Ellen 't Hoen: Pool medical patents, save lives

28,431 views ใƒป 2012-12-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sonia Barchilon
00:16
In 2002, a group of treatment activists met
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ื‘-2002, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื
00:21
to discuss the early development of the airplane.
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ื ืคื’ืฉื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก.
00:25
The Wright Brothers, in the beginning of the last century,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช
00:29
had for the first time managed
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
00:31
to make one of those devices fly.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœืขื•ืฃ.
00:34
They also had taken out numerous patents
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ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
00:37
on essential parts of the airplane.
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ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก.
00:39
They were not the only ones.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
00:40
That was common practice in the industry,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื’ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื”,
00:44
and those who held patents on airplanes
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื
00:46
were defending them fiercely
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ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื”
00:47
and suing competitors left and right.
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ื•ืชื‘ืขื• ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืฉืžืืœ.
00:51
This actually wasn't so great for the development of the aviation industry,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืชืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”,
00:56
and this was at a time that in particular the U.S. government
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:59
was interested in ramping up
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืืฆืช
01:01
the production of military airplanes.
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื.
01:04
So there was a bit of a conflict there.
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ืื– ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
01:07
The U.S. government decided to take action,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”,
01:10
and forced those patent holders
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ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
01:12
to make their patents available to share with others
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ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืื•ืชื ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื
01:17
to enable the production of airplanes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื.
01:22
So what has this
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ืื– ืžื” ืœื–ื”
01:25
got to do with this?
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ื•ืœื–ื”?
01:29
In 2002, Nelson Otwoma, a Kenyan social scientist,
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ื‘-2002 ื’ื™ืœื” ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ื•ืžื”, ืžื“ืขืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™,
01:34
discovered he had HIV and needed access to treatment.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ .
01:39
He was told that a cure did not exist.
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื—ืœื”.
01:44
AIDS, he heard, was lethal,
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ืื™ื™ื“ืก, ื›ืš ืฉืžืข, ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช,
01:47
and treatment was not offered. This was at a time
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ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื”
01:50
that treatment actually existed in rich countries.
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ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
01:53
AIDS had become a chronic disease.
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ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื—ืœื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
01:56
People in our countries here in Europe, in North America,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื”, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
01:59
were living with HIV, healthy lives.
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ื—ื™ื• ืขื ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
02:02
Not so for Nelson. He wasn't rich enough,
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ืœื ื›ืš ื ืœืกื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง,
02:05
and not so for his three-year-old son, who he discovered a year later
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืฉืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:09
also had HIV.
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื’ื ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
02:12
Nelson decided to become a treatment activist
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ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™
02:16
and join up with other groups.
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:18
In 2002, they were facing a different battle.
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ื‘-2002, ื”ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืžื•ืœ ืงืจื‘ ืฉื•ื ื”.
02:24
Prices for ARVs, the drugs needed to treat HIV,
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ARV, ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
02:29
cost about 12,000 [dollars] per patient per year.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 12,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื”.
02:33
The patents on those drugs were held
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ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื
02:36
by a number of Western pharmaceutical companies
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช
02:42
that were not necessarily willing
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ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช
02:44
to make those patents available.
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ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:48
When you have a patent, you can exclude
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืคื˜ื ื˜, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข
02:50
anyone else from making, from producing or making
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ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืžืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
02:55
low-cost versions, for example,
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ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ื–ื•ืœื•ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
02:58
available of those medications.
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ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
03:01
Clearly this led to patent wars breaking out
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
03:05
all over the globe.
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ืฉืคืจืฆื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:08
Luckily, those patents did not exist everywhere.
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:12
There were countries that did not recognize
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ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื•
03:14
pharmaceutical product patents, such as India,
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ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื•,
03:17
and Indian pharmaceutical companies
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
03:20
started to produce so-called generic versions,
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช,
03:24
low-cost copies of antiretroviral medicines,
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ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืจื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช,
03:28
and make them available in the developing world,
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ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
03:32
and within a year the price had come down
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืจื“
03:34
from 10,000 dollars per patient per year
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ืž-10,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื”
03:38
to 350 dollars per patient per year,
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ืœ-350 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื”,
03:41
and today that same triple pill cocktail
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื
03:44
is available for 60 dollars per patient per year,
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ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ 60 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื”,
03:47
and of course that started to have an enormous effect
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”
03:50
on the number of people who could afford access
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ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื
03:53
to those medicines.
