The key to a better malaria vaccine | Faith Osier

41,441 views ・ 2018-11-06

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yunjung Nam κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
There are 200 million clinical cases
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맀년 μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œλŠ” μ—΄λŒ€μ„± λ§λΌλ¦¬μ•„λ‘œ μ§„λ‹¨λ°›λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€
00:18
of falciparum malaria in Africa every year,
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2μ–΅ 건에 λ‹¬ν•˜κ³  있으며, 그둜 μΈν•œ μ‚¬λ§μžλŠ”
00:22
resulting in half a million deaths.
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50만 λͺ…에 μ΄λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
I would like to talk to you about malaria vaccines.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜ 말라리아 백신에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
The ones that we have made to date are simply not good enough.
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ν˜„μž¬ 저희가 가지고 μžˆλŠ” 백신은 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ νš¨κ³Όμ μ΄μ§€κ°€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
Why?
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
00:38
We've been working at it for 100 plus years.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 100μ—¬ 년이 λ„˜κ²Œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•΄μ˜€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
When we started, technology was limited.
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저희가 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ„ λ•ŒλŠ” 기술의 ν•œκ³„κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:46
We could see just a tiny fraction of what the parasite really looked like.
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기생좩이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒκ²ΌλŠ”μ§€ 극히 μΌλΆ€λΆ„λ§Œ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:54
Today, we are awash with technology,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , κΈ°μˆ μ€ λ„˜μ³λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
advanced imaging and omics platforms --
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μœ μ „μ²΄ν•™, 전사체학, λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ²΄ν•™ λ“±
01:01
genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics.
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κ³ λ„μ˜ 이미지 처리 기술둜 인해
01:06
These tools have given us a clearer view
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μ €ν¬λŠ”κΈ°μƒμΆ©μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œμ§€
01:10
of just how complex the parasite really is.
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더 μ„ λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
However, in spite of this,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 κΈ°μˆ λ°œμ „μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
01:18
our approach to vaccine design has remained pretty rudimentary.
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λ°±μ‹  μ œμ‘°μ— λŒ€ν•œ 접근법은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 기초적 μˆ˜μ€€μ— 머물러 있죠.
01:24
To make a good vaccine, we must go back to basics
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쒋은 백신을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 기본으둜 λŒμ•„κ°€μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
to understand how our bodies handle this complexity.
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우리 신체가 λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
01:34
People who are frequently infected with malaria
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말라리아에 자주 κ°μ—Όλœ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
01:38
learn to deal with it.
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λŒ€μ²˜λ²•μ„ μ•Œκ³  있죠.
01:40
They get the infection, but they don't get ill.
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κ°μ—Όλœλ‹€ ν•˜λ”λΌλ„ 앓지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
The recipe is encoded in antibodies.
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κ·Έ 비결은 항체에 μˆ¨μ–΄μžˆμ£ .
01:48
My team went back to our complex parasite,
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저희 μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€μ€ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 기생좩을 λ‹€μ‹œ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
probed it with samples from Africans who had overcome malaria
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말라리아λ₯Ό κ·Ήλ³΅ν•œ μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μΈλ“€μ˜ μƒ˜ν”Œμ„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
to answer the question:
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λ‹€μŒ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— 닡을 μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμš”.
01:59
"What does a successful antibody response look like?"
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"성곡적인 ν•­μ²΄λ°˜μ‘μ€ μ–΄λ–€ κ²ƒμΌκΉŒ?"
02:04
We found over 200 proteins,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 200κ°œκ°€ λ„˜λŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€κ³ 
02:07
many of which are not on the radar for malaria vaccines.
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그쀑 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ 말라리아 λ°±μ‹ μ˜ λ²”μœ„μ— μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
My research community may be missing out important parts of the parasite.
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우리 학계가 기생좩에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것을 λ†“μΉ˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 것 κ°™μ•„μš”.
02:18
Until recently, when one had identified a protein of interest,
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μ΅œκ·ΌκΉŒμ§€λ„ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μ‹λ³„ν•œ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”
02:23
they tested whether it might be important for a vaccine
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그것이 λ°±μ‹  μ œμ‘°μ— μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€ μ—¬λΆ€λ₯Ό νŒλ‹¨ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
02:27
by conducting a cohort study.
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μ½”ν˜ΈνŠΈ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
This typically involved about 300 participants in a village in Africa,
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μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λŒ€κ°œ 아프리카 ν•œ λ§ˆμ„μ˜ 300μ—¬λͺ…μ˜ μ°Έμ—¬μžλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λ©°
02:35
whose samples were analyzed to see
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ 항체가 λˆ„κ°€ 말라리아에
02:38
whether antibodies to the protein would predict who got malaria
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κ°μ—Όλ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•„λ‹Œμ§€λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘κ°€λŠ₯ν•œμ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μƒ˜ν”Œμ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
and who did not.
