Talks Scott Kim takes apart the art of puzzles

Prevodilac: Marija Kojić Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

For the last 20 years I've been designing puzzles.

Poslednjih 20 godina dizajniram zagonetke.

And I'm here today to give you

I danas sam ovde da vas malo provedem,

a little tour, starting from the very first puzzle I designed,

od prve zagonetke koju sam dizajnirao,

through what I'm doing now.

do onoga što radim sada.

I've designed puzzles for books, printed things.

Dizajnirao sam zagonetke za knjige, štampane stvari.

I'm the puzzle columnist for Discover Magazine.

Ja pišem zagonetke za časopis Diskaver.

I've been doing that for about 10 years.

To radim već oko 10 godina.

I have a monthly puzzle calendar.

Imam mesečni kalendar zagonetki.

I do toys. The bulk of my work is in computer games.

Pravim igračke. Najviše radim na kompjuterskim igricama.

I did puzzles for "Bejeweled."

Radio sam zagonetke za igricu „Bidžuld”.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

I didn't invent "Bejeweled." I can't take credit for that.

Nisam izmislio „Bidžuld”. Ne mogu da preuzmem zasluge za to.

So, very first puzzle,

Dakle, prva zagonetka,

sixth grade, my teacher said,

šesti razred, moja nastavnica je rekla:

"Oh, let's see, that guy, he likes to make stuff.

„Da vidimo, onaj dečko voli da pravi stvari.

I'll have him cut out letters out of construction paper

On neka iseca slova od kolaž papira za tablu.”

for the board."

I thought this was a great assignment.

Mislio sam da je ovo sjajan zadatak.

And so here is what I came up with. I start fiddling with it.

I evo šta sam smislio. Počeo sam da se zabavljam sa tim.

I came up with this letter. This is a letter of the alphabet

Smislio sam ovo slovo. Ovo je slovo abecede

that's been folded just once.

koje je samo jednom presavijeno.

The question is, which letter is it if I unfold it?

Pitanje je, koje je to slovo kada ga odvijem?

One hint: It's not "L."

Mala pomoć: Nije „L“.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It could be an "L," of course.

Moglo bi da bude „L“, naravno.

So, what else could it be?

Dakle, šta drugo bi moglo da bude?

Yeah, a lot of you got it.

Da, dosta vas je pogodilo odgovor.

Oh yeah. So, clever thing.

O da. Dakle, zgodna stvar.

Now, that was my first puzzle. I got hooked.

To je bila moja prva zagonetka. Navukao sam se.

I created something new, I was very excited

Napravio sam nešto novo, bio sam veoma uzbuđen

because, you know, I'd made crossword puzzles,

jer, znate, pravio sam ukrštenice,

but that's sort of like filling in somebody else's matrix.

ali to je kao popunjavanje tuđe matrice.

This was something really original. I got hooked.

Ovo je bilo originalno. Navukao sam se.

I read Martin Gardner's columns in Scientific American.

Čitao sam kolumne Martina Gardnera u „Sajentifik Amerikan”.

Went on, and eventually decided to devote myself, full time, to that.

Nastavio sam i na kraju odlučio da posvetim puno radno vreme tome.

Now, I should pause and say, what do I mean by puzzle?

Da li da pauziram i objasnim na šta podrazumevam pod zagonetkama?

A puzzle is a problem that is fun to solve

Zagonetka je problem koji je zabavan za rešavanje

and has a right answer.

i ima tačan odgovor.

"Fun to solve," as opposed to everyday problems,

„Zabavan za rešavanje“ za razliku od svakodnevnih problema,

which, frankly, are not very well-designed puzzles.

koji, iskreno, nisu dobro dizajnirane zagonetke.

You know, they might have a solution.

Znate, možda imaju rešenje.

It might take a long time. Nobody wrote down the rules clearly.

Možda je potrebno dosta vremena. Niko nije zapisao pravila.

Who designed this?

Ko je ovo dizajnirao?

It's like, you know, life is not a very well-written story

Znate, život nije pažljivo napisana priča

so we have to hire writers to make movies.

pa mi moramo da unajmimo scenariste da naprave filmove.

Well, I take everyday problems, and I make puzzles out of them.

Dakle, ja uzimam svakodnevne probleme, i pravim zagonetke od njih.

