Ellen 't Hoen: Pool medical patents, save lives

28,358 views ใƒป 2012-12-10

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Surie Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Keewoo Lee
00:16
In 2002, a group of treatment activists met
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2002๋…„์— ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ
00:21
to discuss the early development of the airplane.
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ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ† ๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
The Wright Brothers, in the beginning of the last century,
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์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ˜•์ œ๋Š”
00:29
had for the first time managed
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์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
00:31
to make one of those devices fly.
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
They also had taken out numerous patents
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๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์ค‘์š” ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:37
on essential parts of the airplane.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜์˜€์ง€์š”.
00:39
They were not the only ones.
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๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ˜•์ œ๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
That was common practice in the industry,
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์ทจ๋“์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
00:44
and those who held patents on airplanes
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ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์†Œ์ง€์ž๋“ค์€
00:46
were defending them fiercely
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์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
00:47
and suing competitors left and right.
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ด์ชฝ ์ €์ชฝ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
This actually wasn't so great for the development of the aviation industry,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ•ญ๊ณต ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
and this was at a time that in particular the U.S. government
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š”
00:59
was interested in ramping up
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๊ตฐ์šฉ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„
01:01
the production of military airplanes.
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๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:04
So there was a bit of a conflict there.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
The U.S. government decided to take action,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:10
and forced those patent holders
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ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ
01:12
to make their patents available to share with others
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ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์ œํ•˜์—ฌ
01:17
to enable the production of airplanes.
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ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
So what has this
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์ž, ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
01:25
got to do with this?
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์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:29
In 2002, Nelson Otwoma, a Kenyan social scientist,
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2002๋…„์— ์ผ€๋ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ธ ๋„ฌ์Šจ ์˜คํ† ๋งˆ๊ฐ€
01:34
discovered he had HIV and needed access to treatment.
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์ž์‹ ์ด HIV์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜์–ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
01:39
He was told that a cure did not exist.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
AIDS, he heard, was lethal,
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AIDS๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ณ‘์ด๊ณ ,
01:47
and treatment was not offered. This was at a time
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์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ต๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
that treatment actually existed in rich countries.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
AIDS had become a chronic disease.
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AIDS๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
People in our countries here in Europe, in North America,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
01:59
were living with HIV, healthy lives.
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HIV์— ๊ฑธ๋ ค๋„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
Not so for Nelson. He wasn't rich enough,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋„ฌ์Šจ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:05
and not so for his three-year-old son, who he discovered a year later
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ ๋…„ ํ›„ HIV์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ
02:09
also had HIV.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์„ธ ์‚ด ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
Nelson decided to become a treatment activist
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๋„ฌ์Šจ์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
02:16
and join up with other groups.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
In 2002, they were facing a different battle.
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2002๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
Prices for ARVs, the drugs needed to treat HIV,
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HIV๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์ธ ARV์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด
02:29
cost about 12,000 [dollars] per patient per year.
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์ผ์ธ๋‹น ์—ฐ 1200 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
The patents on those drugs were held
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ARV ํŠนํ—ˆ๋Š”
02:36
by a number of Western pharmaceutical companies
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ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”
02:42
that were not necessarily willing
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์„œ์–‘์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
02:44
to make those patents available.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
When you have a patent, you can exclude
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ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
02:50
anyone else from making, from producing or making
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„
02:55
low-cost versions, for example,
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๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
02:58
available of those medications.
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๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
Clearly this led to patent wars breaking out
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
03:05
all over the globe.
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ํŠนํ—ˆ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
Luckily, those patents did not exist everywhere.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ œ์•ฝ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
There were countries that did not recognize
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์ œ์•ฝํ’ˆ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
03:14
pharmaceutical product patents, such as India,
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์ธ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
and Indian pharmaceutical companies
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์ธ๋„ ์ œ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
03:20
started to produce so-called generic versions,
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์ €๊ฐ€์˜ ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ณต์ œ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์„
03:24
low-cost copies of antiretroviral medicines,
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์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,
03:28
and make them available in the developing world,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
and within a year the price had come down
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๋น„์šฉ์€ ์ผ๋…„ ๋งŒ์—
03:34
from 10,000 dollars per patient per year
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์ผ์ธ๋‹น ์—ฐ 10,000 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ
03:38
to 350 dollars per patient per year,
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์—ฐ 350๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
03:41
and today that same triple pill cocktail
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ์นตํ…Œ์ผ ์š”๋ฒ•์„
03:44
is available for 60 dollars per patient per year,
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์ผ์ธ๋‹น ์—ฐ 60๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
and of course that started to have an enormous effect
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด ์ผ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:50
on the number of people who could afford access
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์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ
03:53
to those medicines.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
Treatment programs became possible,
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์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ ,
03:58
funding became available, and the number of people
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์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ๋„ ์›ํ™œํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ œ๋ฅผ
04:01
on antiretroviral drugs started to increase very rapidly.
