不’行吗?”里 (“How about never — is never good for you?”)
08:14
what you have is the syntax of politeness
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有很礼貌的措辞,
08:16
and the message of being rude.
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传达的却是很粗鲁的意思。
08:19
That really is how humor works. It's a cognitive synergy
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这就是漫画的妙处。它是认知的协同作用。
08:22
where we mash up these two things which don't go together
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我们把两个完全不着边的东西放在一起,
08:26
and temporarily in our minds exist.
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让它短暂地停留在我们的意识里。
08:28
He is both being polite and rude.
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画中人既带着礼貌,又带着粗鲁。
08:31
In here, you have the propriety of The New Yorker
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而这里,你可以看到《纽约客》的礼仪
08:34
and the vulgarity of the language.
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和措辞上的粗鲁。
08:36
Basically, that's the way humor works.
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基本上,这就是幽默的妙处。
08:38
So I'm a humor analyst, you would say.
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你会说,我是幽默分析家。
08:41
Now E.B. White said, analyzing humor is like dissecting a frog.
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那E.B.怀特就说,分析幽默就象解剖一只青蛙。
08:44
Nobody is much interested, and the frog dies.
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没人真正感兴趣,并且会杀死青蛙。
08:47
Well, I'm going to kill a few, but there won't be any genocide.
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好吧,接下来我还要杀掉一些,但那可不是种族灭绝呀。
08:52
But really, it makes me —
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实际上,它把我弄得-
08:54
Let's look at this picture. This is an interesting picture,
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来看看这张照片。这张照片很有趣。
08:56
The Laughing Audience.
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观众们在放声大笑。
08:58
There are the people, fops up there,
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很多人,一群花花公子们,
08:59
but everybody is laughing, everybody is laughing
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每个人都在笑呀,笑地,
09:02
except one guy.
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只有一个人除外。
09:05
This guy. Who is he? He's the critic.
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这家伙,他是谁呢?他就是批评家。
09:09
He's the critic of humor,
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他就是幽默批评家。
09:12
and really I'm forced to be in that position,
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实际上,我是被迫坐在这个位置上的。
09:15
when I'm at The New Yorker, and that's the danger
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我在《纽约客》,就有这个危险
09:18
that I will become this guy.
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变成这个(剧场里不笑的)家伙。
09:23
Now here's a little video made by Matt Diffee, sort of
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我给大家放段马特·迪菲拍的录像,
09:26
how they imagine if we really exaggerated that.
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虽然是有些夸张,但这就是漫画家眼里的我。
09:30
(Video) Bob Mankoff: "Oooh, no.
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(录像)鲍勃•曼克夫:“噢,不行!
09:33
Ehhh.
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恩。
09:36
Oooh. Hmm. Too funny.
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噢,恩。太可笑了。
09:45
Normally I would but I'm in a pissy mood.
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一般我会要的,但现在我很挑剔。
09:49
I'll enjoy it on my own. Perhaps.
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对我来说还行。也许吧。
09:52
No. Nah. No.
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不行。啊!不行!
09:55
Overdrawn. Underdrawn.
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用笔过多,用笔过少。
09:58
Drawn just right, still not funny enough.
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画得挺好,就是不可笑。
10:01
No. No.
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不!不!
10:04
For God's sake no, a thousand times no.
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天哪,不,一千遍地不!
10:08
(Music)
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(音乐)
10:11
No. No. No. No. No. [Four hours later]
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不。不。不。不。不。(四个小时以后)
10:17
Hey, that's good, yeah, whatcha got there?
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嗨,这还不错。啊,你拿来什么了?
10:21
Office worker: Got a ham and swiss on rye?BM: No.
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办事员:火腿奶酪黑麦面包。鲍勃•曼克夫:不要。
10:23
Office worker: Okay. Pastrami on sourdough?BM: No.
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办事员:好吧,那黑麦面包呢?鲍勃•曼克夫:不要。
10:26
Office worker: Smoked turkey with bacon?BM: No.
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办事员:培根熏火鸡?鲍勃•曼克夫:不要。
10:28
Office worker: Falafel?BM: Let me look at it.
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办事员:沙拉三明治?鲍勃•曼克夫:让我自己看看。
10:30
Eh, no.
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呃,不要!
10:31
Office worker: Grilled cheese?BM: No.
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办事员:烤奶酪?鲍勃•曼克夫:不要。
10:33
Office worker: BLT?BM: No.
