Shereen El-Feki: How to fight an epidemic of bad laws

Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Jenny Zurawell

Prevodilac: Jovana Kentic Lektor: Vesna Savić

Let's begin with a story.

Hajde da počnemo s jednom pričom.

Once upon a time --

Nekada davno -

well actually less than two years ago --

u stvari, pre manje od dve godine -

in a kingdom not so very far away,

u kraljevstvu ne tako dalekom,

there was a man

živeo je čovek

who traveled many miles

koji je prešao mnogo kilometara

to come to work at the jewel in the kingdom's crown --

da bi dospeo da radi u dragulju kraljevske krune -

an internationally famous company.

međunarodno poznatoj kompaniji.

Let's call it Island Networks.

Nazvaćemo je „Island Networks“.

Now this kingdom had many resources

To kraljevstvo je imalo mnogo sredstava

and mighty ambitions,

i velikih ambicija,

but the one thing it lacked was people.

ali jedna stvar koja joj je manjkala bili su ljudi.

And so it invited workers from around the world

I tako je pozvano mnogo radnika iz celog sveta

to come and help it build the nation.

da dođu i pomognu u izgradnji nacije.

But in order to enter and to stay

Ali, da bi došli tamo i ostali

these migrants had to pass a few tests.

doseljenici su morali da prođu nekoliko ispita.

And so it was, our man presented himself

I tako je i bilo. Junak naše priče pojavio se

to authorities in the kingdom,

pred nadležnima kraljevstva,

looking forward to settling into his new life.

radujući se svom novom životu.

But then something unexpected happened.

A onda se nešto neočekivano dogodilo.

The medical personnel who took blood samples from the man

Medicinsko osoblje koje je uzelo uzorak njegove krvi

never actually told him what they were testing for.

nikada mu nije reklo na šta ga testiraju.

He wasn't offered counseling before or after the test,

Nije mu ponuđeno savetovanje ni pre ni posle testa,

which is best medical practice.

što je uobičajena medicinska procedura.

He was never informed of the results of the test.

Nikada nije obavešten o rezultatima testa.

And yet, a couple of weeks later,

Ipak, par nedelja kasnije,

he was picked up and taken to prison

ljudi su došli po njega i odveli ga u pritvor

where he was subjected to a medical exam,

gde je podvrgnut medicinskom ispitivanju,

including a full-body search

koje je uključilo ispitivanje čitavog tela

in full view of the others in the cell.

pred svim prisutnim u ćeliji.

He was released, but then a day or two later,

Oslobođen je, ali dan ili dva kasnije

he was taken to the airport and he was deported.

odveden je na aerodrom i deportovan.

What on earth did this man do

Šta je, zaboga, taj čovek uradio

to merit this treatment?

da zasluži ovakav tretman?

What was his terrible crime?

Koji je bio njegov užasni zločin?

He was infected with HIV.

Bio je zaražen HIVom.

Now the kingdom is one of about 50 countries

To kraljevstvo je jedno od pedesetak zemalja

that imposes restrictions on the entry or stay

koje je postavilo ograničenja na ulazak i boravak

of people living with HIV.

osoba koje žive s HIVom.

The kingdom argues

Kraljevstvo tvrdi

that its laws allow it to detain or deport foreigners

da mu njegovi zakoni dozvoljavaju da zadrži ili deportuje strance

who pose a risk to the economy

koji predstavljaju rizik po njegovu privredu,

or the security or the public health

bezbednost, javno zdravlje

or the morals of the state.

ili moral države.

But these laws, when applied to people living with HIV,

Ali ti zakoni, primenjeni na ljude koji žive s HIVom,

are a violation of international human rights agreements

jesu kršenje internacionalnog sporazuma o ljudskim pravima

to which these countries are signatories.

koji su te zemlje potpisale.

But you know what?

Ali, znate šta?

Matters of principle aside,

Ako ostavimo principe po strani,

practically speaking, these laws drive HIV underground.

realno gledano, ti zakoni teraju HIV u podzemlje.

