Can art amend history? | Titus Kaphar

239,700 views ・ 2017-08-15

TED


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翻译人员: Lizzy Li 校对人员: sophia chen
00:12
I love museums.
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我爱博物馆。
00:16
Have you guys ever been to the Natural History Museum?
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你们去过自然历史博物馆吗?
00:18
In New York City?
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在纽约市的?
00:20
(Applause)
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(掌声)
00:21
So one of the things that I do is I take my kids to the museum.
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我会带着我的孩子去博物馆。
00:27
Recently I took them to the Natural History Museum.
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最近,我带他们去了 自然历史博物馆。
00:30
I had my two sons with me, Sabian and Dabith.
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我有两个儿子,Sabian和Dabith。
00:33
And we go into the front entrance of the museum,
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我们从博物馆的前门进去,
00:36
and there's that amazing sculpture of Teddy Roosevelt out there.
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那里有着西奥多·罗斯福 令人惊诧的雕塑。
00:39
You guys know which one I'm talking about.
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你们知道我说的是哪个。
00:41
Teddy Roosevelt is sitting there with one hand on the horse,
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西奥多·罗斯福坐在那里, 一只手放在马背上,
00:44
bold, strong, sleeves rolled up.
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勇敢,强壮,跃跃欲试。
00:47
I don't know if he's bare-chested, but it kind of feels like it.
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我不知道他是不是没穿 内里衬衣,但我感觉是没穿。
00:50
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
00:51
And on the left-hand side of him is a Native American walking.
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在他的左手边有一个印第安人站着。
00:56
And on the right-hand side of him is an African-American walking.
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在他的右手边有一个非裔美国人站着。
01:01
And as we're moving up the stairs,
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当我们走上台阶,
01:05
getting closer to the sculpture,
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离雕塑越来越近时,
01:07
my oldest son, who's nine, says,
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我九岁的大儿子说道,
01:10
"Dad, how come he gets to ride,
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“爸爸,为什么他可以骑马,
01:14
and they have to walk?"
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而他们要走路呢?”
01:18
It stopped me in my tracks.
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这个问题让我怔住了。
01:20
It stopped me in my tracks.
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这个问题让我怔住了。
01:22
There was so much history
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要回答这个问题
01:23
that we would have to go through to try to explain that,
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就要牵扯到很多历史,
01:26
and that's something I try to do with them anyways.
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我也一直想要回答这些问题。
01:30
It's a question that I probably would have never really asked.
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这个问题,有可能我永远不会问。
01:34
But fundamentally what he was saying was,
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但是本质上,他在说,
01:36
"That doesn't look fair.
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“那看起来不公平。
01:38
Dad, that doesn't look fair.
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爸爸,那看起来不公平。
01:40
And why is this thing that's so not fair
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为什么这么不公平的雕塑
01:43
sitting outside of such an amazing institution."
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可以摆放在那雄伟的博物馆外面?”
01:47
And his question got me wondering,
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他的问题让我沉思,
01:49
is there a way for us to amend our public sculptures,
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有没有一种方式可以让我们 改变我们的公共雕塑,
01:54
our national monuments?
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改变我们的国家纪念碑?
01:56
Not erase them,
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不是移除它们,
01:58
but is there a way to amend them?
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而是找一种方式修改它们。
02:00
Now, I didn't grow up going to museums.
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我小时候不常去博物馆。
02:04
That's not my history.
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我没有这个爱好。
02:07
My mother was 15 years old when I was born.
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我出生时,我的母亲才15岁。
02:09
She is amazing.
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她是伟大的。
02:11
My father was struggling with his own things
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在我生命的大部分时间,
02:14
for most of my life.
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我父亲都在挣扎于自己的事情。
02:17
If you really want to know the truth,
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如果你想知道真相,
02:19
the only reason I got into art is because of a woman.
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我步入艺术殿堂的真正原因 只是为了一个女人。
02:23
There was this amazing, amazing, fantastic, beautiful, smart woman,
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那是一个优秀的,美丽的,聪明的女人,
02:28
four years older than me,
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比我大四岁,
02:30
and I wanted to go out with her.
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我想和她约会。
02:31
But she said, "You're too young
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但她说,“你太年轻了,
02:33
and you're not thinking about your future."
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而且你没有考虑过未来。”
02:35
So I ran on down to the junior college,
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所以我跑到大专院校,
02:39
registered for some classes,
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注册了几门课,
02:41
ran on back,
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跑了回来,
02:43
and basically was like, "I'm thinking about my future now."