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办事员:奶酪三明治?鲍勃•曼克夫:不要。
10:34
Office worker: Black forest ham and mozzarella with apple mustard?BM: No.
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办事员:苹果酱黑森林火腿加玛苏里拉奶酪? 鲍勃•曼克夫:不要。
10:36
Office worker: Green bean salad?BM: No.
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办事员:绿豆色拉?鲍勃•曼克夫:不要。
10:39
(Music)
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(音乐)
10:41
No. No.
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不!不
10:43
Definitely no. [Several hours after lunch]
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绝对不行!(午饭后几个小时)
10:46
(Siren)
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(警笛)
11:08
No. Get out of here.
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不要。快走!
11:11
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
11:12
That's sort of an exaggeration of what I do.
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这个场面其实是有些夸张了。
11:16
Now, we do reject, many, many, many cartoons,
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现在我们确实拒掉很多,很多,很多漫画作品。
11:19
so many that there are many books called "The Rejection Collection."
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拒得太多了,后来就有了一本叫《拒稿漫画集》。
11:22
"The Rejection Collection" is not quite New Yorker kind of humor.
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《拒稿漫画集》其实不是那种《纽约客》式的幽默。
11:26
And you might notice the bum on the sidewalk here
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你看(这张漫画里面表现的是)在人行道上醉醺醺的流浪汉
11:29
who is boozing and his ventriloquist dummy is puking.
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和他手上呕吐的木偶。
11:33
See, that's probably not going to be New Yorker humor.
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看,这幅漫画就不是《纽约客》式的幽默。
11:35
It's actually put together by Matt Diffee, one of our cartoonists.
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这个其实是我们《纽约客》的漫画家马特·迪菲画的。
11:38
So I'll give you some examples of rejection collection humor.
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这里我再给你举几个拒稿漫画集里面的幽默漫画。
11:43
"I'm thinking about having a child."
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我在考虑要一个孩子。
11:46
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
11:51
There you have an interesting -- the guilty laugh,
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你觉得有趣而发出有点罪恶感的笑声吧。
11:55
the laugh against your better judgment.
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但是这个笑声其实和你良好的判断力不符。
11:58
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
12:01
"Ass-head. Please help."
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”屁股-头儿,请帮帮我吧!”
12:04
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
12:06
Now, in fact, within a context of this book,
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实际上,这本漫画集里的内容实际上是说,
12:10
which says, "Cartoons you never saw and never will see
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“这本集子里面的漫画是你在《纽约客》没看过
12:13
in The New Yorker," this humor is perfect.
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也永远看不到。” 这本书本身就是非常好的幽默。
12:16
I'm going to explain why.
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我来解释一下为什么这么说。
12:17
There's a concept about humor about it being
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这就是一种关于幽默的概念叫做
12:19
a benign violation.
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良性违背原理。
12:21
In other words, for something to be funny, we've got to think
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换句话说,有些很可笑的幽默,我们会觉得
12:23
it's both wrong and also okay at the same time.
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它有些出格但是又不是太出格。
12:27
If we think it's completely wrong, we say, "That's not funny."
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如果我们觉得它实在太出格了,我们就会说,“一点都不好笑。”
12:30
And if it's completely okay, what's the joke? Okay?
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如果它完全是正确的,那哪里可笑呀?对不对?
12:34
And so, this benign, that's true of "No, Thursday's out. How about never — is never good for you?"
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所以呀,那句客气的,“不,周四不行。 ‘从来不’怎么样?-‘从来不’行吗?” (“How about never — is never good for you?”)
12:39
It's rude. The world really shouldn't be that way.
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其实是有些粗暴的。实际上不应该是以这样的方式说话的。
12:41
Within that context, we feel it's okay.
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但是在漫画里面,我们就会觉得它不错。
12:44
So within this context, "Asshead. Please help"
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所以在漫画里,“屁股-头儿。帮帮我吧!”
12:47
is a benign violation.
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是个良性的违规。
12:49
Within the context of The New Yorker magazine ...
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把这幅漫画嵌到《纽约客》的文章,
12:54
"T-Cell Army: Can the body's immune response
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"T-细胞军队: 人体的免疫反应可以
12:57
help treat cancer?" Oh, goodness.
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帮助治疗癌症吗?“ 噢,天哪!
13:01
You're reading about this smart stuff,
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你读这篇很有益的文章时,
13:05
this intelligent dissection of the immune system.