People are less likely to come forth

Manje je verovatno da će se osobe odlučiti na to

to be tested or treated or to disclose their condition,

da budu testirane ili lečene, ili da otkriju svoje stanje,

none of which helps these individuals

a ni jedno ni drugo neće pomoći ni njima kao jedinkama,

or the communities these laws purport to protect.

ni zajednicama koje ti zakoni nazovi štite.

Today we can prevent the transmission of HIV.

Danas se prenošenje HIVa može sprečiti.

And with treatment, it is a manageable condition.

Uz terapiju, to oboljenje je moguće kontrolisati.

We are very far from the days

Daleko smo od vremena

when the only practical response to dread disease

kada je jedini logičan odgovor na ozbiljna oboljenja

was to have banished the afflicted --

bio prognati obolele -

like this, "The Exile of the Leper."

poput ovoga: „Progon gubavaca“.

So you tell me why, in our age of science,

Recite mi zašto, u našem dobu nauke,

we still have laws and policies

još uvek imamo zakone i norme

which come from an age of superstition.

koji potiču iz doba sujeverja.

Time for a quick show of hands.

Vreme je za brzo podizanje ruku.

Who here has been touched by HIV --

Ko je ovde dolazio u kontakt s HIVom -

either because you yourself have the virus

bez obzira na to da li vi lično imate virus

or you have a family member or a friend or a colleague

ili imate člana porodice, prijatelja ili kolegu

who is living with HIV?

koji živi s HIVom?

Hands up.

Ruke gore.

Wow. Wow.

Opa.

That's a significant number of us.

Brojni smo.

You know better than anyone

Znate bolje od bilo koga

that HIV brings out

da HIV budi ono

the best and the worst in humanity.

najbolje i ono najgore u čoveku.

And the laws reflect these attitudes.

Zakoni oslikavaju te stavove.

I'm not just talking about laws on the books,

Ne mislim samo na zakone ispisane u knjigama,

but laws as they are enforced on the streets

već na zakone koji važe na ulici

and laws as they are decided in the courts.

i one kojima se odlučuje na sudu.

And I'm not just talking about laws

Ne mislim samo na zakone

as they relate to people living with HIV,

koji se odnose na osobe koje žive s HIVom,

but people who are at greatest risk of infection --

već i na osobe koje su pod najvećim rizikom da budu zaražene -

people such as those who inject drugs or sex workers

osobe poput onih koje ubrizgavaju drogu, ili koje pružaju seksualne usluge,

or men who have sex with men

muškarcima koji imaju odnose sa muškarcima,

or transgendered persons

transrodnim osobama,

or migrants or prisoners.

doseljenicima, zatvorenicima.

And in many parts of the world that includes women and children

U mnogim delovima sveta to uključuje žene i decu

who are especially vulnerable.

koji su posebno osetljiva grupa.

Now there are laws in many parts of the world

Postoje zakoni u mnogim delovima sveta

which reflect the best of human nature.

koji odražavaju ono najbolje u ljudskoj prirodi.

These laws treat people touched by HIV

Ti zakoni tretiraju osobe pogođene HIVom

with compassion and acceptance.

sa saosećanjem i prihvatanjem.

These laws respect universal human rights

Ti zakoni poštuju univerzalna ljudska prava

and they are grounded in evidence.

i utemeljeni su na dokazima.

These laws ensure that people living with HIV

Ti zakoni osiguravaju da osobe koje žive s HIVom

and those at greatest risk

i oni koji su izloženi riziku

are protected from violence and discrimination

budu zaštićeni od nasilja i diskriminacije

and that they get access to prevention and to treatment.

i da imaju pristup prevenciji i lečenju.

Unfortunately, these good laws

Nažalost, dobri zakoni

are counter-balanced by a mass

su suprotstavljeni gomili

of really bad law --

zaista loših zakona -

law which is grounded in moral judgement

zakona utemeljenih na moralnoj osudi,

and in fear and in misinformation,

strahu i pogrešnoj informisanosti.

laws which specifically punish people living with HIV

To su zakoni koji ciljano kažnjavaju ljude koji žive s HIVom

or those at greatest risk.

ili one koji podležu najvećem riziku.

