Ellen 't Hoen: Pool medical patents, save lives

28,392 views ・ 2012-12-10

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
譯者: erin wang 審譯者: Audrey Her
00:16
In 2002, a group of treatment activists met
1
16526
4489
2002年 一群為愛滋病治療積極奔走的活躍人士
00:21
to discuss the early development of the airplane.
2
21015
4030
聚在一起討論飛機早期的發展
00:25
The Wright Brothers, in the beginning of the last century,
3
25045
4701
萊特兄弟在上世紀初
00:29
had for the first time managed
4
29746
1702
首次成功實現
00:31
to make one of those devices fly.
5
31448
2572
人工飛行
00:34
They also had taken out numerous patents
6
34020
3263
萊特兄弟還為飛機的核心部件
00:37
on essential parts of the airplane.
7
37283
1976
申報了大量的專利
00:39
They were not the only ones.
8
39259
1441
當時 並非只有萊特兄弟這麼做
00:40
That was common practice in the industry,
9
40700
3584
這種做法在業界普遍存在
00:44
and those who held patents on airplanes
10
44284
2292
而這些飛行器專利的持有者
00:46
were defending them fiercely
11
46576
1156
大力維護自己的專利權
00:47
and suing competitors left and right.
12
47732
3422
對競爭者的任何侵權行為一定控訴到底
00:51
This actually wasn't so great for the development of the aviation industry,
13
51154
4917
實際上這種做法不利於航空工業的發展
00:56
and this was at a time that in particular the U.S. government
14
56071
3306
而當時 美國政府又特別希望
00:59
was interested in ramping up
15
59377
2557
可以大幅提高
01:01
the production of military airplanes.
16
61934
2689
軍用飛機的產量
01:04
So there was a bit of a conflict there.
17
64623
2711
所以矛盾也就出現了
01:07
The U.S. government decided to take action,
18
67334
3239
美國政府決定採取行動
01:10
and forced those patent holders
19
70573
2332
強迫專利持有者
01:12
to make their patents available to share with others
20
72905
4161
將其持有的專利與他人共享
01:17
to enable the production of airplanes.
21
77066
5509
從而實現飛機的量產
01:22
So what has this
22
82575
2970
那麼這兩者
01:25
got to do with this?
23
85545
4020
又是如何產生聯繫的呢?
01:29
In 2002, Nelson Otwoma, a Kenyan social scientist,
24
89565
5063
2002年 一位名叫Nelson Otwona的肯尼亞社會科學家
01:34
discovered he had HIV and needed access to treatment.
25
94628
5141
被發現攜帶HIV病毒 需要接受治療
01:39
He was told that a cure did not exist.
26
99769
4235
醫生告訴他愛滋病是無法治愈的
01:44
AIDS, he heard, was lethal,
27
104004
3203
愛滋病是一種致命的疾病
01:47
and treatment was not offered. This was at a time
28
107207
3193
沒有可以治愈愛滋病的療法 但實際上
01:50
that treatment actually existed in rich countries.
29
110400
2768
當時在富裕的國家治療方法是存在的
01:53
AIDS had become a chronic disease.
30
113168
2995
愛滋病已經變成一種慢性病
01:56
People in our countries here in Europe, in North America,
31
116163
3601
在歐洲在北美 在我們的國家
01:59
were living with HIV, healthy lives.
32
119764
2945
攜帶HIV病毒的人們也可以健康地生活
02:02
Not so for Nelson. He wasn't rich enough,
33
122709
2835
但對於Nelson情況卻不是這樣
02:05
and not so for his three-year-old son, who he discovered a year later
34
125544
3972
Nelson不是有錢人 他三歲的兒子更不是
02:09
also had HIV.
35
129516
3240
在Nelson被診斷出HIV病毒後一年 他的兒子也被查出攜帶HIV
02:12
Nelson decided to become a treatment activist
36
132756
3420
Nelson決定成為一名治療活躍人士
02:16
and join up with other groups.