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这篇关于免疫系统知识的好文章时,
13:09
You glance over at this, and it says,
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突然瞄到这幅漫画,它写着,
13:13
"Asshead. Please help"? God.
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”屁股-头儿,请帮帮我吧!” 天哪!
13:18
So there the violation is malign. It doesn't work.
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如果有恶意的违规那就不好笑了。
13:22
There is no such thing as funny in and of itself.
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没有什么东西是它本身就好笑的,
13:25
Everything will be within the context and our expectations.
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它必需是在特定的内容里才让我们觉得好笑。
13:29
One way to look at it is this.
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这么说吧,
13:33
It's sort of called a meta-motivational theory about how we look,
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漫画让人发笑可以被称为”元驱动理论“。
13:37
a theory about motivation and the mood we're in
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这个关于驱动的理论讲的是:我们的情绪
13:39
and how the mood we're in determines the things we like
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如何直接决定了我们喜欢
13:42
or dislike.
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还是不喜欢一幅漫画。
13:44
When we're in a playful mood, we want excitement.
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当我们心情愉悦时,我们很容易兴奋起来。
13:48
We want high arousal. We feel excited then.
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当我们想嗨翻全场的时候,我们容易兴奋起来。
13:51
If we're in a purposeful mood, that makes us anxious.
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如果我们有所企图的时候,我们会变得紧张。
13:54
"The Rejection Collection" is absolutely in this field.
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《拒稿集》就绝对是这样的幽默。
13:59
You want to be stimulated. You want to be aroused.
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你想得到刺激。你想被逗笑。
14:02
You want to be transgressed.
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你想稍稍出点儿格。
14:06
It's like this, like an amusement park.
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这就象,去一个娱乐主题公园一样。
14:11
Voice: Here we go. (Screams)
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声音:走咯!(尖叫声)
14:20
He laughs. He is both in danger and safe,
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他大笑了。他处在危险又安全的情况下,
14:24
incredibly aroused. There's no joke. No joke needed.
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被狠狠地逗了一下。根本没什么笑话,也不需要笑话。
14:27
If you arouse people enough and get them stimulated enough,
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如果你使出全身解数来逗别人,
14:30
they will laugh at very, very little.
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他们不怎么会笑的。
14:32
This is another cartoon from "The Rejection Collection."
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这是另外一幅来自《拒稿集》的漫画,
14:35
"Too snug?"
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"太紧了吗?“
14:39
That's a cartoon about terrorism.
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这是一幅关于恐怖分子的漫画。
14:41
The New Yorker occupies a very different space.
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《纽约客》有很与众不同的地方。
14:45
It's a space that is playful in its own way, and also purposeful,
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它既有自己有趣可笑的表现方式,也有着很强的目的性。
14:48
and in that space, the cartoons are different.
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在这样的杂志里,漫画自然会有所不同。
14:52
Now I'm going to show you cartoons The New Yorker did
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现在我给你看几幅《纽约客》的漫画,
14:54
right after 9/11, a very, very sensitive area when humor could be used.
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9/11刚过,是需要小心地使用幽默的时候。
14:59
How would The New Yorker attack it?
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《纽约客》怎么使用它的幽默呢?
15:00
It would not be with a guy with a bomb saying, "Too snug?"
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它不会用“太紧了?”这样画着带炸弹的恐怖分子的漫画。
15:05
Or there was another cartoon I didn't show because
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或者是另一幅我还没给你们看的漫画,因为
15:07
actually I thought maybe people would be offended.
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我觉得没准会有人觉得自己被冒犯了。
15:11
The great Sam Gross cartoon, this happened
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伟大的山姆·格罗斯的漫画,讲的是
15:15
after the Muhammad controversy where it's Muhammad in heaven,
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穆罕默德大辩论后,当穆罕默德在天堂的时候,
15:19
the suicide bomber is all in little pieces,
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自杀恐怖袭击者都成了小小的碎片。
15:21
and he's saying to the suicide bomber,
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穆罕默德对自杀袭击者说,
15:24
"You'll get the virgins when we find your penis."
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“如果你找到你的小鸡鸡,你会得到你的童贞。”
15:27
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
15:31
Better left undrawn.
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最好谁也别画这样的画。
15:34
The first week we did no cartoons.
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(9/11以后的)第一周,我们没有刊登任何漫画。
15:37
That was a black hole for humor, and correctly so.