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02:46
In the past 30 years,
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μ§€λ‚œ 30λ…„κ°„,
02:48
these studies have tested a small number of proteins
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이런 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ†Œμˆ˜μ˜ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈ ν•΄μ™”μ—ˆμ£ .
02:53
in relatively few samples
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주둜 ν•œ 지역에 κ΅­ν•œλœ
02:55
and usually in single locations.
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μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ†Œμˆ˜μ˜ μƒ˜ν”Œμ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œμš”.
02:58
The results have not been consistent.
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 일관성이 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
My team essentially collapsed 30 years of this type of research
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저희 νŒ€μ€ 30λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 이루어진 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μœ ν˜•μ˜ 연ꡬ듀을 단 3κ°œμ›”μ•ˆμ—
03:09
into one exciting experiment, conducted over just three months.
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μ§„ν–‰λœ 맀우 ν₯미둜운 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μœΌλ‘œ μ••μΆ•ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
Innovatively, we assembled 10,000 samples
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ν˜μ‹ μ μœΌλ‘œ 1만 μ—¬κ°œμ˜ μƒ˜ν”Œμ„ μˆ˜μ§‘ν–ˆμ£ .
03:18
from 15 locations in seven African countries,
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7개 아프라카 κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 15μ§€μ μ—μ„œ
03:23
spanning time, age and the variable intensity
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‹œκΈ°, μ—°λ Ή, 그리고 λ§λΌλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ 강도 등을 κ³ λ €ν•΄μ„œμš”.
03:27
of malaria experienced in Africa.
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03:30
We used omics intelligence to prioritize our parasite proteins,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 체학 지λŠ₯을 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ 기생좩 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ μš°μ„ μˆœμœ„λ₯Ό μ •ν•˜κ³ 
03:36
synthesize them in the lab
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μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ ν•©μ„±ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
and in short, recreated the malaria parasite on a chip.
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즉, μ‹€ν—˜ν‚€νŠΈμ— 말라리아 기생좩을 μž¬νƒ„μƒμ‹œμΌ°λ‹€λŠ” μ˜λ―Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
We did this in Africa, and we're very proud of that.
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이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , μ €ν¬λŠ” 맀우 μžλž‘μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
03:53
The chip is a small glass slide,
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μ‹€ν—˜ν‚€νŠΈλŠ” μž‘μ€ 유리 μŠ¬λΌμ΄λ“œμΌ 뿐인데
03:56
but it gives us incredible power.
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μ €ν¬μ—κ²Œ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ νž˜μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:00
We simultaneously gathered data on over 100 antibody responses.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” λ™μ‹œμ— 100μ—¬κ°œκ°€ λ„˜λŠ” ν•­μ²΄λ°˜μ‘ 자료λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
What are we looking for?
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저희가 뭘 μ°Ύκ³  μžˆλƒκ³ μš”?
04:08
The recipe behind a successful antibody response,
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성곡적인 항체 λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„μ„œ
04:13
so that we can predict what might make a good malaria vaccine.
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저희가 효과적인 말라리아 λ°±μ‹ μ œμ‘°μ— 무엇이 ν•„μš”ν•œμ§€ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
We're also trying to figure out
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저희가 λ˜ν•œ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λ € ν•˜λŠ” 것은
04:20
exactly what antibodies do to the parasite.
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항체가 μ •ν™•νžˆ κΈ°μƒμΆ©μ—κ²Œ μ–΄λ–€ μž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
04:24
How do they kill it?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 기생좩을 죽일까?
04:26
Do they attack from multiple angles? Is there synergy?
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κ°λ„λ‘œ 곡격을 ν• κΉŒ? μ‹œλ„ˆμ§€ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
04:29
How much antibody do you need?
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ 항체가 ν•„μš”ν• κΉŒ?
04:32
Our studies suggest that having a bit of one antibody won't be enough.
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저희 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ ν•­μ²΄λ‘œλŠ” μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŒμ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
It might take high concentrations of antibodies
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λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ 기생좩 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆκ³Ό μ‹Έμš°λ €λ©΄
04:41
against multiple parasite proteins.
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κ³ λ„λ‘œ λ°€μ§‘λœ 항체가 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:44
We're also learning that antibodies kill the parasite in multiple ways,
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λ˜ν•œ 항체가 기생좩을 μ£½μ΄λŠ”λ° λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 방법이 μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
and studying any one of these in isolation may not adequately reflect reality.
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ν•œ 가지 ν•­μ²΄λ§Œ λ‹¨λ…μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν˜„μ‹€μ„ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ λ°˜μ˜ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
Just like we can now see the parasite in greater definition,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  기생좩을 κ³ λ„μ˜ ν•΄μƒλ„λ‘œ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
05:00
my team and I are focused
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μ €μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€κ³Ό μ €λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ„
05:02
on understanding how our bodies overcome this complexity.
