Ellen 't Hoen: Pool medical patents, save lives

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

In 2002, a group of treatment activists met

Godine 2002, grupa aktivista za lečenje

sastala se da razgovara o ranom razvoju aviona.

to discuss the early development of the airplane.

The Wright Brothers, in the beginning of the last century,

Braća Rajt su, početkom proteklog veka,

had for the first time managed

prvi put postigla da jedna od tih naprava poleti.

to make one of those devices fly.

They also had taken out numerous patents

Takođe su iznedrili brojne patente

on essential parts of the airplane.

ključnih delova aviona.

They were not the only ones.

Nisu bili jedini.

That was common practice in the industry,

To je bila uobičajena praksa u toj industriji,

and those who held patents on airplanes

a oni koji su posedovali patent nad avionom žestoko su ih štitili

were defending them fiercely

and suing competitors left and right.

i tužili konkurenciju sa svih strana.

This actually wasn't so great for the development of the aviation industry,

To zapravo nije bilo tako sjajno za razvoj vazduhoplovne industrije,

and this was at a time that in particular the U.S. government

a to je bilo baš u vreme kada ja vlada SAD-a

was interested in ramping up

bila zainteresovana da pojača

the production of military airplanes.

proizvodnju vojnih aviona.

So there was a bit of a conflict there.

Dakle, tu je postojao izvestan konflikt.

The U.S. government decided to take action,

Vlada SAD-a je rešila da preduzme mere

and forced those patent holders

i primorala nosioce patenta

to make their patents available to share with others

da omoguće da njihove patente drugi mogu da dele

to enable the production of airplanes.

kako bi se omogućila proizvodnja aviona.

So what has this

Pa, kakve to veze ima sa ovim?

got to do with this?

In 2002, Nelson Otwoma, a Kenyan social scientist,

Godine 2002, Nelson Otvoma, sociolog iz Kenije,

discovered he had HIV and needed access to treatment.

otkrio je da ima HIV virus i bio mu je potreban pristup lečenju.

He was told that a cure did not exist.

Rekli su mu da lek ne postoji.

AIDS, he heard, was lethal,

Sida je, kako je saznao, smrtonosna, a lečenje se ne može omogućiti.

and treatment was not offered. This was at a time

To je bilo u vreme kada je to lečenje postojalo u bogatim zemljama.

that treatment actually existed in rich countries.

AIDS had become a chronic disease.

Sida je postala hronična bolest.

People in our countries here in Europe, in North America,

Ljudi u zemljama u Evropi, u Severnoj Americi,

were living with HIV, healthy lives.

vodili su zdrave živote sa HIV virusom.

Not so for Nelson. He wasn't rich enough,

To nije bio slučaj sa Nelsonom.

Nije bio dovoljno bogat, a isto je bilo i sa njegovim sinom starim tri godine,

and not so for his three-year-old son, who he discovered a year later

za koga je godinu dana kasnije saznao da takođe ima HIV virus.

also had HIV.

Nelson decided to become a treatment activist

Nelson je rešio da postane aktivista za lečenje

and join up with other groups.

i priključio se drugim grupama.

In 2002, they were facing a different battle.

Godine 2002, naišli su na drugačiju bitku.

Prices for ARVs, the drugs needed to treat HIV,

Cena ARV, lekova koji su potrebni za lečenje HIV-a,

cost about 12,000 [dollars] per patient per year.

godišnje iznose oko 12 000 dolara po pacijentu.

The patents on those drugs were held

Pravo na patent nad tim lekovima su čuvale

by a number of Western pharmaceutical companies

brojne zapadne farmaceutske kompanije

that were not necessarily willing

koje baš i nisu bile voljne

to make those patents available.

da učine te patente dostupnim.

When you have a patent, you can exclude

Kada imate patent, možete da zabranite svima ostalima

anyone else from making, from producing or making

da naprave, proizvode ili, na primer,

low-cost versions, for example,

available of those medications.

učine dostupnim jeftine vezije tih lekova.