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基本上就像是, “我现在考虑了我的未来。”
02:46
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
02:48
"Can we go out?"
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“我们可以约会了吗?”
02:50
For the record, she's even more amazing.
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顺便说一下, 她比我想象的更让人惊叹。
02:53
I married her.
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我娶了她。
02:54
(Applause)
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(掌声)
03:00
So when I randomly ran down to the junior college
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实际上,当我跑到大专院校
03:04
and registered for classes,
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注册课程的时候,
03:06
I really wasn't paying attention to what I was registering to.
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我根本没有注意我注册了什么课。
03:09
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
03:11
So I ended up with an art history class,
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结果我选的是艺术历史课,
03:14
and I didn't know a thing about art history.
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而我对艺术历史一无所知。
03:17
But something amazing happened when I went into that class.
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但当我踏进课堂时, 不可思议的事情发生了。
03:21
For the first time in my academic career,
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在我的职业生涯中,
03:25
my visual intelligence was required of me.
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我第一次需要用到视觉智能。
03:28
For the first time.
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第一次。
03:30
The professor would put up an image,
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教授放了一张图片,
03:32
bold strokes of blues and yellows, and say, "Who's that?"
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蓝色、黄色的粗线条, 问道,“这是谁?”
03:36
And I'd go, "That's Van Gogh. Clearly that is Van Gogh.
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我回答,“这是梵高。很明显是梵高。
03:39
I got this."
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我知道。”
03:41
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
03:43
I got a B in that class.
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那门课我拿了B。
03:46
For me, that was amazing.
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对我来说,这已经很棒了。
03:50
In high school, let's just say I wasn't a great student. OK?
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在高中,我不是个好学生。知道吗?
03:54
In high school, my GPA was .65.
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在高中,我的GPA只有0.65。
03:56
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
03:58
Decimal point first, six five.
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前面只有小数点,六,五。
04:02
So me getting a B was huge, huge,
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所以拿到B是一个很大很大的
04:06
absolutely huge.
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成就。
04:08
And because of the fact that I realized that I was able to learn things visually
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正因为我意识到我可以 通过视觉来学习一些
04:13
that I couldn't learn in other ways,
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用其它方式无法学习到的东西,
04:15
this became my strategy, this became my tactic
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这变成了我的策略,变成了
04:18
for understanding everything else.
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我理解其他事物的手段。
04:21
I wanted to stay in this relationship. Things were going well.
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我想留在这段关系中。 事情发展得很顺利。
04:24
I decided, let me keep taking these art history classes.
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我决定继续上这些艺术历史课。
我永远不会忘记艺术历史 的最后一堂课,永远不会忘记。
04:27
One of the last art history classes, I will not forget, I will never forget.
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04:30
It was one of those survey art history classes.
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那是一堂艺术史概论。
有人上过艺术史概论课吗?
04:33
Anybody ever have one of those survey art history classes,
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04:35
where they try to teach you the entire history of art
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那种在短短一学期,就试图讲完
04:38
in a single semester?
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整个艺术史的课。
04:40
I'm talking about cave paintings and Jackson Pollock
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我说的是从洞穴壁画 到杰克逊·波洛克,
04:45
just crunched together all in the same --
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把所有艺术史都放进来
04:47
It doesn't really work, but they try anyway.
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其实学不到什么, 但是还是有这门课存在。
04:51
Well, at the beginning of the semester,
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刚开学的时候,
04:54
I looked at the book,
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我看了看教科书。
04:55
and in this 400-page book was about a 14-page section
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在这本400页的书里面 有14页的篇幅
04:59
that was on black people in painting.
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讲了关于绘画里的黑人。
05:01
Now, this was a crammed in section
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就这么一点儿的篇幅
05:03
that had representations of black people in painting
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涵盖了所有画里出现的黑人
05:07
and black people who painted.
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和黑人画家。
05:10
It was poorly curated, let's just put it that way.
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说白了,没什么人会注意。
05:14
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
05:16
Nonetheless I was really excited about it,
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但我对此感到很兴奋,
05:19
because in all the other classes that I had,
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因为我上的所有其他的课
05:21
we didn't even have that conversation.
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连这么一点点篇幅都没有。
05:24
We didn't talk about it at all.