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우리 신체가 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜μ§€λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
We believe that this could provide the breakthroughs that we need
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이번 연ꡬ가 백신을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ λ§λΌλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 역사λ₯Ό μ“°κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
05:12
to make malaria history through vaccination.
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ν•„μš”ν•œ 돌파ꡬλ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ―Ώκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
05:19
(Cheers)
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(ν™˜ν˜Έ)
05:22
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
05:27
Shoham Arad: OK, how close are we actually to a malaria vaccine?
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쇼함 μ•„λΌλ“œ(SA): 자, 말라리아 백신에 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ κ·Όμ ‘ν•΄ μžˆλŠ”κ±°μ£ ?
05:32
Faith Osier: We're just at the beginning of a process
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페이슀 μ˜€μ§€μ–΄(FO): 이제 걸음마 단계에 μžˆλŠ”κ±°μ£ .
05:35
to try and understand what we need to put in the vaccine
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저희가 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 백신을 μ œμ‘°ν•˜κΈ° 전에 무엇을 백신에 ν¬ν•¨μ‹œμΌœμ•Ό 할지λ₯Ό
05:39
before we actually start making it.
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ν•œλ²ˆ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κ³  μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
So, we're not really close to the vaccine, but we're getting there.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ°±μ‹ κ°œλ°œμ— 맀우 κ·Όμ ‘ν•œ 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ μ„œμ„œνžˆ λ‹€κ°€κ°€λŠ” 쀑이죠.
05:45
SA: And we're hopeful.
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SA: 희망적이죠.
05:46
FO: And we're very hopeful.
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FO: 맀우 희망적이죠.
05:49
SA: Tell me about SMART, tell me what does it stand for
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SA: SMART 에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ 있고
05:52
and why is it important to you?
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μ™œ μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€ λ§μ”€ν•΄μ£Όμ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?
05:54
FO: So SMART stands for South-South Malaria Antigen Research Partnership.
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FO: SMART λŠ” 남남뢀 말라리아 항원 연ꡬ 쑰합을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ΅¬μš”.
06:01
The South-South is referring to us in Africa,
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남남뢀(South-south)λŠ” μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ 저희 μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€μ„ κ°€λ¦¬μΌœμš”.
06:05
looking sideways to each other in collaboration,
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ν˜‘λ ₯을 톡해 μ„œλ‘œμ—κ²Œμ„œ 배우고,
06:10
in contrast to always looking to America and looking to Europe,
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μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ λ―ΈλŒ€λ₯™κ³Ό μœ λ ΅μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 배우던 κ²ƒκ³ΌλŠ” λŒ€μ‘°μ μœΌλ‘œ
06:14
when there is quite some strength within Africa.
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μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄λ‚΄μ—μ„œμ˜ νž˜μ„ λ°œνœ˜ν•˜λŠ” μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
So in SMART,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ SMARTλŠ”
06:19
apart from the goal that we have, to develop a malaria vaccine,
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말라리아 백신을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κ² λ‹€λŠ” λͺ©ν‘œλ„ μžˆμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
06:23
we are also training African scientists,
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μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ κ³Όν•™μž 양성에도 νž˜μ“°κ³  있죠.
06:25
because the burden of disease in Africa is high,
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μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œλŠ” μ§ˆλ³‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ μœ„ν—˜λΆ€λ‹΄μ΄ λ†’κ³ 
06:28
and you need people who will continue to push the boundaries
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아프리카 λŒ€λ₯™μ˜ κ³Όν•™μ˜ 경계λ₯Ό μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ λ„“ν˜€ λ‚˜κ°€μ•Ό ν• 
06:32
in science, in Africa.
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μΈμž¬κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
06:34
SA: Yes, yes, correct.
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SA: λ„€ λ§žμ•„μš”.
06:36
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
06:40
OK, one last question.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ΄μ—μš”.
06:41
Tell me, I know you mentioned this a little bit,
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잠깐 언급을 ν•˜μ‹ κ±Έλ‘œ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
06:44
but how would things actually change if there were a malaria vaccine?
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말라리아 백신이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 상황은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‹¬λΌμ§€λ‚˜μš”?
06:48
FO: We would save half a million lives every year.
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FO: 맀년 50만λͺ…μ˜ 생λͺ…을 ꡬ할 수 μžˆμ„ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
06:53
Two hundred million cases.
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2μ–΅ λͺ…이 말라리아 진단을 λ°›μ£ .
06:55
It's estimated that malaria costs Africa 12 billion US dollars a year.
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κ·Έλ‘œμΈν•΄ μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄λŠ” 맀년 μ•½ 120μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ λΉ„μš©μ΄ λ“€μ£ .
07:02
So this is economics.
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이건 경제 λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
Africa would simply thrive.
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아프리카도 λ²ˆμ„±ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
07:06
SA: OK. Thank you, Faith.
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SA: 페이슀, κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
Thank you so much.
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정말 κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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