The key to a better malaria vaccine | Faith Osier

41,357 views ・ 2018-11-06

TED


Tafadhali bofya mara mbili manukuu ya Kiingereza hapa chini ili kucheza video.

Translator: Doris Mangalu Reviewer: Nelson Simfukwe
00:13
There are 200 million clinical cases
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Kuna kesi milioni 200 za ki-kliniki
00:18
of falciparum malaria in Africa every year,
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za malaria ya falsiparam Afrika kila mwaka,
00:22
resulting in half a million deaths.
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iliyosababisha vifo nusu millioni.
00:26
I would like to talk to you about malaria vaccines.
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Ningependa kuongea nanyi kuhusu chanjo ya malaria.
00:30
The ones that we have made to date are simply not good enough.
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Ambazo tumetengeneza mpaka sasa hazina ubora wa kutosha.
00:36
Why?
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Kwanini?
00:38
We've been working at it for 100 plus years.
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Tumeifanyia kazi kwa miaka 100 na zaidi.
00:42
When we started, technology was limited.
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Tulivyoanza, teknolojia ilikuwa duni.
00:46
We could see just a tiny fraction of what the parasite really looked like.
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Tuliweza kuona sehemu ndogo tu ya jinsi kimelea kinavyoonekana.
00:54
Today, we are awash with technology,
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Leo, tunamiminika na teknolojia,
00:57
advanced imaging and omics platforms --
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upiga picha ulioendelea na jukwaa la omiks --
01:01
genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics.
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genomiksi, transkriptomiksi, proteomiksi.
01:06
These tools have given us a clearer view
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Hizi zana zimetupa mtazamo wa wazi
01:10
of just how complex the parasite really is.
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wa jinsi kimelea kilivyo na utata.
01:15
However, in spite of this,
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Hata hivyo, licha ya hili,
01:18
our approach to vaccine design has remained pretty rudimentary.
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mbinu yetu ya kubuni chanjo imebakia kuwa ya msingi.
01:24
To make a good vaccine, we must go back to basics
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Kutengeneza chanjo nzuri, tunalazimika kurudi kwenye misingi
01:28
to understand how our bodies handle this complexity.
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kuelewa jinsi miili yetu ina shughulikia huu utata.
01:34
People who are frequently infected with malaria
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Watu wanaoambukizwa na malaria mara kwa mara
01:38
learn to deal with it.
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hujifunza kukabiliana nayo.
01:40
They get the infection, but they don't get ill.
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Wanapata maambukizi, lakini hawaumwi.
01:44
The recipe is encoded in antibodies.
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Maagizo yameandikwa kwenye kinga mwili.
01:48
My team went back to our complex parasite,
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Timu yangu ilirudi kwenye kimelea chetu tata,
01:52
probed it with samples from Africans who had overcome malaria
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kikachunguzwa na sampuli kutoka kwa Waafrika walioishinda malaria
01:57
to answer the question:
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kujibu swali:
01:59
"What does a successful antibody response look like?"
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"Mwitikio uliofanikiwa wa kingamwili unafananaje?"
02:04
We found over 200 proteins,
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Tumepata zaidi ya protini 200,
02:07
many of which are not on the radar for malaria vaccines.
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nyingi ambazo haziko kwenye rada ya chanjo ya malaria.
02:12
My research community may be missing out important parts of the parasite.
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Jamii yangu ya utafiti inaweza kukosa sehemu muhimu za kimelea.
02:18
Until recently, when one had identified a protein of interest,
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Mpaka hivi karibuni, pale mmoja alipotambua protini yenye umuhimu,
02:23
they tested whether it might be important for a vaccine
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walijaribu kama itakuwa muhimu kwa chanjo
02:27
by conducting a cohort study.
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kwa kuongoza utafiti wa kundi.
02:30
This typically involved about 300 participants in a village in Africa,
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Hii kawaida inahusisha washiriki takribani 300 kwenye kijiji cha Afrika,
02:35
whose samples were analyzed to see
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ambao sampuli zao zilichambuliwa kuona
02:38
whether antibodies to the protein would predict who got malaria
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kama kingamwili kwa protini zingetabiri nani kapata malaria
02:44
and who did not.