These laws fly in the face of science,

Ti zakoni su sušta suprotnost nauci,

and they are grounded in prejudice

zasnovani su na predrasudama,

and in ignorance and in a rewriting of tradition

neznanju, prepravljanju tradicije

and a selective reading of religion.

i selektivnom tumačenju religije.

But you know what? You don't have to take my word for it.

Znate šta? Ne morate mi verovati na reč.

We're going to hear from two people

Saslušaćemo dvoje ljudi

who are on the sharp end of the law.

koji su izvukli deblji kraj tih zakona.

The first is Nick Rhoades. He's an American.

Prvi je Nik Rouds. On je Amerikanac.

And he was convicted under the U.S. State of Iowa's law

Zakonom Savezne države Ajove osuđen je

on HIV transmission and exposure --

za izlaganje i širenje HIVa,

neither of which offense he actually committed.

iako ništa od toga nije počinio.

(Video) Nick Rhoades: If something is against the law

(Snimak) Nik Rouds: Ako je nešto nezakonito

then that is telling society

onda to govori društvu

that is unacceptable, that's bad behavior.

da je to neprihvatljivo, da je to loše.

And I think the severity of that punishment

I mislim da jačina te kazne

tells you how bad you are as a person.

govori koliko ste loša osoba.

You're a class B felon,

Ti si prestupnik niže klase,

lifetime sex offender.

doživotni seksualni prestupnik.

You are a very, very, very bad person.

Ti si veoma, veoma, veoma loša osoba.

And you did a very, very, very bad thing.

I učinio si veoma, veoma, veoma lošu stvar.

And so that's just programmed into you.

Onda je to prosto programirano u vas.

And you go through the correctional system

Prolazite kroz popravni sistem

and everyone's telling you the same thing.

u kome vam svi govore istu stvar.

And you're just like, I'm a very bad person.

Dok i vi ne kažete sebi: „Ja sam veoma loša osoba.“

Shereen El-Feki: It's not just a question

Šerin El-Feki: To nije samo pitanje

of unfair or ineffective laws.

nepravednih i beskorisnih zakona.

Some countries have good laws,

Neke zemlje imaju dobre zakone,

laws which could stem the tide of HIV.

zakone koji bi mogli da zaustave talas HIVa.

The problem is that these laws are flouted.

Problem je što se ti zakoni krše.

Because stigma gives unofficial license

Jer žigosanjem se nezvanično dozvoljava

to treat people living with HIV

da se osobe koje žive s HIVom

or those at greatest risk

ili oni pod najvećim rizikom da ga dobiju,

unlike other citizens.

ne tretiraju kao i ostali građani.

And this is exactly what happened

Upravo to se dogodilo

to Helma and Dongo from Namibia.

Hilmi Ndongo iz Namibije.

(Video) Hilma: I found out

(Snimak) Hilma: Saznala sam

when I went to the hospital for a pregnancy check-up.

kada sam otišla u bolnicu na pregled zbog trudnoće.

The nurse announced that every pregnant woman

Sestra je obznanila da svaka trudnica

must also be tested for HIV that day.

mora biti testirana i na HIV tog dana.

I took the test and the result showed I was positive.

Uradila sam test i rezultati su pokazali da sam pozitivna.

That's the day I found out.

Tog dana sam saznala.

The nurse said to me, "Why should you people bcome pregnant

Medicinska sestra me je upitala zašto sam zatrudnela

when you know you are HIV positive?

ako sam znala da sam HIV pozitivna.

Why are you pregnant when you are living positive?"

Zašto sam uopšte trudna ako živim pozitivna.

I am sure now that is the reason they sterilized me.

Sada sam sigurna da je to razlog zbog kog su me sterilisali.

Because I am HIV positive.

Jer sam HIV pozitivna.

They didn't give the forms to me

Nisu mi dali formulare,

or explain what was in the form.

niti mi objasnili šta u njima piše.