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那是幽默的黑洞,绝对是。
15:40
It's not always appropriate every time.
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有的时候,幽默确实是不妥当的。
15:43
But the next week, this was the first cartoon.
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接下来的一周,我们发了第一幅漫画。
15:46
"I thought I'd never laugh again. Then I saw your jacket."
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“我以为我再也不会笑了,直到我看到你的夹克。”
15:51
It basically was about, if we were alive,
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这幅漫画要说的是,如果我们还活着,
15:54
we were going to laugh. We were going to breathe.
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我们就得笑,我们就得呼吸。
15:56
We were going to exist. Here's another one.
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我们就得存在着。这是另一幅。
15:58
"I figure if I don't have that third martini, then the terrorists win."
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“我知道如果我不要第三杯马提尼的话,恐怖分子就会赢。”
16:03
These cartoons are not about them. They're about us.
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这些漫画讲的不是恐怖分子,讲得是我们自己。
16:07
The humor reflects back on us.
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这些幽默折射我们的生活。
16:09
The easiest thing to do with humor, and it's perfectly legitimate,
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其实最简单的漫画是
16:13
is a friend makes fun of an enemy.
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朋友开敌人的玩笑,这绝对是适宜的。
16:17
It's called dispositional humor.
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这样的幽默叫做意向性幽默。
16:19
It's 95 percent of the humor. It's not our humor.
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占95%的幽默都是这种,不是关于我们自己的。
16:22
Here's another cartoon.
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这有一幅漫画。
16:25
"I wouldn't mind living in a fundamentalist Islamic state."
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“我不介意生活在原教旨主义的伊斯兰国家。“
16:28
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
16:37
Humor does need a target.
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幽默需要一个靶心。
16:42
But interestingly, in The New Yorker, the target is us.
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有趣的是,《纽约客》里面的靶心是我们自己。
16:46
The target is the readership and the people who do it.
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这个靶心是读者和做了(漫画里的)事的人。
16:48
The humor is self-reflective
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幽默是自我的折射。
16:51
and makes us think about our assumptions.
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幽默让我们考虑自己的作为。
16:53
Look at this cartoon by Roz Chast, the guy reading the obituary.
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看这幅洛兹查斯特的漫画《阅读讣告的人》。
16:57
"Two years younger than you, 12 years older than you,
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”比你小两岁,比你大12岁,
17:00
three years your junior, your age on the dot,
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比你小三岁,和你同岁,
17:03
exactly your age."
311
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和你同岁。“
17:05
That is a deeply profound cartoon.
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那是幅非常深刻的漫画。
17:09
And so The New Yorker is also trying to, in some way,
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所以《纽约客》也在努力地以某种方式,
17:13
make cartoons say something besides funny
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使幽默不仅仅是好笑,
17:17
and something about us. Here's another one.
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而是折射我们的生活。这是另一幅。
17:19
"I started my vegetarianism for health reasons,
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”我因为健康原因开始做素食者,
17:21
Then it became a moral choice, and now it's just to annoy people."
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然后它变成了道义的选择,现在它就是让别人讨厌我的。“
17:25
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
17:30
"Excuse me — I think there's something wrong with this
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”对不起-我觉得有点不对劲儿呀,
17:33
in a tiny way that no one other than me would ever be able to pinpoint."
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除了我,怎么没人精确定位呢?“
17:39
So it focuses on our obsessions, our narcissism,
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所以说《纽约客》的漫画j聚焦在我们的自恋和偏执上,
17:43
our foils and our foibles, really not someone else's.
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聚焦在我们的虚假和缺点上,而不是其他的人身上。
17:47
The New Yorker demands
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《纽约客》让你
17:50
some cognitive work on your part,
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重新认识自己,
17:53
and what it demands is what Arthur Koestler,
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就象阿瑟 · 斯特勒在他的
17:55
who wrote "The Act of Creation" about the relationship
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著作《创作的行为》里面讲到的
17:58
between humor, art and science,
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幽默,艺术和科学的关系一样,
18:01
is what's called bisociation.
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被称为“亚生物群落”。
18:03
You have to bring together ideas from different frames of reference,
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你要把从不同的信息整合在一起,
18:06
and you have to do it quickly to understand the cartoon.
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在短时间内理解一幅漫画。
18:09
If the different frames of reference don't come together
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如果你不能在0.5秒内整合这些信息,
18:12
in about .5 seconds, it's not funny,
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这漫画就不好笑了。
18:14
but I think they will for you here.