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na nani hakupata.
02:46
In the past 30 years,
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Katika miaka 30 iliyopita,
02:48
these studies have tested a small number of proteins
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hizi tafiti zimejaribu namba ndogo ya protini
02:53
in relatively few samples
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kwenye kiasi kichache cha sampuli
02:55
and usually in single locations.
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na kawaida kwenye eneo moja moja.
02:58
The results have not been consistent.
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Majibu hayakuwa thabiti.
03:02
My team essentially collapsed 30 years of this type of research
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Timu yangu kimsingi ilivunja miaka 30 ya aina hii ya tafiti
03:09
into one exciting experiment, conducted over just three months.
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kwenye jaribio moja la kusisimua, liliyofanywa zaidi ya miezi mitatu tu.
03:14
Innovatively, we assembled 10,000 samples
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Kiubunifu, tulikusanya sampuli 10,000
03:18
from 15 locations in seven African countries,
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kutoka maeneo 15 kwenye nchi saba za Afrika,
03:23
spanning time, age and the variable intensity
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ikiwa na upeo wa muda, umri na kiwango kinachotofautiana
03:27
of malaria experienced in Africa.
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cha malaria kilichozoeleka Afrika.
03:30
We used omics intelligence to prioritize our parasite proteins,
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Tulitumia akili za omiks kuipa kipaumbele protini za vimelea,
03:36
synthesize them in the lab
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kuziunganisha maabara
03:38
and in short, recreated the malaria parasite on a chip.
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na kiufupi, tulijenga upya kimelea cha malaria kwenye chenga.
03:43
We did this in Africa, and we're very proud of that.
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Tulifanya hivi Afrika, na tuna fahari sana juu ya hilo.
03:47
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
03:53
The chip is a small glass slide,
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Hiyo chenga ni chembe ndogo ya bilauri,
03:56
but it gives us incredible power.
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lakini inatupa nguvu ya ajabu.
04:00
We simultaneously gathered data on over 100 antibody responses.
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Wakati huo huo tulikusanya takwimu ya zaidi ya majibu 100 ya kingamwili.
04:06
What are we looking for?
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Nini tunachotafuta?
04:08
The recipe behind a successful antibody response,
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Mchanganyiko maalumu unaohusu mrejesho kamilifu wa kingamwili,
04:13
so that we can predict what might make a good malaria vaccine.
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ili tuweze kutabiri nini kinafanya chanjo nzuri ya malaria.
04:18
We're also trying to figure out
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Tunajaribu pia kufikiri
04:20
exactly what antibodies do to the parasite.
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nini hasa kingamwili inafanya kwenye kimelea.
04:24
How do they kill it?
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Jinsi wanavyoviua?
04:26
Do they attack from multiple angles? Is there synergy?
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Wanashambulia kutoka pembe nyingi? Kuna ushirikiano?
04:29
How much antibody do you need?
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Ni kiasi gani cha kingamwili kinahitajika?
04:32
Our studies suggest that having a bit of one antibody won't be enough.
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Tafiti zetu zinaonyesha kua kukiwa na moja kingamwili kidogo haitoshi.
04:38
It might take high concentrations of antibodies
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Inaweza kuchukua viwango vya juu vya kingamwili
04:41
against multiple parasite proteins.
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dhidi ya protini nyingi za vimelea.
04:44
We're also learning that antibodies kill the parasite in multiple ways,
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Tunajifunza pia kingamwili huua kimelea kwa njia nyingi,
04:49
and studying any one of these in isolation may not adequately reflect reality.
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na kusoma moja ya hizo yenyewe inaweza isionyeshe ukweli wa kutosha.
04:56
Just like we can now see the parasite in greater definition,
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Kama tu jinsi tunaona sasa kimelea kwa maelezo zaidi,
05:00
my team and I are focused
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timu yangu na mimi tumelenga
05:02
on understanding how our bodies overcome this complexity.