The nurse just came with it

Sestra ih je samo donela

already marked where I had to sign.

sa već naznačenim mestom na kom treba da potpišem.

And with the labor pain,

Zbog porođajnih bolova,

I didn't have the strength to ask them to read it to me.

nisam imala snage da ih zamolim da mi pročitaju šta tu piše.

I just signed.

Samo sam potpisala.

SE: Hilma and Nick and our man in the kingdom

Šerin El-Feki: Hilma i Nik i naš čovek iz kraljevstva

are among the 34 million people living with HIV

nalaze se među 34 miliona osoba koje žive s HIVom

according to recent estimates.

po najskorijim procenama.

They're the lucky ones

Oni imaju sreće

because they're still alive.

jer su još uvek živi.

According to those same estimates,

Po istim tim procenama

in 2010 1.8 million people died

2010. godine je umrlo 1,8 miliona osoba

of AIDS related causes.

koje su imale neke veze sa sidom.

These are terrible and tragic figures.

To su užasne i tragične cifre.

But if we look a little more broadly into the statistics,

Ali ako malo šire sagledamo statistiku,

we actually see some reason for hope.

vidimo da zapravo postoji razlog za nadu.

Looking globally, the number of new infections of HIV is declining.

Globalno, broj novozaraženih HIVom se smanjuje.

And looking globally as well,

Takođe gledano globalno,

deaths are also starting to fall.

broj smrti se takođe smanjuje.

There are many reasons for these positive developments,

Mnogo je razloga za te pozitivne događaje,

but one of the most remarkable

a među najneverovatnijima je

is in the increase in the number of people around the world

porast broja ljudi širom sveta

on anti-retroviral therapy,

koji koriste anti-retroviralnu terapiju,

the medicines they need to keep their HIV in check.

lekove koji su im potrebni da HIV drže pod kontrolom.

Now there are still many problems.

Ali i dalje postoje mnogi problemi.

Only about half of the people who need treatment

Samo polovina osoba kojima je terapija potrebna

are currently receiving it.

trenutno je i prima.

In some parts of the world --

U nekim delovima sveta -

like here in the Middle East and North Africa --

poput Bliskog Istoka i severne Afrike,

new infections are rising and so are deaths.

broj zaraženih raste, kao i njihova smrtnost.

And the money, the money we need

A novac, novac koji nam je potreban

for the global response to HIV,

da se na svetskom nivou izborimo s HIVom

that is shrinking.

polako nestaje.

But for the first time

Ali po prvi put

in three decades into this epidemic

u toku tri decenije ove epidemije

we have a real chance to come to grips with HIV.

imamo realne šanse da se s HIVom izborimo.

But in order to do that

Da bismo to uradili

we need to tackle an epidemic of really bad law.

moramo se izboriti s epidemijom loših zakona.

It's for this reason

Iz tog razloga je

that the Global Commission on HIV and the Law,

Globalna komisija za HIV i pravo,

of which I'm a member,

čiji sam član

was established by the agencies of the United Nations --

osnovana je od strane agencija Ujedinjenih nacija -

to look at the ways that legal environments

da sagleda način na koji pravosuđe

are affecting people living with HIV

utiče na ljude s HIVom

and those at greatest risk,

i one koji su pod najvećim rizikom,

and to recommend what should be done

i da preporuči šta treba da se uradi

to make the law an ally, not an enemy,

da bi zakon bio saveznik, a ne neprijatelj,

of the global response to HIV.

globalnom suočavanju s HIVom.

Let me give you just one example

Daću vam jedan primer

of the way a legal environment

kako zakonodavstvo

can make a positive difference.

može da napravi pozitivnu razliku.

People who inject drugs

Ljudi koji ubrizgavaju drogu

are one of those groups I mentioned.

jedna su od grupa koje sam pomenula.

They're at high risk of HIV

Oni su pod visokim rizikom da dobiju HIV

through contaminated injection equipment

preko zaražene opreme za ubrizgavanje

and other risk-related behaviors.

i drugih rizičnih aktivnosti koje obavljaju.