Clearly this led to patent wars breaking out

Očito da je to dovelo do izbijanja ratova oko patenata

all over the globe.

širom planete.

Luckily, those patents did not exist everywhere.

Srećom, ti patenti nisu svuda postojali.

There were countries that did not recognize

Bilo je zemalja koje nisu priznavale

pharmaceutical product patents, such as India,

patente na farmaceutske proizvode, kao što je bila Indija,

and Indian pharmaceutical companies

a indijske farmaceutske kompanije

started to produce so-called generic versions,

počele su da proizvode tzv. generičke verzije,

low-cost copies of antiretroviral medicines,

jeftine kopije antiretroviralnih lekova

and make them available in the developing world,

i učinile su ih dostupnim u zemljama u razvoju,

and within a year the price had come down

a za godinu dana je cena pala

from 10,000 dollars per patient per year

sa 10 000 dolara godišnje po pacijentu

to 350 dollars per patient per year,

na 350 dolara godišnje po pacijentu,

and today that same triple pill cocktail

a danas je ta ista kombinacija tri pilule

is available for 60 dollars per patient per year,

dostupna za 60 dolara godišnje po pacijentu,

and of course that started to have an enormous effect

što je, naravno, počelo da dovodi do ogromnih posledica

on the number of people who could afford access

za veliki broj ljudi koji su mogli da priušte da dođu do tih lekova.

to those medicines.

Treatment programs became possible,

Omogućeni su programi lečenja,

funding became available, and the number of people

finansiranje je postalo dostižno,

a broj ljudi koji su uzimali antiretroviralne lekove

on antiretroviral drugs started to increase very rapidly.

počeo je da raste vrlo ubrzano.

Today, eight million people

Danas, osam miliona ljudi

have access to antiretroviral drugs.

ima pristup antiretroviralnim lekovima.

Thirty-four million are infected with HIV.

HIV-om je zaraženo 34 miliona.

Never has this number been so high,

Taj broj nikada nije bio veći,

but actually this is good news,

ali to su zapravo dobre vesti,

because what it means is people stop dying.

jer to znači da ljudi prestaju da umiru.

People who have access to these drugs stop dying.

Ljudi koji imaju pristup ovim lekovima prestaju da umiru.

And there's something else.

A postoji još nešto.

They also stop passing on the virus.

Takođe prestaju da prenose virus.

This is fairly recent science that has shown that.

To je relativno skoro pokazala nauka.

What that means is we have the tools

To znači da imamo sredstva

to break the back of this epidemic.

da stanemo na put ovoj epidemiji.

So what's the problem?

U čemu je onda problem?

Well, things have changed.

Pa, stvari su se promenile.

First of all, the rules have changed.

Pre svega, pravila su se promenila.

Today, all countries are obliged to provide

Danas su sve zemlje u obavezi da obezbede

patents for pharmaceuticals that last at least 20 years.

patente za farmaceutske proizvode koji traju bar 20 godina.

This is as a result of the intellectual property rules

To je proizašlo iz pravila intelektualne svojine

of the World Trade Organization.

Svetske trgovinske organizacije.

So what India did is no longer possible.

Dakle, više nije moguće ono što je Indija uradila.

Second, the practice of patent-holding companies have changed.

Drugo, promenila se praksa kompanija koje su vlasnici patenata.

Here you see the patent practices

Ovde vidite praktikovanje patenata

before the World Trade Organization's rules, before '95,

pre pravila Svetske trgovinske organizacije,

pre '95. godine, pre antiretroviralnih lekova.

before antiretroviral drugs.

This is what you see today,

Ovo je ono što možete videti danas,

and this is in developing countries, so what that means is,

a to je u zemljama u razvoju, tako da to znači da,

unless we do something deliberate

ako ne preduzmemo nešto promišljeno

and unless we do something now,

i ako ne preduzmemo nešto sada,

we will very soon be faced with another drug price crisis,

uskoro ćemo se naći pred drugom krizom cena lekova,

because new drugs are developed,

jer se razvijaju novi lekovi,

new drugs go to market, but these medicines are patented

novi lekovi dolaze na tržište, ali ti lekovi su patentirani

in a much wider range of countries.

u mnogo širem opsegu zemalja.

