Ellen 't Hoen: Pool medical patents, save lives

28,358 views ・ 2012-12-10

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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: erin wang 審譯者: Audrey Her
00:16
In 2002, a group of treatment activists met
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2002年 一群為愛滋病治療積極奔走的活躍人士
00:21
to discuss the early development of the airplane.
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聚在一起討論飛機早期的發展
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The Wright Brothers, in the beginning of the last century,
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萊特兄弟在上世紀初
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had for the first time managed
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首次成功實現
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to make one of those devices fly.
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人工飛行
00:34
They also had taken out numerous patents
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萊特兄弟還為飛機的核心部件
00:37
on essential parts of the airplane.
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申報了大量的專利
00:39
They were not the only ones.
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當時 並非只有萊特兄弟這麼做
00:40
That was common practice in the industry,
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這種做法在業界普遍存在
00:44
and those who held patents on airplanes
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而這些飛行器專利的持有者
00:46
were defending them fiercely
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大力維護自己的專利權
00:47
and suing competitors left and right.
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對競爭者的任何侵權行為一定控訴到底
00:51
This actually wasn't so great for the development of the aviation industry,
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實際上這種做法不利於航空工業的發展
00:56
and this was at a time that in particular the U.S. government
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而當時 美國政府又特別希望
00:59
was interested in ramping up
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可以大幅提高
01:01
the production of military airplanes.
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軍用飛機的產量
01:04
So there was a bit of a conflict there.
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所以矛盾也就出現了
01:07
The U.S. government decided to take action,
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美國政府決定採取行動
01:10
and forced those patent holders
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強迫專利持有者
01:12
to make their patents available to share with others
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將其持有的專利與他人共享
01:17
to enable the production of airplanes.
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從而實現飛機的量產
01:22
So what has this
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那麼這兩者
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got to do with this?
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又是如何產生聯繫的呢?
01:29
In 2002, Nelson Otwoma, a Kenyan social scientist,
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2002年 一位名叫Nelson Otwona的肯尼亞社會科學家
01:34
discovered he had HIV and needed access to treatment.
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被發現攜帶HIV病毒 需要接受治療
01:39
He was told that a cure did not exist.
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醫生告訴他愛滋病是無法治愈的
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AIDS, he heard, was lethal,
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愛滋病是一種致命的疾病
01:47
and treatment was not offered. This was at a time
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沒有可以治愈愛滋病的療法 但實際上
01:50
that treatment actually existed in rich countries.
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當時在富裕的國家治療方法是存在的
01:53
AIDS had become a chronic disease.
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愛滋病已經變成一種慢性病
01:56
People in our countries here in Europe, in North America,
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在歐洲在北美 在我們的國家
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were living with HIV, healthy lives.
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攜帶HIV病毒的人們也可以健康地生活
02:02
Not so for Nelson. He wasn't rich enough,
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但對於Nelson情況卻不是這樣
02:05
and not so for his three-year-old son, who he discovered a year later
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Nelson不是有錢人 他三歲的兒子更不是
02:09
also had HIV.
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在Nelson被診斷出HIV病毒後一年 他的兒子也被查出攜帶HIV
02:12
Nelson decided to become a treatment activist
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Nelson決定成為一名治療活躍人士
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and join up with other groups.
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並加入了其他團體
02:18
In 2002, they were facing a different battle.
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在2002年 他們面臨的是一場不同的戰鬥
02:24
Prices for ARVs, the drugs needed to treat HIV,
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ARVs是一種用於治療HIV的藥物
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cost about 12,000 [dollars] per patient per year.
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而當時ARVs的價格高達每名患者每年一萬兩千美元
02:33
The patents on those drugs were held
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西方的一些製藥公司
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by a number of Western pharmaceutical companies
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持有這些藥物的專利權
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that were not necessarily willing
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而這些製藥公司並不太希望
02:44
to make those patents available.