In fact, one in every 10 new infections of HIV

Zapravo, jedna od deset osoba koje se zaraze

is among people who inject drugs.

HIV dobije preko igle.

Now drug use or possession

Korišćenje i posedovanje droge

is illegal in almost every country.

ilegalno je u skoro svim zemljama.

But some countries take a harder line on this than others.

Ali neke zemlje imaju čvršći stav o ovome od ostalih.

In Thailand people who use drugs,

Na Tajlandu, ljudi koji koriste drogu,

or are merely suspected of using drugs,

ili su makar osumnjičeni za to,

are placed in detention centers,

smeštaju se u pritvorne jedinice

like the one you see here,

poput ove koju vidite,

where they are supposed to clean up.

gde bi trebalo da se očiste.

There is absolutely no evidence

Nema apsolutno nikakvih dokaza

to show that throwing people into detention

da zatvaranje ljudi

cures their drug dependence.

leči zavisnost.

There is, however, ample evidence

S druge strane, mnogo je dokaza

to show that incarcerating people

da zatvaranje ljudi

increases their risk of HIV and other infections.

povećava rizik od HIVa i drugih infekcija.

We know how to reduce HIV transmission and other risks

Znamo kako da smanjimo prenos HIVa i ostale rizike

in people who inject drugs.

kod ljudi koji ubrizgavaju drogu.

It's called harm reduction,

To se zove smanjenje štete

and it involves, among other things,

i uključuje, između ostalog,

providing clean needles and syringes,

obezbeđivanje čistih igala i špriceva,

offering opioid substitution therapy

nuđenje terapije zamenskim opioidima

and other evidence-based treatments

i druge dokazane tretmane

to reduce drug dependence.

koji smanjuju zavisnost od droga.

It involves providing information

To uključuje i pružanje informacija,

and education and condoms

potrebnog znanja i kondoma

to reduce HIV transmission,

da bi se smanjilo prenošenje HIVa,

and also providing HIV testing

ali takođe i obezbeđivanje testiranja na HIV,

and counseling and treatment

savetovanje i lečenje

should people become infected.

ukoliko se ispostavi da je osoba zaražena.

Where the legal environment allows for harm reduction

Tamo gde pravosuđe dozvoljava ublažavanje štete

the results are striking.

rezultati su zapanjujući.

Australia and Switzerland

Australija i Švajcarska

were two countries which introduced harm reduction

su dve zemlje koje su prve uvele tu praksu

very early on in their HIV epidemics,

na samom početku epidemije,

and they have a very low rate of HIV

i sada imaju jako nizak broj obolelih od HIVa

among injecting drug users.

među zavisnicima od igle.

The U.S. and Malaysia

SAD i Malezija

came to harm reduction a little later,

uvele su tu praksu malo kasnije,

and they have higher rates of HIV in these populations.

i imaju veći broj obolelih među tom populacijom.

Thailand and Russia, however,

Tajland i Rusija su se,

have resisted harm reduction

pak, oglušili o tu praksu

and have stringent laws

i imaju rigorozne zakone

which punish drug use.

koji kažnjavaju upotrebu droge.

And hey, surprise,

Zamislite! iznenađenje! Imaju i veoma

very high rates of HIV among people who are injecting drugs.

velik broj osoba s HIVom koje ubrizgavaju drogu.

At the Global Commission we have studied the evidence,

U Globalnoj komisiji smo proučavali dokaze

and we've heard the experiences

i čuli iskustva

of over 700 people from 140 countries.

preko sedamsto ljudi iz 140 zemalja.

And the trend? Well the trend is clear.

I kakva je praksa? Praksa je jasna.

Where you criminalize people living with HIV

Tamo gde se žigošu osobe s HIVom

or those at greatest risk,

ili one koje su pod većim rizikom

you fuel the epidemic.

epidemija se samo pospešuje.

Now coming up with a vaccine for HIV

Pronalaženje vakcine protiv HIVa

or a cure for AIDS --

ili leka za sidu -

now that's rocket science.

to je jako teško.