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kwenye kuelewa jinsi miili yetu inashinda utata huu.
05:08
We believe that this could provide the breakthroughs that we need
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Tunaamini kua hii italeta mafanikio tunayohitaji
05:12
to make malaria history through vaccination.
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na kufanya malaria iwe historia kupitia chanjo.
05:16
Thank you.
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Asanteni.
05:17
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
05:19
(Cheers)
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(Shangwe)
05:22
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
05:27
Shoham Arad: OK, how close are we actually to a malaria vaccine?
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Shoham Arad: Sawa, tuko karibu kiasi gani kupata chanjo cha malaria?
05:32
Faith Osier: We're just at the beginning of a process
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Faith Osier: Tuko mwanzo tu wa mchakato huu
05:35
to try and understand what we need to put in the vaccine
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kujaribu kuelewa nini tunahitaji kuweka kwenye chanjo
05:39
before we actually start making it.
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kabla hatujaanza kuitengeneza kweli.
05:41
So, we're not really close to the vaccine, but we're getting there.
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Hivyo, hatukokaribu sana na chanjo, lakini tunaelekea huko.
05:45
SA: And we're hopeful.
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SA: Na tuna matumaini.
05:46
FO: And we're very hopeful.
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FO: Na tuna matumaini kweli.
05:49
SA: Tell me about SMART, tell me what does it stand for
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SA: Niambie kuhusu SMART, niambie inasimama kwa nini
05:52
and why is it important to you?
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na kwanini ni muhimu kwako?
05:54
FO: So SMART stands for South-South Malaria Antigen Research Partnership.
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FO: SMART ni Ushirikiano wa Tafiti ya Antijeni za Malaria Kusini-Kusini.
06:01
The South-South is referring to us in Africa,
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Ile Kusini-Kusini inarejea kwa sisi wa Afrika,
06:05
looking sideways to each other in collaboration,
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tukiangalia upande wa kila mmoja kwa ushirikiano,
06:10
in contrast to always looking to America and looking to Europe,
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tofauti na kuangalia daima kwa Marekani na kuangalia kwa Ulaya,
06:14
when there is quite some strength within Africa.
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wakati kabisa kuna nguvu fulani ndani ya Afrika.
06:17
So in SMART,
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Hivyo kwenye SMART,
06:19
apart from the goal that we have, to develop a malaria vaccine,
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licha ya lengo tulilonalo, kuendeleza chanjo ya malaria,
06:23
we are also training African scientists,
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tunafundisha pia wanasayansi wa Kiafrika,
06:25
because the burden of disease in Africa is high,
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kwa sababu mzigo wa ugonjwa Afrika uko juu,
06:28
and you need people who will continue to push the boundaries
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na unahitaji watu watakaoendelea kusukuma mipaka
06:32
in science, in Africa.
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kwenye sayansi, ndani ya Afrika.
06:34
SA: Yes, yes, correct.
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SA: Ndio, ndio, ni kweli.
06:36
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
06:40
OK, one last question.
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Sawa, swali moja la mwisho.
06:41
Tell me, I know you mentioned this a little bit,
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Niambie, najua umeongelea hili kidogo,
06:44
but how would things actually change if there were a malaria vaccine?
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lakini ni vipi hasa vitu vitabadilika kama kutakua na chanjo ya malaria?
06:48
FO: We would save half a million lives every year.
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FO: Tungeokoa nusu milioni ya maisha kila mwaka.
06:53
Two hundred million cases.
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Kesi milioni mia mbili.
06:55
It's estimated that malaria costs Africa 12 billion US dollars a year.
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Imekadiriwa kua malaria inagharimu Afrika dola za Kimarekani bilioni 12 kwa mwaka.
07:02
So this is economics.
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Hivyo hii ni uchumi.
07:03
Africa would simply thrive.
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Afrika ingestawi kirahisi.
07:06
SA: OK. Thank you, Faith.
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SA: Sawa. Asante, Faith.
07:08
Thank you so much.
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Asante sana.
07:09
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
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