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ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
03:55
Treatment programs became possible,
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช,
03:58
funding became available, and the number of people
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ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•
04:01
on antiretroviral drugs started to increase very rapidly.
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ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:07
Today, eight million people
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:10
have access to antiretroviral drugs.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืจื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช.
04:13
Thirty-four million are infected with HIV.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื ื ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ.
04:17
Never has this number been so high,
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
04:19
but actually this is good news,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
04:20
because what it means is people stop dying.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืžื•ืช,
04:23
People who have access to these drugs stop dying.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืžื•ืช.
04:25
And there's something else.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•,
04:27
They also stop passing on the virus.
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ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
04:30
This is fairly recent science that has shown that.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ื“ื™ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”.
04:33
What that means is we have the tools
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ื
04:36
to break the back of this epidemic.
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ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:40
So what's the problem?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”?
04:45
Well, things have changed.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
04:47
First of all, the rules have changed.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
04:51
Today, all countries are obliged to provide
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืกืคืง
04:56
patents for pharmaceuticals that last at least 20 years.
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ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืงืคื ืœืคื—ื•ืช 20 ืฉื ื”,
05:01
This is as a result of the intellectual property rules
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™
05:04
of the World Trade Organization.
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ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
05:06
So what India did is no longer possible.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ืขืฉืชื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื•ื“.
05:09
Second, the practice of patent-holding companies have changed.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”.
05:15
Here you see the patent practices
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
05:19
before the World Trade Organization's rules, before '95,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืช 95'.
05:23
before antiretroviral drugs.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืจื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช.
05:26
This is what you see today,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:28
and this is in developing countries, so what that means is,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
05:31
unless we do something deliberate
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ืฉืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ
05:33
and unless we do something now,
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ื•ืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
05:36
we will very soon be faced with another drug price crisis,
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืฃ,
05:41
because new drugs are developed,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
05:43
new drugs go to market, but these medicines are patented
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
05:47
in a much wider range of countries.
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ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:50
So unless we act, unless we do something today,
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ืื– ืื ืœื ื ืคืขืœ, ืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
05:54
we will soon be faced [with] what some have termed
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื
05:58
the treatment time bomb.
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"ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช".
06:01
It isn't only the number of drugs that are patented.
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฆื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืคื˜ื ื˜.
06:06
There's something else that can really scare
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“
06:09
generic manufacturers away.
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ืืช ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช.
06:11
This shows you a patent landscape.
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชืคื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื.
06:15
This is the landscape of one medicine.
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ืชืคื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื—ืช.
06:18
So you can imagine that if you are a generic company
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืื ืืชื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื ืจื™ืช
06:21
about to decide whether to invest
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข
06:23
in the development of this product, unless you know
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ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืืœื ืื ืชื“ืขื•
06:26
that the licenses to these patents
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ืฉื”ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:29
are actually going to be available,
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ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื -
06:31
you will probably choose to do something else.
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ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
06:34
Again, deliberate action is needed.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช.
06:38
So surely
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ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
06:41
if a patent pool could be established
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ืื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืื’ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
06:44
to ramp up the production of military airplanes,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื,
06:48
we should be able to do something similar
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื”
06:52
to tackle the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
06:56
And we did.
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ื ื•.
06:58
In 2010, UNITAID established the Medicines Patent Pool
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ื‘-2010, UNITAID ื”ืงื™ืžื”
07:03
for HIV.
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ืืช ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก.
07:07
And this is how it works:
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“:
07:08
Patent holders, inventors
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื
07:12
that develop new medicines
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ืฉืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
07:16
patent those inventions,
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ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
07:18
but make those patents available
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:20
to the Medicines Patent Pool. The Medicines Patent Pool
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ืœืžืื’ืจ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื. ื•ืื– ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื
07:23
then license those out to whoever needs access to those patents.