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將持有的專利與他人共享
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When you have a patent, you can exclude
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只要持有專利便可以限制他人
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anyone else from making, from producing or making
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製造或是生產
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low-cost versions, for example,
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廉價的產品 比如說
02:58
available of those medications.
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生產廉價的藥品
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Clearly this led to patent wars breaking out
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很顯然 這種做法觸發了
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all over the globe.
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全球範圍內的專利戰
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Luckily, those patents did not exist everywhere.
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幸運的是 這些專利並非無處不在
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There were countries that did not recognize
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有一些國家 比如像印度
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pharmaceutical product patents, such as India,
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並不承認醫藥產品專利
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and Indian pharmaceutical companies
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一些印度製藥公司
03:20
started to produce so-called generic versions,
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開始生產所謂的
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low-cost copies of antiretroviral medicines,
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通用版和廉價版的抗逆轉錄藥物
03:28
and make them available in the developing world,
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並將這些藥物投放到發展中國家
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and within a year the price had come down
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一年之內 這些藥物的價格便從
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from 10,000 dollars per patient per year
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每名患者每年一萬美元
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to 350 dollars per patient per year,
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下降到每名患者每年350美元
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and today that same triple pill cocktail
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而今天每名愛滋病患者每年只需花費60美元
03:44
is available for 60 dollars per patient per year,
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便可以接受三聯雞尾酒療法
03:47
and of course that started to have an enormous effect
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當然 產生的影響是巨大的
03:50
on the number of people who could afford access
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越來越多的患者
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to those medicines.
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將能夠負擔起藥物費用
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Treatment programs became possible,
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有可能接受治療
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funding became available, and the number of people
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有能力支付費用 並且服用抗逆轉錄藥物患者的
04:01
on antiretroviral drugs started to increase very rapidly.
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人數開始大幅增長
04:07
Today, eight million people
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現在有800萬人口
04:10
have access to antiretroviral drugs.
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能夠拿到抗逆轉錄藥物
04:13
Thirty-four million are infected with HIV.
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而感染HIV病毒的患者有三千四百萬
04:17
Never has this number been so high,
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這個數字是前所未有的
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but actually this is good news,
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但事實上這是好消息
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because what it means is people stop dying.
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因為這意味著人們的死亡率在降低
04:23
People who have access to these drugs stop dying.
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能夠獲得藥物治療的人便可免於一死
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And there's something else.
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除此之外
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They also stop passing on the virus.
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病毒攜帶者也不會繼續傳染給其他人
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This is fairly recent science that has shown that.
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最新的科學研究已經表明了這一點
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What that means is we have the tools
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這就意味著
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to break the back of this epidemic.
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我們已經有辦法可以抑制愛滋病毒的傳播
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So what's the problem?
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那麼 問題是什麽呢?
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Well, things have changed.
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嗯 情況已經變了
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First of all, the rules have changed.
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首先 規則變了
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Today, all countries are obliged to provide
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現今 所有國家都必須為藥物申報專利
04:56
patents for pharmaceuticals that last at least 20 years.
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每項專利的時限最少為20年
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This is as a result of the intellectual property rules
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世貿組織的知識產權法
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of the World Trade Organization.
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促成了這一結果
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So what India did is no longer possible.
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所以 印度的做法不再可行
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Second, the practice of patent-holding companies have changed.
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其次 持有專利的公司也改變了自己的做法
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Here you see the patent practices
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這張圖顯示的是 世貿組織出臺知識產權法規之前
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before the World Trade Organization's rules, before '95,
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也就是1995年之前 抗逆轉錄藥物出現之前
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before antiretroviral drugs.