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์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
Today, eight million people
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  8๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
04:10
have access to antiretroviral drugs.
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ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ œ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
Thirty-four million are infected with HIV.
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3์ฒœ 4๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์ด HIV์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
Never has this number been so high,
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์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:19
but actually this is good news,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
because what it means is people stop dying.
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HIV๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:23
People who have access to these drugs stop dying.
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์•ฝ์„ ๊ตฌํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
And there's something else.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋”,
04:27
They also stop passing on the virus.
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(HIV) ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
This is fairly recent science that has shown that.
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์ตœ์‹  ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์ž˜ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
What that means is we have the tools
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์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ „์—ผ์„ฑ์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆด
04:36
to break the back of this epidemic.
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๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
So what's the problem?
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ. ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ ?
04:45
Well, things have changed.
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๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:47
First of all, the rules have changed.
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ๊ทœ์ •์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
Today, all countries are obliged to provide
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€ ์ตœ์†Œ 20๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋œ
04:56
patents for pharmaceuticals that last at least 20 years.
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์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
This is as a result of the intellectual property rules
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฌด์—ญ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€์  ์žฌ์‚ฐ ๊ทœ์ •์ด
05:04
of the World Trade Organization.
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๋‚ณ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
So what India did is no longer possible.
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์ผ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋”์ด์ƒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
Second, the practice of patent-holding companies have changed.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
Here you see the patent practices
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
before the World Trade Organization's rules, before '95,
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฌด์—ญ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ทœ์ • ์ „, 95๋…„๋„ ์ด์ „,
05:23
before antiretroviral drugs.
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ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด์ €์Šค์ œ ์ด์ „ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
This is what you see today,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š”๊ฑด ์š”์ฆ˜์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๊ณ ,
05:28
and this is in developing countries, so what that means is,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
unless we do something deliberate
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ค‘ํžˆ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:33
and unless we do something now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:36
we will very soon be faced with another drug price crisis,
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๋จธ์ง€์•Š์•„ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ฝํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
because new drugs are developed,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ฝ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ ,
05:43
new drugs go to market, but these medicines are patented
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์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ๋“ค์€
05:47
in a much wider range of countries.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
So unless we act, unless we do something today,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:54
we will soon be faced [with] what some have termed
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๊ณง ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
the treatment time bomb.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ "์น˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œํ•œํญํƒ„"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ์š”.
06:01
It isn't only the number of drugs that are patented.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์•ฝํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋“ฑ๋ก์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:06
There's something else that can really scare
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณต์ œ์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
06:09
generic manufacturers away.
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๊ณตํฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
This shows you a patent landscape.
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„์ธ๋ฐ,
06:15
This is the landscape of one medicine.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•œ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
So you can imagine that if you are a generic company
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์ฆ‰ ํ•œ ๋ณต์ œ์•ฝํ’ˆ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ’ˆ์„
06:21
about to decide whether to invest
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์—
06:23
in the development of this product, unless you know
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ํŠนํ—ˆ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ
06:26
that the licenses to these patents
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์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:29
are actually going to be available,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ
06:31
you will probably choose to do something else.
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ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
Again, deliberate action is needed.
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์ฆ‰ ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
So surely
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ,
06:41
if a patent pool could be established
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ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ณต์œ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ
06:44
to ramp up the production of military airplanes,
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๊ตฐ์šฉ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:48
we should be able to do something similar
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
06:52
to tackle the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
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HIV์™€ AIDS์— ๋งž์„œ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
And we did.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”,
06:58
In 2010, UNITAID established the Medicines Patent Pool
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2010๋…„์— UNITAID ์—์„œ HIV๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ (์—ญ์ฃผ : ๊ตญ์ œ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ธฐ๊ตฌ)
07:03
for HIV.
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์•ฝํ’ˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ณต์œ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
And this is how it works:
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์ด ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
Patent holders, inventors
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์‹ ๊ทœ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ
07:12
that develop new medicines
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๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
07:16
patent those inventions,
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์ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
07:18
but make those patents available
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์ด ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ’ˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ณต์œ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ์—
07:20
to the Medicines Patent Pool. The Medicines Patent Pool
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์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฐํ•ฉ์—์„œ๋Š”
07:23
then license those out to whoever needs access to those patents.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“  ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
That can be generic manufacturers.