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但我想这些漫画是会让你笑的。
18:16
Different frames of reference.
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他们带来不同的信息。
18:18
"You slept with her, didn't you?"
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“你和她上床了,对不?”
18:21
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
18:26
"Lassie! Get help!!"
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“莱西 !快找人帮我!!"
18:28
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
18:32
It's called French Army Knife.
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这个叫做”法国军刀“。
18:35
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
18:42
And this is Einstein in bed. "To you it was fast."
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这张说的是爱因斯坦在床上。”对你来说是有点儿快了。“
18:44
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
18:51
Now there are some cartoons that are puzzling.
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也有些漫画呢,让人费解。
18:55
Like, this cartoon would puzzle many people.
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象这个,它让人不得其解。
18:59
How many people know what this cartoon means?
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有谁知道这幅漫画的意思?
19:03
The dog is signaling he wants to go for a walk.
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这个狗在告诉自己的主人它想出去溜弯了。
19:07
This is the signal for a catcher to walk the dog.
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这是让接球手去溜狗的信号。
19:13
That's why we run a feature in the cartoon issue every year
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所以我们特意每年出一期漫画专刊,
19:16
called "I Don't Get It: The New Yorker Cartoon I.Q. Test."
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叫:“真搞不懂:纽约客漫画智商测试”
19:19
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
19:21
The other thing The New Yorker plays around with
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另外,《纽约客》爱刊登的是
19:23
is incongruity, and incongruity, I've shown you,
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互不协调的东西。我告诉过你们
19:25
is sort of the basis of humor.
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这算是幽默的一个基本原理。
19:27
Something that's completely normal or logical isn't going to be funny.
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如果都是完全正确的合理的话,那就不好笑了。
19:30
But the way incongruity works is, observational humor
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有不协调性的漫画又使我们看到它
19:34
is humor within the realm of reality.
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带着一定的合理性。
19:37
"My boss is always telling me what to do." Okay?
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“我的老板总是不停地告诉我要做什么。” 是吧?
19:42
That could happen. It's humor within the realm of reality.
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这是可能发生的事儿。这个幽默在合理的范围内。
19:45
Here, cowboy to a cow:
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看这个,牛仔给一头牛说,
19:47
"Very impressive. I'd like to find 5,000 more like you."
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“你让我印象深刻。我真想找到5000头象你这样的。”
19:52
We understand that. It's absurd. But we're putting the two together.
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我们能理解这样的漫画。看起来很荒谬,但是我们理解到它的合理和荒谬。
19:55
Here, in the nonsense range:
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在这儿,是不合理范畴内的:
19:59
"Damn it, Hopkins, didn't you get yesterday's memo?"
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“哎呀,霍普金斯,你没带来昨天的记录本吗?”
20:04
Now that's a little puzzling, right? It doesn't quite come together.
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这个有些让人费解,对不对?因为它的荒谬和合理性没有走到一起。
20:08
In general, people who enjoy more nonsense,
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一般来说,那些会欣赏带有不合理性作品的人
20:11
enjoy more abstract art,
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都挺喜欢抽象艺术的。
20:13
they tend to be liberal, less conservative, that type of stuff.
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这类人更可能是自由主义者,而较少的成为保守派。
20:16
But for us, and for me, helping design the humor,
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但对我们来说,对我来说,是帮助营造幽默感的。
20:20
it doesn't make any sense to compare one to the other.
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我们不需要拿一个和另一个比。
20:22
It's sort of a smorgasbord that's made all interesting.
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我们需要的幽默象个大杂烩,要让所有人感兴趣。
20:27
So I want to sum all this up with a caption to a cartoon,
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让我来总结下我讲的漫画,
20:31
and I think this sums up the whole thing, really,
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我觉得这个总结,真的就是,
20:34
about The New Yorker cartoons.
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关于《纽约客》的漫画。
20:36
"It sort of makes you stop and think, doesn't it."
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“它其实让你停下来想想,不是吗?”
20:39
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
20:43
And now, when you look at New Yorker cartoons,
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从现在开始,如果你在欣赏《纽约客》漫画的时候,
20:45
I'd like you to stop and think a little bit more about them.
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我希望你能停下来,想想这些漫画。
20:47
Thank you.
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非常感谢!
20:48
(Applause)
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(掌声)
20:52
Thank you. (Applause)
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谢谢!(掌声)
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