The key to a better malaria vaccine | Faith Osier

42,041 views ใƒป 2018-11-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: maor madmon ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
There are 200 million clinical cases
0
13754
4666
ื™ืฉื ื 200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื
00:18
of falciparum malaria in Africa every year,
1
18444
4403
ืฉืœ ืžืœืจื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืคืœืกื™ืคืจื•ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”,
00:22
resulting in half a million deaths.
2
22871
2920
ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช.
00:26
I would like to talk to you about malaria vaccines.
3
26395
3809
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืœืจื™ื”.
00:30
The ones that we have made to date are simply not good enough.
4
30807
5598
ืืœื• ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
00:36
Why?
5
36998
1150
ืžื“ื•ืข?
00:38
We've been working at it for 100 plus years.
6
38474
3984
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”.
00:42
When we started, technology was limited.
7
42950
3606
ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื•, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช.
00:46
We could see just a tiny fraction of what the parasite really looked like.
8
46966
6881
ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžืจืื”ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื—ืœื”.
00:54
Today, we are awash with technology,
9
54466
3365
ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช,
00:57
advanced imaging and omics platforms --
10
57855
4055
ืืžืฆืขื™ ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ืงืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื -
01:01
genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics.
11
61934
4210
ื’ื ื•ืžื™ืงื”, ื˜ืจื ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืžื™ืงื”, ืคืจื•ื˜ืื•ืžื™ืงื”.
01:06
These tools have given us a clearer view
12
66620
3873
ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืฆื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:10
of just how complex the parasite really is.
13
70517
4293
ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
01:15
However, in spite of this,
14
75365
2627
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช,
01:18
our approach to vaccine design has remained pretty rudimentary.
15
78016
5500
ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
01:24
To make a good vaccine, we must go back to basics
16
84040
4420
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
01:28
to understand how our bodies handle this complexity.
17
88484
4525
ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
01:34
People who are frequently infected with malaria
18
94460
4197
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
01:38
learn to deal with it.
19
98681
1467
ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื”.
01:40
They get the infection, but they don't get ill.
20
100689
3301
ื”ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื”, ืืš ื”ื ืœื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
01:44
The recipe is encoded in antibodies.
21
104688
3619
ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื.
01:48
My team went back to our complex parasite,
22
108903
3984
ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
01:52
probed it with samples from Africans who had overcome malaria
23
112911
4928
ื•ื—ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”
01:57
to answer the question:
24
117863
1825
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”:
01:59
"What does a successful antibody response look like?"
25
119712
4047
"ืื™ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื?"
02:04
We found over 200 proteins,
26
124212
3302
ืžืฆืื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-200 ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
02:07
many of which are not on the radar for malaria vaccines.
27
127538
4213
ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ืœืงื—ื• ื›ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืœืจื™ื”.
02:12
My research community may be missing out important parts of the parasite.
28
132141
5182
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฆื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ.
02:18
Until recently, when one had identified a protein of interest,
29
138283
5265
ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื–ื™ื”ื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
02:23
they tested whether it might be important for a vaccine
30
143572
3603
ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
02:27
by conducting a cohort study.
31
147199
2429
ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื•ืงื‘.
02:30
This typically involved about 300 participants in a village in Africa,
32
150307
5572
ื–ื” ื‘ื“"ื› ื›ืœืœ ื›-300 ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืžื›ืคืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
02:35
whose samples were analyzed to see
33
155903
2809
ืฉื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืžื”ื ื ื•ืชื—ื•
02:38
whether antibodies to the protein would predict who got malaria
34
158736
5706
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืื ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื“ืง ืžื ื‘ืืช ืžื™ ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”
02:44
and who did not.
35
164466
1246
ื•ืžื™ ืœื.
02:46
In the past 30 years,
36
166323
2103
ื‘-30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:48
these studies have tested a small number of proteins
37
168450
4778
ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
02:53
in relatively few samples
38
173252
2372
ื‘ืžื“ื’ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
02:55
and usually in single locations.
39
175648
2667
ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:58
The results have not been consistent.
40
178782
3079
ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช.
03:02
My team essentially collapsed 30 years of this type of research
41
182956
6081
ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžื•ื˜ื˜ 30 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”
03:09
into one exciting experiment, conducted over just three months.
42
189061
4941
ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:14
Innovatively, we assembled 10,000 samples
43
194609
4222
ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืืกืคื ื• 10,000 ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช,
03:18
from 15 locations in seven African countries,
44
198855
4413
ืž-15 ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช,
03:23
spanning time, age and the variable intensity
45
203292
4222
ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
03:27
of malaria experienced in Africa.
46
207538
2682
ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
03:30
We used omics intelligence to prioritize our parasite proteins,
47
210585
5659
ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืขื“ืฃ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื,
03:36
synthesize them in the lab
48
216268
2000
ืœืกื ืชื– ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
03:38
and in short, recreated the malaria parasite on a chip.
49
218292
4804
ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืœืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืฆ'ื™ืค.
03:43
We did this in Africa, and we're very proud of that.
50
223585
3467
ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืš.
03:47
(Applause)
51
227379
6175
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:53
The chip is a small glass slide,
52
233578
3111
ื”ืฆ'ื™ืค ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช,
03:56
but it gives us incredible power.
53
236713
2396
ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ื›ื•ื— ืขืฆื•ื.
04:00
We simultaneously gathered data on over 100 antibody responses.
