请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
翻译人员: Myra Wang
校对人员: Cherish Xing
00:16
In 2002, a group of treatment activists met
1
16526
4489
2002年,一群医疗活动分子相聚在一起
00:21
to discuss the early development of the airplane.
2
21015
4030
讨论飞机的早期发展问题。
00:25
The Wright Brothers, in the beginning of the last century,
3
25045
4701
在上个世纪初,
00:29
had for the first time managed
4
29746
1702
怀特兄弟第一次成为
00:31
to make one of those devices fly.
5
31448
2572
让飞行器上天的人
00:34
They also had taken out numerous patents
6
34020
3263
他们当然也获得了众多
00:37
on essential parts of the airplane.
7
37283
1976
飞机主要部件的专利
00:39
They were not the only ones.
8
39259
1441
不过他们并不是唯一的专利人
00:40
That was common practice in the industry,
9
40700
3584
这是工业界的惯例
00:44
and those who held patents on airplanes
10
44284
2292
那些飞机专利的持有者
00:46
were defending them fiercely
11
46576
1156
便极力维护
00:47
and suing competitors left and right.
12
47732
3422
甚至投诉周围的竞争对手
00:51
This actually wasn't so great for the development of the aviation industry,
13
51154
4917
这一举动对航空工业的发展并没有好处
00:56
and this was at a time that in particular the U.S. government
14
56071
3306
而且当时正是美国政府
00:59
was interested in ramping up
15
59377
2557
意在扩大
01:01
the production of military airplanes.
16
61934
2689
军用飞机生产的时候
01:04
So there was a bit of a conflict there.
17
64623
2711
所以冲突也就不可避免
01:07
The U.S. government decided to take action,
18
67334
3239
美国政府随即采取行动
01:10
and forced those patent holders
19
70573
2332
迫使那些专利持有者们
01:12
to make their patents available to share with others
20
72905
4161
和他人共享专利
01:17
to enable the production of airplanes.
21
77066
5509
从而保障飞机的生产
01:22
So what has this
22
82575
2970
那么我说的这件事情
01:25
got to do with this?
23
85545
4020
与现在要提到的这个有什么关系呢?
01:29
In 2002, Nelson Otwoma, a Kenyan social scientist,
24
89565
5063
在2002年,一位叫尼尔森.奥特沃玛的肯尼亚社会学家
01:34
discovered he had HIV and needed access to treatment.
25
94628
5141
发现自己携带艾滋病病毒并需要治疗。
01:39
He was told that a cure did not exist.
26
99769
4235
但被告知这种病不可医治。
01:44
AIDS, he heard, was lethal,
27
104004
3203
他听说艾滋病是致命的,也是无药可救的。
01:47
and treatment was not offered. This was at a time
28
107207
3193
但当时的事实是
01:50
that treatment actually existed in rich countries.
29
110400
2768
在发达国家,疗法是存在的。
01:53
AIDS had become a chronic disease.
30
113168
2995
艾滋病被视为慢性疾病。
01:56
People in our countries here in Europe, in North America,
31
116163
3601
像在欧洲、北美的国家
01:59
were living with HIV, healthy lives.
32
119764
2945
艾滋病毒携带者同样可以健康地生活。
02:02
Not so for Nelson. He wasn't rich enough,
33
122709
2835
但对尼尔森来说却不行,因为他不够富有,
02:05
and not so for his three-year-old son, who he discovered a year later
34
125544
3972
他3岁的儿子在一年后也被诊断携带艾滋病病毒,
02:09
also had HIV.
35
129516
3240
同样得不到医治。
02:12
Nelson decided to become a treatment activist
36
132756
3420
尼尔森就此决定成为医疗活动分子
02:16
and join up with other groups.
37
136176
2129
并加入此类组织。
02:18
In 2002, they were facing a different battle.
38
138305
6343
他们在2002年遇到了不同的困境
02:24
Prices for ARVs, the drugs needed to treat HIV,
39
144648
4715
用于治疗艾滋病毒的抗逆转录病毒ARV的价格
02:29
cost about 12,000 [dollars] per patient per year.
40
149363
4397
约为每个患者每年一万两千美元。
02:33
The patents on those drugs were held
41
153760
2525
持有这种药品专利的
02:36
by a number of Western pharmaceutical companies
42
156285
5771
若干西方医药公司
02:42
that were not necessarily willing
43
162056
2921
却并不愿意
02:44
to make those patents available.