37
136176
2129
並加入了其他團體
02:18
In 2002, they were facing a different battle.
38
138305
6343
在2002年 他們面臨的是一場不同的戰鬥
02:24
Prices for ARVs, the drugs needed to treat HIV,
39
144648
4715
ARVs是一種用於治療HIV的藥物
02:29
cost about 12,000 [dollars] per patient per year.
40
149363
4397
而當時ARVs的價格高達每名患者每年一萬兩千美元
02:33
The patents on those drugs were held
41
153760
2525
西方的一些製藥公司
02:36
by a number of Western pharmaceutical companies
42
156285
5771
持有這些藥物的專利權
02:42
that were not necessarily willing
43
162056
2921
而這些製藥公司並不太希望
02:44
to make those patents available.
44
164977
3241
將持有的專利與他人共享
02:48
When you have a patent, you can exclude
45
168218
2172
只要持有專利便可以限制他人
02:50
anyone else from making, from producing or making
46
170390
4729
製造或是生產
02:55
low-cost versions, for example,
47
175119
2998
廉價的產品 比如說
02:58
available of those medications.
48
178117
3576
生產廉價的藥品
03:01
Clearly this led to patent wars breaking out
49
181693
4261
很顯然 這種做法觸發了
03:05
all over the globe.
50
185954
2958
全球範圍內的專利戰
03:08
Luckily, those patents did not exist everywhere.
51
188912
3661
幸運的是 這些專利並非無處不在
03:12
There were countries that did not recognize
52
192573
2392
有一些國家 比如像印度
03:14
pharmaceutical product patents, such as India,
53
194965
2919
並不承認醫藥產品專利
03:17
and Indian pharmaceutical companies
54
197884
2521
一些印度製藥公司
03:20
started to produce so-called generic versions,
55
200405
3959
開始生產所謂的
03:24
low-cost copies of antiretroviral medicines,
56
204364
4467
通用版和廉價版的抗逆轉錄藥物
03:28
and make them available in the developing world,
57
208831
3297
並將這些藥物投放到發展中國家
03:32
and within a year the price had come down
58
212128
2716
一年之內 這些藥物的價格便從
03:34
from 10,000 dollars per patient per year
59
214844
3786
每名患者每年一萬美元
03:38
to 350 dollars per patient per year,
60
218630
2502
下降到每名患者每年350美元
03:41
and today that same triple pill cocktail
61
221132
3516
而今天每名愛滋病患者每年只需花費60美元
03:44
is available for 60 dollars per patient per year,
62
224648
2836
便可以接受三聯雞尾酒療法
03:47
and of course that started to have an enormous effect
63
227484
3364
當然 產生的影響是巨大的
03:50
on the number of people who could afford access
64
230848
3089
越來越多的患者
03:53
to those medicines.
65
233937
1490
將能夠負擔起藥物費用
03:55
Treatment programs became possible,
66
235427
2578
有可能接受治療
03:58
funding became available, and the number of people
67
238005
3114
有能力支付費用 並且服用抗逆轉錄藥物患者的
04:01
on antiretroviral drugs started to increase very rapidly.
68
241119
6761
人數開始大幅增長
04:07
Today, eight million people
69
247880
2713
現在有800萬人口
04:10
have access to antiretroviral drugs.
70
250593
3116
能夠拿到抗逆轉錄藥物
04:13
Thirty-four million are infected with HIV.
71
253709
3982
而感染HIV病毒的患者有三千四百萬
04:17
Never has this number been so high,
72
257691
1999
這個數字是前所未有的
04:19
but actually this is good news,
73
259690
1242
但事實上這是好消息
04:20
because what it means is people stop dying.
74
260932
2633
因為這意味著人們的死亡率在降低
04:23
People who have access to these drugs stop dying.
75
263565
2320
能夠獲得藥物治療的人便可免於一死
04:25
And there's something else.