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๋ณต์ œ ์•ฝํ’ˆ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
07:29
It can also be not-for-profit drug development agencies,
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๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” NGO๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
for example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
07:34
Those manufacturers can then sell those medicines
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์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์„
07:36
at much lower cost to people who need access to them,
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ,
07:41
to treatment programs that need access to them.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
They pay royalties over the sales to the patent holders,
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ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋กœ์—ดํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•ด์„œ
07:48
so they are remunerated for sharing their intellectual property.
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์ง€์ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
There is one key difference
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์ด ์ ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ณต์œ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ
08:03
with the airplane patent pool.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
The Medicines Patent Pool is a voluntary mechanism.
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์•ฝํ’ˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ณต์œ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
The airplane patent holders were not left a choice
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ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์€
08:14
whether they'd license their patents or not.
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ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:16
They were forced to do so.
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๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋†“์•„์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
08:18
That is something that the Medicines Patent Pool cannot do.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์•ฝํ’ˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ณต์œ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
It relies on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies
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ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€๋Š”
08:25
to license their patents and make them available
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์ œ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์˜์ง€์—
08:29
for others to use.
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๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
Today, Nelson Otwoma is healthy.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋„ฌ์Šจ ์˜คํ† ๋งˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
He has access to antiretroviral drugs.
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ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
08:43
His son will soon be 14 years old.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋„ ๊ณง 14์‚ด์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
Nelson is a member of the expert advisory group
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๋„ฌ์Šจ์€ ์•ฝํ’ˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ณต์œ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜
08:49
of the Medicines Patent Pool,
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฌธ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํšŒ์›์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
and he told me not so long ago,
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฝค ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์— ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ
08:54
"Ellen, we rely in Kenya and in many other countries
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"์—˜๋ Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด
08:59
on the Medicines Patent Pool to make sure
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์ผ€๋ƒ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—์„œ
09:03
that new medicines also become available to us,
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์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก
09:08
that new medicines, without delay, become available to us."
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์•ฝํ’ˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ณต์œ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”."
09:13
And this is no longer fantasy.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋”์ด์ƒ ํ™˜์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
Already, I'll give you an example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๋ฏธ
09:21
In August of this year, the United States drug agency
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์˜ฌํ•ด 8์›”์— ๋ฏธ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝ๊ตญ์€
09:25
approved a new four-in-one AIDS medication.
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4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•ฝํšจ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
The company, Gilead, that holds the patents,
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ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธธ๋ฆฌ์•„๋“œ์‚ฌ๋Š”
09:31
has licensed the intellectual property to the Medicines Patent Pool.
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์•ฝํ’ˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ณต์œ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ์— ์ง€์ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ์œ„ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
The pool is already working today, two months later,
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๊ทธ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋Š” ๊ณง ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ํ›„์—
09:40
with generic manufacturers to make sure that this product
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๋ณต์ œ์•ฝํ’ˆ ์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด
09:43
can go to market at low cost
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๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด
09:46
where and when it is needed. This is unprecedented.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋„๋ก ์• ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์— ์—†๋˜ ์ผ์ด์ง€์š”.
09:49
This has never been done before.
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์ „์—๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:51
The rule is about a 10-year delay for a new product
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์ด์ „ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉด 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜
09:55
to go to market in developing countries, if at all.
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๋ณต์ œ์•ฝํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
This has never been seen before.
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์ „์— ์—†๋˜ ์ผ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:02
Nelson's expectations are very high,
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๋„ฌ์Šจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
and quite rightly so. He and his son will need access
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
to the next generation of antiretrovirals
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๊ทธ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—
10:13
and the next, throughout their lifetime,
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ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ œ๋ฅผ ํ‰์ƒ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ,
10:16
so that he and many others in Kenya and other countries
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์ผ€๋ƒ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ
10:21
can continue to live healthy, active lives.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ๋™์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
Now we count on the willingness of drug companies
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜์ง€์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
to make that happen. We count on those companies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
10:31
that understand that it is in the interest, not only in the interest
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ณต์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:34
of the global good, but also in their own interest,
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๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:37
to move from conflict to collaboration,
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„
10:43
and through the Medicines Patent Pool they can make that happen.
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์•ฝํ’ˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ณต์œ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
They can also choose not to do that,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
10:49
but those that go down that road may end up
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๊ทธ ๊ธธ์€ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ˜•์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
10:56
in a similar situation the Wright brothers ended up with
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์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋˜
10:59
early last century, facing forcible measures
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์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋™์›ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋‹ซ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
by government. So they'd better jump now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ํŽธ์ด ๋‚ซ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
11:08
Thank you. (Applause)
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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