44
164977
3241
分享其专利。
02:48
When you have a patent, you can exclude
45
168218
2172
持有专利的公司,便可以把其它的任何公司
02:50
anyone else from making, from producing or making
46
170390
4729
排除在以低廉价格
02:55
low-cost versions, for example,
47
175119
2998
生产和制作
02:58
available of those medications.
48
178117
3576
这类的药品的范围之外
03:01
Clearly this led to patent wars breaking out
49
181693
4261
当然这也就导致专利大战
03:05
all over the globe.
50
185954
2958
在全球展开。
03:08
Luckily, those patents did not exist everywhere.
51
188912
3661
幸运的是,此类专利并不是到处都有
03:12
There were countries that did not recognize
52
192573
2392
很多国家并不认可
03:14
pharmaceutical product patents, such as India,
53
194965
2919
制药产品专利,拿印度来说,
03:17
and Indian pharmaceutical companies
54
197884
2521
印度的制药公司
03:20
started to produce so-called generic versions,
55
200405
3959
已开始生产所谓的通用(非专利)配方,
03:24
low-cost copies of antiretroviral medicines,
56
204364
4467
也就是廉价的抗逆转录病毒药品的复制品
03:28
and make them available in the developing world,
57
208831
3297
以供发展中国家使用
03:32
and within a year the price had come down
58
212128
2716
在一年之内,该药品的价格从
03:34
from 10,000 dollars per patient per year
59
214844
3786
每个患者每年一万美元
03:38
to 350 dollars per patient per year,
60
218630
2502
降到了350美元每个患者每年
03:41
and today that same triple pill cocktail
61
221132
3516
直至今天,同样的三联疗法
03:44
is available for 60 dollars per patient per year,
62
224648
2836
售价仅为每个患者每年60美元
03:47
and of course that started to have an enormous effect
63
227484
3364
这当然对于众多
03:50
on the number of people who could afford access
64
230848
3089
可以买得起此类药品的人
03:53
to those medicines.
65
233937
1490
意义深重。
03:55
Treatment programs became possible,
66
235427
2578
治疗方案从此得以实施
03:58
funding became available, and the number of people
67
238005
3114
基金到位,使用抗逆转录病毒药品的人数
04:01
on antiretroviral drugs started to increase very rapidly.
68
241119
6761
也迅速增加
04:07
Today, eight million people
69
247880
2713
今天,已有八百万人
04:10
have access to antiretroviral drugs.
70
250593
3116
可以使用抗逆转录病毒药物
04:13
Thirty-four million are infected with HIV.
71
253709
3982
现有三十四万人感染艾滋病病毒
04:17
Never has this number been so high,
72
257691
1999
这一数据史无前例
04:19
but actually this is good news,
73
259690
1242
不过这也是好消息
04:20
because what it means is people stop dying.
74
260932
2633
因为它表明患者的死亡率下降了
04:23
People who have access to these drugs stop dying.
75
263565
2320
买得起这类药品的人不再被判处死刑
04:25
And there's something else.
76
265885
1336
更好的是
04:27
They also stop passing on the virus.
77
267221
2784
他们可以杜绝病毒的传播
04:30
This is fairly recent science that has shown that.
78
270005
3662
这是最新的科学研究显示的
04:33
What that means is we have the tools
79
273667
2656
这意味着我们掌握了
04:36
to break the back of this epidemic.
80
276323
3757
防止这种传染性疾病的方法
04:40
So what's the problem?
81
280080
5269
那还有哪些问题存在呢?
04:45
Well, things have changed.
82
285349
1866
今非昔比啊
04:47
First of all, the rules have changed.
83
287215
3828
首先,规定改变了
04:51
Today, all countries are obliged to provide
84
291043
5931
各个国家都有责任向制药公司提供
04:56
patents for pharmaceuticals that last at least 20 years.
85
296974
4522
至少20年的专利使用权
05:01
This is as a result of the intellectual property rules
86
301496
2936
这是世界贸易组织对知识产权规则
05:04
of the World Trade Organization.
87
304432
2348
改变的结果
05:06
So what India did is no longer possible.
88
306780
3179
因此印度的做法也就不再成为可能
05:09
Second, the practice of patent-holding companies have changed.
89
309959
5337
其次,专利持有公司的惯例也得到改变
05:15
Here you see the patent practices
90
315296
4384
在这里你可以看到在世界贸易组织知识产权规则之前
05:19
before the World Trade Organization's rules, before '95,
91
319680
4089
95年之前
05:23
before antiretroviral drugs.