54
240007
6167
ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“, ืืกืคื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-100 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:06
What are we looking for?
55
246592
1600
ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื?
04:08
The recipe behind a successful antibody response,
56
248679
4635
ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช,
04:13
so that we can predict what might make a good malaria vaccine.
57
253338
4365
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืœืžืœืจื™ื”.
04:18
We're also trying to figure out
58
258680
1873
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืจืจ
04:20
exactly what antibodies do to the parasite.
59
260577
3547
ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื˜ืคื™ืœ.
04:24
How do they kill it?
60
264482
1555
ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื•?
04:26
Do they attack from multiple angles? Is there synergy?
61
266061
3722
ื”ืื ื”ื ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช? ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืชื™ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื?
04:29
How much antibody do you need?
62
269807
2000
ืื™ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš?
04:32
Our studies suggest that having a bit of one antibody won't be enough.
63
272188
5889
ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืงื”.
04:38
It might take high concentrations of antibodies
64
278458
3183
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื
04:41
against multiple parasite proteins.
65
281665
2516
ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื.
04:44
We're also learning that antibodies kill the parasite in multiple ways,
66
284673
5015
ืขื•ื“ ืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
04:49
and studying any one of these in isolation may not adequately reflect reality.
67
289712
5944
ื•ืฉื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™.
04:56
Just like we can now see the parasite in greater definition,
68
296454
4476
ื›ืฉื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ืขืช,
05:00
my team and I are focused
69
300954
1992
ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื•, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™
05:02
on understanding how our bodies overcome this complexity.
70
302970
4737
ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
05:08
We believe that this could provide the breakthroughs that we need
71
308012
4437
ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื” ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื
05:12
to make malaria history through vaccination.
72
312473
3736
ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ืœืžื—ืœื” ื ื›ื—ื“ืช, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
05:16
Thank you.
73
316719
1151
ืชื•ื“ื”.
05:17
(Applause)
74
317894
1703
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:19
(Cheers)
75
319621
2396
(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
05:22
(Applause)
76
322041
5752
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:27
Shoham Arad: OK, how close are we actually to a malaria vaccine?
77
327817
3487
ืฉื•ื”ื ืขืจื“: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืžืœืจื™ื”?
05:32
Faith Osier: We're just at the beginning of a process
78
332281
2857
ืคื™ื™ืช' ืื•ื–ื™ื™ืจ: ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš
05:35
to try and understand what we need to put in the vaccine
79
335162
3984
ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
05:39
before we actually start making it.
80
339170
2533
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื•.
05:41
So, we're not really close to the vaccine, but we're getting there.
81
341727
3833
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš.
05:45
SA: And we're hopeful.
82
345584
1241
ืฉ"ืข: ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืœืื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
05:46
FO: And we're very hopeful.
83
346849
1800
ืค"ื: ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืœืื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
05:49
SA: Tell me about SMART, tell me what does it stand for
84
349323
3246
ืฉ"ืข: ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ ืขืœ SMART, ืžื” ื”ื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช
05:52
and why is it important to you?
85
352593
2040
ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืš?
05:54
FO: So SMART stands for South-South Malaria Antigen Research Partnership.
86
354657
6383
ืค"ื: SMART ื–ื” ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช) ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืžืœืจื™ื” ื“ืจื•ื-ื“ืจื•ื.
06:01
The South-South is referring to us in Africa,
87
361477
4262
ื”ื“ืจื•ื-ื“ืจื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
06:05
looking sideways to each other in collaboration,
88
365763
4505
ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ื–ื” ืืœ ื–ื” ื•ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื”,
06:10
in contrast to always looking to America and looking to Europe,
89
370292
4206
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
06:14
when there is quite some strength within Africa.
90
374522
3037
ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
06:17
So in SMART,
91
377997
1164
ืื– ื‘-SMART,
06:19
apart from the goal that we have, to develop a malaria vaccine,
92
379185
3940
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืคืชื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืžืœืจื™ื”,
06:23
we are also training African scientists,
93
383149
2445
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื,
06:25
because the burden of disease in Africa is high,
94
385618
3229
ื›ื™ ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“,
06:28
and you need people who will continue to push the boundaries
95
388871
3963
ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข
06:32
in science, in Africa.
96
392858
1658
ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
06:34
SA: Yes, yes, correct.
97
394540
2046
ืฉ"ืข: ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“.
06:36
(Applause)
98
396610
3191
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:40
OK, one last question.
99
400053
1548
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
06:41
Tell me, I know you mentioned this a little bit,
100
401625
2754
ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืืช ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื,
06:44
but how would things actually change if there were a malaria vaccine?
101
404403
3254
ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื›ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืžืœืจื™ื”?
06:48
FO: We would save half a million lives every year.
102
408732
3738
ืค"ื: ื ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
06:53
Two hundred million cases.
103
413256
1826
200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
06:55
It's estimated that malaria costs Africa 12 billion US dollars a year.
104
415106
6808
ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” 12 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
07:02
So this is economics.
105
422278
1396
ืื– ื–ื” ื›ื“ืื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
07:03
Africa would simply thrive.
106
423698
2268
ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืฉื’ืฉื’.
07:06
SA: OK. Thank you, Faith.
107
426626
1501
ืฉ"ืข: ื˜ื•ื‘. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืคื™ื™ืช'.
07:08
Thank you so much.
108
428151
1198
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
07:09
(Applause)
109
429373
1396
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7