But changing the law isn't.

Ali menjanje zakona nije.

And in fact, a number of countries are starting to make progress

Zapravo, priličan broj zemalja počinje da pravi pomak

on a number of points.

na mnogim poljima.

To begin, countries need to review their legislation

Za početak, države treba da provere zakonodavstvo

as it touches HIV and vulnerable groups.

jer se tiče osoba s HIVom kao i ranjivih grupa.

On the back of those reviews,

Na osnovu te provere,

governments should repeal laws

vlade treba da ukinu zakone

that punish or discriminate against people living with HIV

koji kažnjavaju ili diskriminišu osobe koje žive s HIVom

or those at greatest risk.

ili su pod visokim rizikom da ga dobiju.

Repealing a law isn't easy,

Ukidanje zakona nije lak posao,

and it's particularly difficult

a posebno je težak tamo

when it relates to touchy subjects like drugs and sex.

gde je povezan sa osetljivim temama, poput droge i seksa.

But there's plenty you can do while that process is underway.

Mnogo se može uraditi dok taj proces traje.

One of the key points is to reform the police

Ključna stvar je reforma policije

so that they have better practices on the ground.

da bi na terenu rezultati bili bolji.

So for example, outreach workers

Na primer, da terenski radnici

who are distributing condoms to vulnerable populations

koji dele kondome ugroženima

are not themselves subject to police harassment

ne podlegnu policijskom maltretiranju,

or abuse or arbitrary arrest.

zlostavljanju ili nasumičnom hapšenju.

We can also train judges

Sudije se takođe mogu obučiti

so that they find flexibilities in the law

da pronalaze fleksibilnosti u zakonu,

and so that they rule on the side of tolerance

tako da budu na strani trpeljivosti

rather than prejudice.

pre nego predrasuda.

We can retool prisons

Zatvori se mogu snabdeti

so that HIV prevention and harm reduction

tako da prevencija HIVa i smanjenje štete

is available to prisoners.

budu dostupni i zatvorenicima.

The key to all this is reinforcing civil society.

Ključ svega je podsticanje društva,

Because civil society is key

jer je ono ključ

to raising awareness among vulnerable groups

podizanja svesti ranjivih grupa

of their legal rights.

o njihovim zakonskim pravima.

But awareness needs action.

Ali svest zahteva delanje.

And so we need to ensure

Moramo se osigurati

that these people who are living with HIV

da osobe koje žive s HIVom

or at greatest risk of HIV

ili su pod rizikom da ga dobiju

have access to legal services

imaju pristup zakonskim uslugama

and they have equal access to the courts.

i jednak pristup sudu.

And also important is talking to communities

Važno je i razgovarati sa zajednicama

so that we change interpretations

tako da promenimo interpretacije

of religious or customary law,

verskog i običajnog prava

which is too often used

koja se prečesto koriste

to justify punishment and fuel stigma.

kao opravdanje za kaznu i podsticanje žigosanja.

For many of us here

Za mnoge od nas ovde

HIV is not an abstract threat.

HIV ne predstavlja apstraktnu pretnju.

It hits very close to home.

Veoma nam je blisko.

The law, on the other hand,

Zakon, s druge strane,

can seem remote, arcane, the stuff of specialists,

deluje udaljeno, misteriozno, profesionalno,

but it isn't.

ali nije.

Because for those of us who live in democracies,

Nama koji živimo u demokratiji,

or in aspiring democracies,

ili težimo istoj,

the law begins with us.

zakon počinje od nas samih.

Laws that treat people living with HIV

Zakoni koji se s poštovanjem odnose prema osobama s HIVom

or those at greatest risk with respect

ili onima pod visokim rizikom,

start with the way that we treat them ourselves: as equals.

počinju od našeg odnosa prema njima: kao jednakima.

If we are going to stop the spread of HIV in our lifetime,

Ako planiramo da zaustavimo HIV za našeg života

then that is the change we need to spread.

to je promena koju moramo da širimo.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)