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压根儿没有人讨论。
05:27
So imagine my surprise
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所以我带着疑惑
05:29
when I get to class
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走入课堂,
05:30
and on the day that we're supposed to go over that particular chapter,
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那天我们应该讲那个章节,
05:35
my professor announces,
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我的教授说,
05:37
"We're going to skip this chapter today
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“我们今天就跳过这章,
05:39
because we do not have time to go through it."
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“因为我们没时间了。”
05:42
"Whoa, I'm sorry, hold on, professor, professor.
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“哇,不好意思, 等一下,教授,教授。”
05:45
I'm sorry. This is a really important chapter to me.
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“很抱歉,但那章对我来说意义非凡。
05:49
Are we going to go over it at any point?"
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我们真的完全略过吗?”
05:51
"Titus, we don't have time for this."
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“Titus,我们没时间过这章了。”
05:53
"I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry,
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“很抱歉,真的很抱歉,
但我真的需要搞清楚缘由。
05:55
please, I really need to understand.
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很明显,作者本人 觉得这一篇很重要。
05:57
Clearly the author thinks that this is significant.
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05:59
Why are we skipping over this?"
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为什么我们要略过呢?”
“Titus,我没时间。”
06:01
"Titus, I do not have time for this."
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06:03
"OK, last question, I'm really sorry here.
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“好吧,最后一个问题, 非常不好意思。
06:05
When can we talk, because we need to talk."
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我们什么时候能谈谈?必须谈谈。”
06:07
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
06:09
I went to her office hours.
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我去了她的答疑时段。
06:11
I ended up getting kicked out of her office.
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结果呢,被她赶了出来。
06:14
I went to the dean.
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我去找院长。
06:15
The dean finally told me, "I can't force her to teach anything."
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院长告诉我:“我不能 对她的教学指手画脚。”
06:18
And I knew in that moment if I wanted to understand this history,
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那一刻我明白了, 如果我想要了解那段历史,
06:22
if I wanted to understand the roles of those folks who had to walk,
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如果我想要了解 为什么那群人必须得走,
06:27
I was probably going to have to figure that out myself.
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我需要靠自己找到答案。
06:33
So ...
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所以,
06:39
above you right here on the slide
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你们看到的这张幻灯片,
06:43
is a painting by Frans Hals.
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是弗兰斯·哈尔斯的一幅画。
06:47
This is one of the kinds of images
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这是在那篇章节里的
06:51
that was in that chapter.
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其中一幅画。
06:55
I taught myself how to paint
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我通过去博物馆
06:57
by going to museums and looking at images like this.
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观摩类似的画作,自学了画画。
07:03
I want to show you something.
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我想让你们看一个东西。
07:17
I made this.
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我画了这幅,
07:20
I --
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我——
07:21
(Applause)
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(掌声)
07:22
I made some alterations.
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我做了些调整。
07:24
You'll see there are some slight differences in the painting.
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你们可以看到这幅画 跟上面那幅有些不同的地方。
07:28
All this art history that I had been absorbing
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通过对艺术史的学习,
07:33
helped me to realize that painting is a language.
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我意识到画画是一门语言。
07:41
There is a reason
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他之所以这么高
07:47
why he is the highest in the composition here.
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是有原因的。
07:57
There is a reason
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作者画了这条金项链,
08:01
why the painter is showing us this gold necklace here.
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也是有原因的。
08:08
He's trying to tell us something about the economic status
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他想要通过这个告诉我们
08:11
of these people in these paintings.
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这些画中人的阶级。
08:16
Painting is a visual language
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画作是视觉语言。
08:20
where everything in the painting
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画中的所有元素
08:23
is meaningful, is important.
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都是有意义的,重要的。
08:26
It's coded.
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都想要传达一些信息。
08:32
But sometimes, because of the compositional structure,
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但有些时候,由于构造框架,
08:35
because of compositional hierarchy,
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由于构造等级阶层,
08:38
it's hard to see other things.
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我们很难看到别的东西。
08:56
This silk is supposed to tell us also that they have quite a bit of money.
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这个丝缎试图告诉我们这些人很有钱。
09:02
There's more written
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艺术史里,
09:04
about dogs in art history
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关于狗的描述,
09:08
than there are about this other character here.
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要比这里的一位人物多得多。
09:13
Historically speaking, in research on these kinds of paintings,
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从历史的角度来说, 通过对于这种类型的画作的研究,
09:16
I can find out more about the lace
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我可以找出的
09:20
that the woman is wearing in this painting --
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关于这幅画里女性 穿戴的蕾丝的信息,
09:23
the manufacturer of the lace -- than I can about this character here,
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关于蕾丝的制造商的信息——
09:27
about his dreams, about his hopes,
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相比这位男性的梦想和追求,
09:30
about what he wanted out of life.