76
265885
1336
除此之外
04:27
They also stop passing on the virus.
77
267221
2784
病毒攜帶者也不會繼續傳染給其他人
04:30
This is fairly recent science that has shown that.
78
270005
3662
最新的科學研究已經表明了這一點
04:33
What that means is we have the tools
79
273667
2656
這就意味著
04:36
to break the back of this epidemic.
80
276323
3757
我們已經有辦法可以抑制愛滋病毒的傳播
04:40
So what's the problem?
81
280080
5269
那麼 問題是什麽呢?
04:45
Well, things have changed.
82
285349
1866
嗯 情況已經變了
04:47
First of all, the rules have changed.
83
287215
3828
首先 規則變了
04:51
Today, all countries are obliged to provide
84
291043
5931
現今 所有國家都必須為藥物申報專利
04:56
patents for pharmaceuticals that last at least 20 years.
85
296974
4522
每項專利的時限最少為20年
05:01
This is as a result of the intellectual property rules
86
301496
2936
世貿組織的知識產權法
05:04
of the World Trade Organization.
87
304432
2348
促成了這一結果
05:06
So what India did is no longer possible.
88
306780
3179
所以 印度的做法不再可行
05:09
Second, the practice of patent-holding companies have changed.
89
309959
5337
其次 持有專利的公司也改變了自己的做法
05:15
Here you see the patent practices
90
315296
4384
這張圖顯示的是 世貿組織出臺知識產權法規之前
05:19
before the World Trade Organization's rules, before '95,
91
319680
4089
也就是1995年之前 抗逆轉錄藥物出現之前
05:23
before antiretroviral drugs.
92
323769
2385
藥物專利申報的情況
05:26
This is what you see today,
93
326154
2700
而這張圖顯示了現在藥物專利的申報情況
05:28
and this is in developing countries, so what that means is,
94
328854
2688
這是在發展中國家 也就意味著
05:31
unless we do something deliberate
95
331542
2423
除非我們能夠慎重考慮
05:33
and unless we do something now,
96
333965
2383
馬上採取一些行動
05:36
we will very soon be faced with another drug price crisis,
97
336348
5116
否則要不了多久就會發現 我們將面臨另一場藥物價格危機
05:41
because new drugs are developed,
98
341464
2220
因為不斷在開發新藥 不斷有新藥投入市場
05:43
new drugs go to market, but these medicines are patented
99
343684
3362
但這些藥物都有專利限制
05:47
in a much wider range of countries.
100
347046
3069
而且這些專利被更多國家認可
05:50
So unless we act, unless we do something today,
101
350115
4637
因此 除非我們現在馬上採取行動
05:54
we will soon be faced [with] what some have termed
102
354752
3932
否則很快我們便將面臨
05:58
the treatment time bomb.
103
358684
3044
一些人所說的治療時間炸彈
06:01
It isn't only the number of drugs that are patented.
104
361728
4859
不僅僅是申報專利藥物的數量
06:06
There's something else that can really scare
105
366587
2783
使得通用製藥商退避三舍
06:09
generic manufacturers away.
106
369370
1841
還有一些其他的因素
06:11
This shows you a patent landscape.
107
371211
4001
從這裡 可以看到專利分佈圖
06:15
This is the landscape of one medicine.
108
375212
3684
這是一種藥物的專利分佈圖
06:18
So you can imagine that if you are a generic company
109
378896
2601
因此 可以想像如果你是一家通用製藥公司
06:21
about to decide whether to invest
110
381497
1993
正要決定是否投資開發一項產品
06:23
in the development of this product, unless you know
111
383490
3136
那麼除非你知道
06:26
that the licenses to these patents
112
386626
2503
確實可以獲得
06:29
are actually going to be available,
113
389129
2498
這項產品的專利許可
06:31
you will probably choose to do something else.
114
391627
3052
否則你可能另有打算
06:34
Again, deliberate action is needed.