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藥物專利申報的情況
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This is what you see today,
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而這張圖顯示了現在藥物專利的申報情況
05:28
and this is in developing countries, so what that means is,
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這是在發展中國家 也就意味著
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unless we do something deliberate
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除非我們能夠慎重考慮
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and unless we do something now,
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馬上採取一些行動
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we will very soon be faced with another drug price crisis,
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否則要不了多久就會發現 我們將面臨另一場藥物價格危機
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because new drugs are developed,
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因為不斷在開發新藥 不斷有新藥投入市場
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new drugs go to market, but these medicines are patented
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但這些藥物都有專利限制
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in a much wider range of countries.
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而且這些專利被更多國家認可
05:50
So unless we act, unless we do something today,
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因此 除非我們現在馬上採取行動
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we will soon be faced [with] what some have termed
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否則很快我們便將面臨
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the treatment time bomb.
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一些人所說的治療時間炸彈
06:01
It isn't only the number of drugs that are patented.
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不僅僅是申報專利藥物的數量
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There's something else that can really scare
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使得通用製藥商退避三舍
06:09
generic manufacturers away.
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還有一些其他的因素
06:11
This shows you a patent landscape.
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從這裡 可以看到專利分佈圖
06:15
This is the landscape of one medicine.
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這是一種藥物的專利分佈圖
06:18
So you can imagine that if you are a generic company
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因此 可以想像如果你是一家通用製藥公司
06:21
about to decide whether to invest
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正要決定是否投資開發一項產品
06:23
in the development of this product, unless you know
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那麼除非你知道
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that the licenses to these patents
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確實可以獲得
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are actually going to be available,
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這項產品的專利許可
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you will probably choose to do something else.
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否則你可能另有打算
06:34
Again, deliberate action is needed.
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再次強調 我們必須慎重考慮並採取行動
06:38
So surely
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因此 可以肯定的是
06:41
if a patent pool could be established
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如果通過成立一個專利聯盟
06:44
to ramp up the production of military airplanes,
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可以大幅提升軍用飛機的量產
06:48
we should be able to do something similar
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那麼我們也應該能夠用類似的方式
06:52
to tackle the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
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解決HIV或愛滋病毒的傳播
06:56
And we did.
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我們確實做到了
06:58
In 2010, UNITAID established the Medicines Patent Pool
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2010年 國際藥品採購機制(UNITAID)成立了
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for HIV.
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HIV藥物專利聯盟
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And this is how it works:
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它的運作方式是這樣的
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Patent holders, inventors
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研發新藥物的專利持有者 藥物發明者
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that develop new medicines
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為新發明的藥物
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patent those inventions,
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申報專利
07:18
but make those patents available
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但向藥物專利聯盟開放這些新藥物的專利許可權
07:20
to the Medicines Patent Pool. The Medicines Patent Pool
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藥物專利聯盟再將這些專利許可權
07:23
then license those out to whoever needs access to those patents.
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授權給任何有需要的人
07:27
That can be generic manufacturers.
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可能是通用製藥商
07:29
It can also be not-for-profit drug development agencies,
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也可能是非盈營利藥物開發機構
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for example.
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等等
07:34
Those manufacturers can then sell those medicines
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然後這些製藥商便能夠以極低的價格
07:36
at much lower cost to people who need access to them,
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向有需要的人和治療計劃
07:41
to treatment programs that need access to them.
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出售這些藥物
07:44
They pay royalties over the sales to the patent holders,
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通過銷售營利 他們向專利持有者支付版權費用
07:48
so they are remunerated for sharing their intellectual property.
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因此專利持有者也因為 分享自己的知識產權獲得報酬
07:59
There is one key difference
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這與飛機專利聯盟
08:03
with the airplane patent pool.
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唯一不同的地方在於
08:06
The Medicines Patent Pool is a voluntary mechanism.
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藥物專利聯盟是一個自發的機制
08:11
The airplane patent holders were not left a choice
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飛機專利持有者並沒有選擇的餘地
08:14
whether they'd license their patents or not.
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無論是否願意
08:16
They were forced to do so.
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他們都不得不授權自己的專利
08:18
That is something that the Medicines Patent Pool cannot do.