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以及关于他想要的 生活的信息还要多。
09:35
I want to show you something.
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我还想要给你们看一些东西。
09:39
I don't want you to think
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不要以为,
09:40
that this is about eradication.
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我在毁坏这幅作品。
09:44
It's not.
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我并没有。
09:46
The oil that you saw me just put inside of this paint
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我使用的这种油,
09:50
is linseed oil.
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是亚麻籽油。
09:51
It becomes transparent over time,
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它过段时间会变透明。
09:54
so eventually what's going to happen
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所以最终,
09:57
is these faces
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这些脸,
10:00
will emerge a little bit.
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还是会露出来。
10:04
What I'm trying to do,
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我想要做的,以及
10:06
what I'm trying to show you,
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我想要让你们看的是,
10:08
is how to shift your gaze just slightly,
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如何轻微转移你们的注意力,
10:11
just momentarily,
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只是暂时的,
10:13
just momentarily,
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只是暂时的,
10:14
to ask yourself the question,
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问问自己一个问题,
10:18
why do some have to walk?
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为什么有些人必须得走路呢?
10:20
What is the impact of these kinds of sculptures at museums?
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这些在博物馆里的雕刻 会为我们带来什么样的影响呢?
10:24
What is the impact of these kinds of paintings
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当我们社会中最脆弱的群体
10:28
on some of our most vulnerable in society,
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时时刻刻都会看到 这样的画面的时候,
10:30
seeing these kinds of depictions of themselves all the time?
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这些画作会对他们 产生什么影响呢?
10:34
I'm not saying erase it.
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我不是说要抹除这样的画作,
10:36
We can't erase this history.
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我们无法抹除历史。
10:39
It's real. We have to know it.
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这些都是既定存在的, 我们必须对此有所了解。
10:41
I think of it in the same way
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我和大家的想法
10:43
we think of --
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是一致的。
10:47
Let me step back a second.
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我们来回溯一下。
10:49
You remember old-school cameras,
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记得老式相机吗?
10:52
where when you took a picture, you actually had to focus. Right?
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当你想要拍照的时候, 你需要对焦对吧?
10:55
You'd put the camera up,
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你得架起相机,
10:56
and if I wanted you in focus,
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如果我想对焦你,
10:58
I would move the lens a little to the left
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我就得把镜头向左移一点,
11:00
and you would come forward.
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你也得往前站一步。
11:02
I could move the lens a little to the right,
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我也可以把镜头往右移一点儿,
11:04
and you would go back and the folks in the background would come out.
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你就得往后走一点,在后面的 那些人镜头里也能看得清。
我现在就在做类似的事情。
11:07
I'm just trying to do that here.
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11:09
I'm trying to give you that opportunity.
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我在试图让你们能够 有机会看清后面的人。
11:13
I'm trying to answer that question
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我在试图回答
11:15
that my son had.
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我儿子问我的那个问题。
11:19
I want to make paintings,
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我想要做出真实的
11:21
I want to make sculptures
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绘画
11:24
that are honest,
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和雕塑,
11:26
that wrestle with the struggles of our past
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是和我们走过的曲折息息相关的,
11:31
but speak to the diversity and the advances of our present.
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和我们的多样性以及 现今社会的进步是息息相关的,
11:36
And we can't do that by taking an eraser and getting rid of stuff.
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我们不能靠抹去历史来进步。
11:39
That's just not going to work.
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那样做是行不通的。
11:41
I think that we should do it in the same way
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我认为我们应该
11:43
the American Constitution works.
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向美国国会学习。
11:45
When we have a situation
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当我们出现了问题,
11:46
where we want to change a law in the American Constitution,
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想要更改美国国会的法律,
11:50
we don't erase the other one.
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我们不用去推倒重来,
11:53
Alongside that is an amendment,
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只需要对它们进行修改,
11:55
something that says,
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修改成
11:56
"This is where we were, but this is where we are right now."
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“这就是我们的历史, 但现在我们有所进步。”
12:01
I figure if we can do that,
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我发现,如果能做到,
12:03
then that will help us understand a little bit
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就会帮助我们更好的理解
12:06
about where we're going.
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我们的现在和未来。
12:38
Thank you.
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谢谢。
12:39
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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