115
394679
3933
再次強調 我們必須慎重考慮並採取行動
06:38
So surely
116
398612
2397
因此 可以肯定的是
06:41
if a patent pool could be established
117
401009
3927
如果通過成立一個專利聯盟
06:44
to ramp up the production of military airplanes,
118
404936
4061
可以大幅提升軍用飛機的量產
06:48
we should be able to do something similar
119
408997
3534
那麼我們也應該能夠用類似的方式
06:52
to tackle the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
120
412531
3707
解決HIV或愛滋病毒的傳播
06:56
And we did.
121
416238
2063
我們確實做到了
06:58
In 2010, UNITAID established the Medicines Patent Pool
122
418301
5389
2010年 國際藥品採購機制(UNITAID)成立了
07:03
for HIV.
123
423690
3483
HIV藥物專利聯盟
07:07
And this is how it works:
124
427173
1629
它的運作方式是這樣的
07:08
Patent holders, inventors
125
428802
3671
研發新藥物的專利持有者 藥物發明者
07:12
that develop new medicines
126
432473
3845
為新發明的藥物
07:16
patent those inventions,
127
436318
2566
申報專利
07:18
but make those patents available
128
438884
1751
但向藥物專利聯盟開放這些新藥物的專利許可權
07:20
to the Medicines Patent Pool. The Medicines Patent Pool
129
440635
2973
藥物專利聯盟再將這些專利許可權
07:23
then license those out to whoever needs access to those patents.
130
443608
3815
授權給任何有需要的人
07:27
That can be generic manufacturers.
131
447423
1676
可能是通用製藥商
07:29
It can also be not-for-profit drug development agencies,
132
449099
3813
也可能是非盈營利藥物開發機構
07:32
for example.
133
452912
1477
等等
07:34
Those manufacturers can then sell those medicines
134
454389
2514
然後這些製藥商便能夠以極低的價格
07:36
at much lower cost to people who need access to them,
135
456903
5049
向有需要的人和治療計劃
07:41
to treatment programs that need access to them.
136
461952
2572
出售這些藥物
07:44
They pay royalties over the sales to the patent holders,
137
464524
4176
通過銷售營利 他們向專利持有者支付版權費用
07:48
so they are remunerated for sharing their intellectual property.
138
468700
10329
因此專利持有者也因為 分享自己的知識產權獲得報酬
07:59
There is one key difference
139
479029
4058
這與飛機專利聯盟
08:03
with the airplane patent pool.
140
483087
3360
唯一不同的地方在於
08:06
The Medicines Patent Pool is a voluntary mechanism.
141
486447
4917
藥物專利聯盟是一個自發的機制
08:11
The airplane patent holders were not left a choice
142
491364
3432
飛機專利持有者並沒有選擇的餘地
08:14
whether they'd license their patents or not.
143
494796
1640
無論是否願意
08:16
They were forced to do so.
144
496436
2204
他們都不得不授權自己的專利
08:18
That is something that the Medicines Patent Pool cannot do.
145
498640
3922
藥物專利聯盟沒有權力強迫任何人
08:22
It relies on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies
146
502562
3352
完全依賴製藥公司的自願自發
08:25
to license their patents and make them available
147
505914
3570
向他人授權自己的專利權
08:29
for others to use.
148
509484
4540
為他人所用
08:34
Today, Nelson Otwoma is healthy.
149
514024
5165
今天 Nelson Otwoma可以健康地生活
08:39
He has access to antiretroviral drugs.
150
519189
3982
他能夠接受抗逆轉錄藥物的治療
08:43
His son will soon be 14 years old.