So unless we act, unless we do something today,

Stoga, ako ne krenemo u akciju, ako ne učinimo nešto danas,

we will soon be faced [with] what some have termed

uskoro ćemo se suočiti sa onim što neki nazivaju

the treatment time bomb.

tempiranom bombom lečenja.

It isn't only the number of drugs that are patented.

Nije samo stvar u broju lekova koji su patentirani.

There's something else that can really scare

Postoji još nešto što zaista plaši proizvođače generičkih lekova.

generic manufacturers away.

This shows you a patent landscape.

Ovo vam daje prikaz stanja stvari kod patenata.

This is the landscape of one medicine.

Ovo je prikaz kretanja jednog leka.

So you can imagine that if you are a generic company

Možete zamisliti,

ako ste generička kompanija koja treba da odluči da li da uloži

about to decide whether to invest

in the development of this product, unless you know

u razvoj ovog proizvoda,

osim ako znate da će dozvole za ove patente

that the licenses to these patents

are actually going to be available,

zaista biti dostupne,

you will probably choose to do something else.

verovatno ćete odlučiti da uradite nešto drugo.

Again, deliberate action is needed.

Još jednom, potrebna je promišljena akcija.

So surely

Svakako,

if a patent pool could be established

ako se udruživanje patenata može uspostaviti

to ramp up the production of military airplanes,

da bi se povećala proizvodnja vojnih aviona,

we should be able to do something similar

trebalo bi da možemo da uradimo nešto slično

to tackle the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

da bismo se pozabavili epidemijom HIV virusa.

And we did.

To i jesmo uradili.

In 2010, UNITAID established the Medicines Patent Pool

Godine 2010, UNITAID je uspostavio udružene patente na lekove za HIV.

for HIV.

And this is how it works:

Ovako to funkcioniše.

Patent holders, inventors

Vlasnici patenta,

pronalazači koji razvijaju nove lekove

that develop new medicines

patent those inventions,

patentiraju te izume,

but make those patents available

ali učine te patente dostupnim

to the Medicines Patent Pool. The Medicines Patent Pool

Zajedničkom fondu patenata na lekove.

Zatim Zajednički fond

then license those out to whoever needs access to those patents.

daje dozvolu onome kome je potreban pristup tim patentima,

That can be generic manufacturers.

a to mogu biti generički proizvođači.

It can also be not-for-profit drug development agencies,

To takođe mogu biti neprofitne agencije za razvoj,

for example.

na primer.

Those manufacturers can then sell those medicines

Ti proizvođači mogu zatim prodati te lekove

at much lower cost to people who need access to them,

po mnogo nižoj ceni ljudima kojima su potrebni,

to treatment programs that need access to them.

programima za lečenje kojima je potreban pristup njima.

They pay royalties over the sales to the patent holders,

Isplaćuju autorsku naknadu razlike od prodaje vlasnicima patenta,

so they are remunerated for sharing their intellectual property.

tako da oni dobijaju obeštećenje

za to što dele svoje intelektualno vlasništvo.

There is one key difference

Postoji jedna ključna razlika

with the airplane patent pool.

kod udruženih avionskih patenata.

The Medicines Patent Pool is a voluntary mechanism.

Zajednički fond patenata na lekove predstavlja dobrovoljni mehanizam.

The airplane patent holders were not left a choice

Vlasnici avionskih patenata nisu imali izbor

whether they'd license their patents or not.

da li će dozvoliti korišćenje svog patenta ili ne.

They were forced to do so.

Bili su primorani na to.

That is something that the Medicines Patent Pool cannot do.

To Zajednički fond patenata na lekove ne može.