92
323769
2385
抗逆转录病毒药品出现之前的数据
05:26
This is what you see today,
93
326154
2700
这是今天的数据
05:28
and this is in developing countries, so what that means is,
94
328854
2688
这是发展中国家的数据,也就是说
05:31
unless we do something deliberate
95
331542
2423
除非我们刻意去做
05:33
and unless we do something now,
96
333965
2383
除非我们现在就改变
05:36
we will very soon be faced with another drug price crisis,
97
336348
5116
我们不久就会面临又一个药品价格危机
05:41
because new drugs are developed,
98
341464
2220
因为新药得以研发
05:43
new drugs go to market, but these medicines are patented
99
343684
3362
投入市场,而药品的专利
05:47
in a much wider range of countries.
100
347046
3069
在更广泛的国家范围得以注册
05:50
So unless we act, unless we do something today,
101
350115
4637
如果我们当下不采取措施
05:54
we will soon be faced [with] what some have termed
102
354752
3932
我们将很快面临人们所说的
05:58
the treatment time bomb.
103
358684
3044
医疗定时炸弹
06:01
It isn't only the number of drugs that are patented.
104
361728
4859
我说的不仅是专利药品的数量
06:06
There's something else that can really scare
105
366587
2783
还有很多因素会使
06:09
generic manufacturers away.
106
369370
1841
通用(非专利)药品制造商望而却步
06:11
This shows you a patent landscape.
107
371211
4001
这是一个专利的分布图
06:15
This is the landscape of one medicine.
108
375212
3684
它仅代表一种药品
06:18
So you can imagine that if you are a generic company
109
378896
2601
假想你是一个通用药品制造商
06:21
about to decide whether to invest
110
381497
1993
要决定是否投资
06:23
in the development of this product, unless you know
111
383490
3136
开发该药品
06:26
that the licenses to these patents
112
386626
2503
除非你有把握
06:29
are actually going to be available,
113
389129
2498
得到其专利许可证
06:31
you will probably choose to do something else.
114
391627
3052
你可能会三思而后行
06:34
Again, deliberate action is needed.
115
394679
3933
所以我强调,我们需要行动
06:38
So surely
116
398612
2397
所以假如
06:41
if a patent pool could be established
117
401009
3927
我们真的可以建立一个专利库
06:44
to ramp up the production of military airplanes,
118
404936
4061
来扩大军用飞机的生产
06:48
we should be able to do something similar
119
408997
3534
我们同样可以
06:52
to tackle the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
120
412531
3707
解决艾滋病病毒/艾滋病的传播
06:56
And we did.
121
416238
2063
而且我们做到了
06:58
In 2010, UNITAID established the Medicines Patent Pool
122
418301
5389
2010年,国际药品采购机制成立了艾滋病病毒
07:03
for HIV.
123
423690
3483
医药专利库
07:07
And this is how it works:
124
427173
1629
它是这样运作的:
07:08
Patent holders, inventors
125
428802
3671
专利持有者,发明者
07:12
that develop new medicines
126
432473
3845
对其发明的新药
07:16
patent those inventions,
127
436318
2566
申请专利保护
07:18
but make those patents available
128
438884
1751
但将这些药品专利
07:20
to the Medicines Patent Pool. The Medicines Patent Pool
129
440635
2973
与药品专利库共享
07:23
then license those out to whoever needs access to those patents.
130
443608
3815
再把许可证发放给需要使用该专利的人
07:27
That can be generic manufacturers.
131
447423
1676
比如通用药品制造商
07:29
It can also be not-for-profit drug development agencies,
132
449099
3813
也可以是非营利性药品开发代理商
07:32
for example.
133
452912
1477
等等
07:34
Those manufacturers can then sell those medicines
134
454389
2514
这些制造商则将这些药品或治疗方案
07:36
at much lower cost to people who need access to them,
135
456903
5049
以更加低廉的价格
07:41
to treatment programs that need access to them.
136
461952
2572
出售给任何需要的患者
07:44
They pay royalties over the sales to the patent holders,
137
464524
4176
他们给专利持有者支付专利使用费
07:48
so they are remunerated for sharing their intellectual property.
138
468700
10329
作为共享知识产权的报酬
07:59
There is one key difference
139
479029
4058
这件事与飞机专利库的
08:03
with the airplane patent pool.
140
483087
3360
关键区别在于
08:06
The Medicines Patent Pool is a voluntary mechanism.
141
486447
4917
药品专利库是自发机制
08:11
The airplane patent holders were not left a choice
142
491364
3432
飞机专利持有者没有权利选择
08:14
whether they'd license their patents or not.
143
494796
1640
是否提供专利许可证
08:16
They were forced to do so.
144
496436
2204
他们的行为是被迫的
08:18
That is something that the Medicines Patent Pool cannot do.