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藥物專利聯盟沒有權力強迫任何人
08:22
It relies on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies
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完全依賴製藥公司的自願自發
08:25
to license their patents and make them available
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向他人授權自己的專利權
08:29
for others to use.
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為他人所用
08:34
Today, Nelson Otwoma is healthy.
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今天 Nelson Otwoma可以健康地生活
08:39
He has access to antiretroviral drugs.
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他能夠接受抗逆轉錄藥物的治療
08:43
His son will soon be 14 years old.
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他的兒子也馬上要14歲了
08:46
Nelson is a member of the expert advisory group
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Nelson是藥物專利聯盟
08:49
of the Medicines Patent Pool,
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專家顧問團的一員
08:51
and he told me not so long ago,
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不久前他曾告訴我
08:54
"Ellen, we rely in Kenya and in many other countries
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“Ellen 在肯尼亞以及許多其他的國家
08:59
on the Medicines Patent Pool to make sure
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我們全都依賴藥物專利聯盟
09:03
that new medicines also become available to us,
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確保我們能夠獲得新藥
09:08
that new medicines, without delay, become available to us."
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確保我們能夠及時地獲得新藥物”
09:13
And this is no longer fantasy.
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這已經不再是空想
09:17
Already, I'll give you an example.
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這已經是現實 我和大家分享一個實例
09:21
In August of this year, the United States drug agency
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今年8月 美國藥品局
09:25
approved a new four-in-one AIDS medication.
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批准了一個新的四合一愛滋病藥物
09:29
The company, Gilead, that holds the patents,
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擁有該藥物專利權的Gilead公司
09:31
has licensed the intellectual property to the Medicines Patent Pool.
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已經向藥物專利聯盟授權該專利的使用許可
09:36
The pool is already working today, two months later,
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今天 僅僅兩個月後 聯盟已經在和通用製藥商合作
09:40
with generic manufacturers to make sure that this product
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確保這個產品
09:43
can go to market at low cost
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可以最低的成本 在需要的時刻地點
09:46
where and when it is needed. This is unprecedented.
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投放市場 這是前所未有的
09:49
This has never been done before.
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以前從未發生過
09:51
The rule is about a 10-year delay for a new product
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在以前 一劑新藥面世後通常需要十年的時間
09:55
to go to market in developing countries, if at all.
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才能投放發展中國家市場
09:58
This has never been seen before.
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以前從未有過
10:02
Nelson's expectations are very high,
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Nelson有非常高的期望
10:05
and quite rightly so. He and his son will need access
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也是理所當然的 他和他的兒子這終其一生中都需要
10:10
to the next generation of antiretrovirals
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下一代以及再下一代更新的
10:13
and the next, throughout their lifetime,
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抗逆轉錄藥物
10:16
so that he and many others in Kenya and other countries
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這樣他和許許多多生活在肯尼亞和其他國家的人們
10:21
can continue to live healthy, active lives.
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才能夠健康積極地生活下去
10:25
Now we count on the willingness of drug companies
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現在 我們依賴的是藥物公司的自願自發
10:28
to make that happen. We count on those companies
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我們依賴的是這些藥物公司能夠明白
10:31
that understand that it is in the interest, not only in the interest
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由對立轉向協作
10:34
of the global good, but also in their own interest,
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這不僅僅是符合全球利益的
10:37
to move from conflict to collaboration,
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也是符合他們自身利益的
10:43
and through the Medicines Patent Pool they can make that happen.
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通過藥物專利聯盟 這一切都有可能實現
10:46
They can also choose not to do that,
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當然他們也可以選擇不合作
10:49
but those that go down that road may end up
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但是可能會落得
10:56
in a similar situation the Wright brothers ended up with
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上世紀初萊特兄弟一樣的下場
10:59
early last century, facing forcible measures
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政府將會採取強制措施
11:02
by government. So they'd better jump now.
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所以 最好還是現在就行動
11:08
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝(掌聲)
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