It relies on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies

Oslanjaju se samo na dobru volju farmaceutskih kompanija

to license their patents and make them available

da dozvole korišćenje svojih patenata

i učine ih dostupnim za druge.

for others to use.

Today, Nelson Otwoma is healthy.

Danas je Nelson Otvoma zdrav.

He has access to antiretroviral drugs.

Ima pristup antiretroviralnim lekovima.

His son will soon be 14 years old.

Njegov sin će uskoro imati 14 godina.

Nelson is a member of the expert advisory group

Nelson je član savetodavne grupe eksperata

of the Medicines Patent Pool,

Zajedničkog fonda patenata na lekove

and he told me not so long ago,

i rekao mi je nedavno:

"Ellen, we rely in Kenya and in many other countries

„Elen, mi u Keniji

i mnogim drugim zemljama se pouzdamo u Zajednički fond patenata na lekove

on the Medicines Patent Pool to make sure

da bismo obezbedili da novi lekovi postanu dostupni i nama,

that new medicines also become available to us,

that new medicines, without delay, become available to us."

da nam novi lekovi neodložno postanu dostupni.“

And this is no longer fantasy.

To više nije samo fantazija.

Already, I'll give you an example.

Daću vam primer.

In August of this year, the United States drug agency

Avgusta ove godine, agencija za lekove iz SAD-a

approved a new four-in-one AIDS medication.

odobila je novi lek za sidu „četiri u jednom“.

The company, Gilead, that holds the patents,

Kompanija Gilijad, koja je nosilac patenata,

has licensed the intellectual property to the Medicines Patent Pool.

dala je dozvolu na intelektualno vlasništvo

Zajedničkom fondu patenata na lekove.

The pool is already working today, two months later,

Fond radi već danas, dva meseca kasnije,

with generic manufacturers to make sure that this product

sa proizvođačima generičkih lekova da bi se postarali da ovaj proizvod

can go to market at low cost

može da bude pušten na tržište po niskoj ceni kada i gde je to potrebno.

where and when it is needed. This is unprecedented.

Ovome nema presedana.

This has never been done before.

To se nije radilo nikada ranije.

The rule is about a 10-year delay for a new product

Po pravilu, novom prozvodu treba oko deset godina čekanja

to go to market in developing countries, if at all.

da stigne na tržište zemalja u razvoju, ako uopšte stigne.

This has never been seen before.

Ovo nikada nije ranije viđeno.

Nelson's expectations are very high,

Nelsonova očekivanja su velika, i to sa pravom.

and quite rightly so. He and his son will need access

Njemu i njegovom sinu će biti potreban pristup

to the next generation of antiretrovirals

sledećoj generaciji antiretroviralnih lekova

and the next, throughout their lifetime,

i sledećoj, kroz njihov životni vek,

so that he and many others in Kenya and other countries

tako da on i mnogi drugi u Keniji i drugim zemljama

can continue to live healthy, active lives.

mogu da nastave da vode zdrav, aktivan život.

Now we count on the willingness of drug companies

Računamo na dobru volju kompanija lekova da se to ostvari.

to make that happen. We count on those companies

Računamo na te kompanije da razumeju

that understand that it is in the interest, not only in the interest

da ovo nije samo u interesu globalnog dobra,

of the global good, but also in their own interest,

već i u njihovom interesu,

to move from conflict to collaboration,

da bismo se odmakli sa konflikta ka saradnji,

and through the Medicines Patent Pool they can make that happen.

a one to mogu ostvariti kroz Zajednički fond patenata za lekove.

They can also choose not to do that,

Takođe mogu odlučiti da to ne urade,

but those that go down that road may end up

ali one koje krenu tim putem mogu završiti

in a similar situation the Wright brothers ended up with

u sličnoj situaciji kao i braća Rajt početkom prošlog veka,

early last century, facing forcible measures

kada su se suočili sa prinudnim merama vlade,

by government. So they'd better jump now.

tako da bi im bilo bolje da priskoče sada.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala.

(Aplauz)