145
498640
3922
这在药品专利库则不能实行的
08:22
It relies on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies
146
502562
3352
我们需要依赖制药公司的自发性
08:25
to license their patents and make them available
147
505914
3570
为他人提供并分享
08:29
for others to use.
148
509484
4540
他们的专利使用权
08:34
Today, Nelson Otwoma is healthy.
149
514024
5165
今天,尼尔森恢复了健康
08:39
He has access to antiretroviral drugs.
150
519189
3982
他可以买到抗逆转录病毒药物
08:43
His son will soon be 14 years old.
151
523171
3777
他的儿子也很快年满14岁
08:46
Nelson is a member of the expert advisory group
152
526948
2570
尼尔森成为了一个药品专利库
08:49
of the Medicines Patent Pool,
153
529518
2459
专家咨询小组的成员
08:51
and he told me not so long ago,
154
531977
2101
不久前他告诉我
08:54
"Ellen, we rely in Kenya and in many other countries
155
534078
5541
“艾伦,在肯尼亚和其他很多国家
08:59
on the Medicines Patent Pool to make sure
156
539619
3399
我们依赖药品专利库,
09:03
that new medicines also become available to us,
157
543018
5512
保障我们也能得到新的药品
09:08
that new medicines, without delay, become available to us."
158
548530
5389
而且能在第一时间得到新的药品”
09:13
And this is no longer fantasy.
159
553919
3359
这已不再是幻想
09:17
Already, I'll give you an example.
160
557278
4479
我这就给你举个例子吧
09:21
In August of this year, the United States drug agency
161
561757
3458
今年的八月,美国药品代理商
09:25
approved a new four-in-one AIDS medication.
162
565215
3949
通过了一种新的四合一的艾滋病药物
09:29
The company, Gilead, that holds the patents,
163
569164
2705
持有该专利的吉利德公司
09:31
has licensed the intellectual property to the Medicines Patent Pool.
164
571869
4236
就把知识产权共享给了药品专利库
09:36
The pool is already working today, two months later,
165
576105
3927
专利库已经开始工作,两个月后,
09:40
with generic manufacturers to make sure that this product
166
580032
3105
就会有仿制药品制作商保证
09:43
can go to market at low cost
167
583137
3149
将该产品以低价
09:46
where and when it is needed. This is unprecedented.
168
586286
3410
及时并准确地推向需求市场
09:49
This has never been done before.
169
589696
1940
这是前所未有的。
09:51
The rule is about a 10-year delay for a new product
170
591636
3719
通常情况下,一种新药在发展中国家要等10年
09:55
to go to market in developing countries, if at all.
171
595355
2971
才成为可能并最终上市
09:58
This has never been seen before.
172
598326
4033
这是前所未有的。
10:02
Nelson's expectations are very high,
173
602359
3504
尼尔森的期望很高
10:05
and quite rightly so. He and his son will need access
174
605863
4269
这理所应当
10:10
to the next generation of antiretrovirals
175
610132
3089
他和儿子需要下一代的抗逆转录病毒药物
10:13
and the next, throughout their lifetime,
176
613221
3107
再下一代,甚至一生
10:16
so that he and many others in Kenya and other countries
177
616328
4678
所以他和众多肯尼亚和其他国家的人
10:21
can continue to live healthy, active lives.
178
621006
4432
可以继续过健康积极的生活
10:25
Now we count on the willingness of drug companies
179
625438
3220
我们当下需要依靠药品公司的自发行为
10:28
to make that happen. We count on those companies
180
628658
2622
实现这一愿望
10:31
that understand that it is in the interest, not only in the interest
181
631280
3420
我们期望这些公司意识到这不仅符合
10:34
of the global good, but also in their own interest,
182
634700
3184
全球福利的需要,也符合他们自己的利益
10:37
to move from conflict to collaboration,
183
637884
5714
通过药品专利库
10:43
and through the Medicines Patent Pool they can make that happen.
184
643598
2881
化冲突为合作
10:46
They can also choose not to do that,
185
646479
3396
当然他们也可以拒绝
10:49
but those that go down that road may end up
186
649875
6211
不过拒绝的结果可能会导致类似
10:56
in a similar situation the Wright brothers ended up with
187
656086
2924
怀特兄弟在上个世纪所面临的处境
10:59
early last century, facing forcible measures
188
659010
3834
那就是政府的强迫政策
11:02
by government. So they'd better jump now.
189
662844
5182
所以我提议现在就加入吧
11:08
Thank you. (Applause)
190
668026
3337
谢谢(鼓掌)
New videos
关于本网站
这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。