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ืจืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:27
That can be generic manufacturers.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื’ื ืจื™,
07:29
It can also be not-for-profit drug development agencies,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืžืคืชื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
07:32
for example.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
07:34
Those manufacturers can then sell those medicines
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ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
07:36
at much lower cost to people who need access to them,
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ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ,
07:41
to treatment programs that need access to them.
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ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
07:44
They pay royalties over the sales to the patent holders,
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ื”ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืชืžืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜,
07:48
so they are remunerated for sharing their intellectual property.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืคื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื ื›ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
07:59
There is one key difference
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ื“
08:03
with the airplane patent pool.
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ืžืžืื’ืจ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”.
08:06
The Medicines Patent Pool is a voluntary mechanism.
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ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™.
08:11
The airplane patent holders were not left a choice
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
08:14
whether they'd license their patents or not.
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ืื ืœืชืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื• ืœื.
08:16
They were forced to do so.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:18
That is something that the Medicines Patent Pool cannot do.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืื’ืจ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
08:22
It relies on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies
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ื”ื•ื ื ืกืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
08:25
to license their patents and make them available
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ืœืชืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื
08:29
for others to use.
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:34
Today, Nelson Otwoma is healthy.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ื•ืžื” ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:39
He has access to antiretroviral drugs.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก.
08:43
His son will soon be 14 years old.
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ื‘ื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 14 ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
08:46
Nelson is a member of the expert advisory group
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ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื
08:49
of the Medicines Patent Pool,
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ืฉืœ ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
08:51
and he told me not so long ago,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ,
08:54
"Ellen, we rely in Kenya and in many other countries
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"ืืœืŸ, ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
08:59
on the Medicines Patent Pool to make sure
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
09:03
that new medicines also become available to us,
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ืฉื’ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•,
09:08
that new medicines, without delay, become available to us."
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ืฉืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™."
09:13
And this is no longer fantasy.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื—ืœื•ื.
09:17
Already, I'll give you an example.
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
09:21
In August of this year, the United States drug agency
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ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
09:25
approved a new four-in-one AIDS medication.
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ืื™ืฉืจื” ืชืจื•ืคืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ืื—ื“.
09:29
The company, Gilead, that holds the patents,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜, ื’ื™ืœื™ืื“,
09:31
has licensed the intellectual property to the Medicines Patent Pool.
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ื ืชื ื” ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืื’ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื”.
09:36
The pool is already working today, two months later,
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ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™,
09:40
with generic manufacturers to make sure that this product
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ืขื ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื”
09:43
can go to market at low cost
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืžื•ืš
09:46
where and when it is needed. This is unprecedented.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœื•. ื–ื” ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื.
09:49
This has never been done before.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
09:51
The rule is about a 10-year delay for a new product
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ื“ืฉ
09:55
to go to market in developing countries, if at all.
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
09:58
This has never been seen before.
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ื–ื” ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื.
10:02
Nelson's expectations are very high,
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“,
10:05
and quite rightly so. He and his son will need access
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง. ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื’ื™ืฉื”
10:10
to the next generation of antiretrovirals
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ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืจื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช
10:13
and the next, throughout their lifetime,
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ื•ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื, ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
10:16
so that he and many others in Kenya and other countries
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
10:21
can continue to live healthy, active lives.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.
10:25
Now we count on the willingness of drug companies
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
10:28
to make that happen. We count on those companies
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
10:31
that understand that it is in the interest, not only in the interest
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืก
10:34
of the global good, but also in their own interest,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขืฆืžืŸ,
10:37
to move from conflict to collaboration,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
10:43
and through the Medicines Patent Pool they can make that happen.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
10:46
They can also choose not to do that,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
10:49
but those that go down that road may end up
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ืžื•ืจ
10:56
in a similar situation the Wright brothers ended up with
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื’ืžืจื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช,
10:59
early last century, facing forcible measures
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ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื
11:02
by government. So they'd better jump now.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ. ืื– ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืงืคืฆื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
11:08
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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