151
523171
3777
他的兒子也馬上要14歲了
08:46
Nelson is a member of the expert advisory group
152
526948
2570
Nelson是藥物專利聯盟
08:49
of the Medicines Patent Pool,
153
529518
2459
專家顧問團的一員
08:51
and he told me not so long ago,
154
531977
2101
不久前他曾告訴我
08:54
"Ellen, we rely in Kenya and in many other countries
155
534078
5541
“Ellen 在肯尼亞以及許多其他的國家
08:59
on the Medicines Patent Pool to make sure
156
539619
3399
我們全都依賴藥物專利聯盟
09:03
that new medicines also become available to us,
157
543018
5512
確保我們能夠獲得新藥
09:08
that new medicines, without delay, become available to us."
158
548530
5389
確保我們能夠及時地獲得新藥物”
09:13
And this is no longer fantasy.
159
553919
3359
這已經不再是空想
09:17
Already, I'll give you an example.
160
557278
4479
這已經是現實 我和大家分享一個實例
09:21
In August of this year, the United States drug agency
161
561757
3458
今年8月 美國藥品局
09:25
approved a new four-in-one AIDS medication.
162
565215
3949
批准了一個新的四合一愛滋病藥物
09:29
The company, Gilead, that holds the patents,
163
569164
2705
擁有該藥物專利權的Gilead公司
09:31
has licensed the intellectual property to the Medicines Patent Pool.
164
571869
4236
已經向藥物專利聯盟授權該專利的使用許可
09:36
The pool is already working today, two months later,
165
576105
3927
今天 僅僅兩個月後 聯盟已經在和通用製藥商合作
09:40
with generic manufacturers to make sure that this product
166
580032
3105
確保這個產品
09:43
can go to market at low cost
167
583137
3149
可以最低的成本 在需要的時刻地點
09:46
where and when it is needed. This is unprecedented.
168
586286
3410
投放市場 這是前所未有的
09:49
This has never been done before.
169
589696
1940
以前從未發生過
09:51
The rule is about a 10-year delay for a new product
170
591636
3719
在以前 一劑新藥面世後通常需要十年的時間
09:55
to go to market in developing countries, if at all.
171
595355
2971
才能投放發展中國家市場
09:58
This has never been seen before.
172
598326
4033
以前從未有過
10:02
Nelson's expectations are very high,
173
602359
3504
Nelson有非常高的期望
10:05
and quite rightly so. He and his son will need access
174
605863
4269
也是理所當然的 他和他的兒子這終其一生中都需要
10:10
to the next generation of antiretrovirals
175
610132
3089
下一代以及再下一代更新的
10:13
and the next, throughout their lifetime,
176
613221
3107
抗逆轉錄藥物
10:16
so that he and many others in Kenya and other countries
177
616328
4678
這樣他和許許多多生活在肯尼亞和其他國家的人們
10:21
can continue to live healthy, active lives.
178
621006
4432
才能夠健康積極地生活下去
10:25
Now we count on the willingness of drug companies
179
625438
3220
現在 我們依賴的是藥物公司的自願自發
10:28
to make that happen. We count on those companies
180
628658
2622
我們依賴的是這些藥物公司能夠明白
10:31
that understand that it is in the interest, not only in the interest
181
631280
3420
由對立轉向協作
10:34
of the global good, but also in their own interest,
182
634700
3184
這不僅僅是符合全球利益的
10:37
to move from conflict to collaboration,
183
637884
5714
也是符合他們自身利益的
10:43
and through the Medicines Patent Pool they can make that happen.
184
643598
2881
通過藥物專利聯盟 這一切都有可能實現
10:46
They can also choose not to do that,
185
646479
3396
當然他們也可以選擇不合作
10:49
but those that go down that road may end up
186
649875
6211
但是可能會落得
10:56
in a similar situation the Wright brothers ended up with
187
656086
2924
上世紀初萊特兄弟一樣的下場
10:59
early last century, facing forcible measures
188
659010
3834
政府將會採取強制措施
11:02
by government. So they'd better jump now.
189
662844
5182
所以 最好還是現在就行動
11:08
Thank you. (Applause)
190
668026
3337
謝謝(掌聲)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7