And "right answer," of course there might be more than one right answer;

A „tačan odgovor”, naravno, može ih biti više od jednog.

many puzzles have more than one.

Mnoge zagonetke imaju više od jednog tačnog odgovora.

But as opposed to a couple other forms of play,

Ali za razliku od drugih vrsta igara,

toys and games --

igračaka i igrica -

by toy I mean, something you play with that doesn't have a particular goal.

pod igračkom mislim na nešto čime se igrate bez nekog cilja.

You can create one out of Legos.

Možete da je napravite od Lego kocaka.

You know, you can do anything you want.

Znate, možete da radite šta god hoćete.

Or competitive games like chess where,

Ili igre nadmetanja kao što je šah,

well, you're not trying to solve ... You can make a chess puzzle,

gde ne pokušavate da rešite... možete napraviti šahovsku zagonetku,

but the goal really is to beat another player.

ali pravi cilj je da se pobedi drugi igrač.

I consider that puzzles are an art form.

Smatram da su zagonetke umetnička forma.

They're very ancient. It goes back as long as there is written history.

Veoma su drevne. Datiraju od pojave prvih pisanih tragova.

It's a very small form, like a joke,

One su vrlo mala forma, kao šala,

a poem, a magic trick or a song, very compact form.

poema, magični trik ili pesma, one su vrlo kompaktna forma.

At worst, they're throwaways, they're for amusement.

U najgorem slučaju, one su jednokratne, za zabavu.

But at best they can reach for something more

U najboljem slučaju, mogu dostići nešto više

and create a memorable impression.

i ostaviti nezaboravan utisak.

The progression of my career that you'll see

Kao što ćete videte, moja karijera

is looking for creating puzzles that have a memorable impact.

se kretala u smeru dizajniranja zagonetki koje će ostaviti nezaboravan utisak.

So, one thing I found early on, when I started doing computer games,

Prva stvar koju sam otkrio kada sam počeo da pravim kompjuterske igice

is that I could create puzzles that will alter your perception.

je da mogu da napravim zagonetke koje će promeniti vaša opažanja.

I'll show you how. Here is a famous one.

Pokazaću vam kako. Ova je poznata.

So, it's two profiles in black, or a white vase in the middle.

Dakle, to su dva crna profila ili bela vaza u sredini.

This is called a figure-ground illusion.

Ovo se zove iluzija figure i pozadine.

The artist M.C. Escher exploited that

Umetnik M.K. Ešer je to iskoristio

in some of his wonderful prints.

u nekim svojim divnim grafikama.

Here we have "Day and Night."

Ovde imamo „Dan i noć”.

Here is what I did with figure and ground.

Evo šta sam uradio sa figurom i pozadinom.

So, here we have "figure" in black.

Dakle, imamo „figura“ u crnoj boji.

Here we have "figure" in white.

Ovde imamo „figura“ u beloj boji.

And it's all part of the same design.

I sve to je deo istog dizajna.

The background to one is the other.

Pozadina jedne je ona druga.

Originally I tried to do the words "figure" and "ground."

Prvo sam pokušao da uradim reči „figura“ i „pozadina“,

But I couldn't do that, I realized. I changed the problem.

ali shvatio sam da to ne mogu da uradim. Promenio sam problem.

It's all "figure."

Sve je „figura”.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

A few other things. Here is my name.

Još par drugih stvari. Ovo je moje ime.

And that turns into the title of my first book, "Inversions."

Koje se pretvori u naslov moje prve knjige, „Inverzije”.

These sorts of designs now go by the word "ambigram."

Ovakvi dizajni se sada vode kao „ambigrami”.

I'll show you just a couple others. Here we have

Pokazaću vam još par drugih.

Ovde imamo brojeve od 1 do 10, cifre od nula do devet, zapravo.

the numbers one through 10, the digits zero through nine, actually.

Each letter here is one of these digits.

Svako slovo je jedna cifra.

Not strictly an ambigram in the conventional sense.

Strogo gledano, ovo nije ambigram u uobičajnom smislu.

I like pushing on what an ambigram can mean.

Volim da pomeram granice onoga što ambigram znači.

Here's the word "mirror." No, it's not the same upside-down.

Reč „ogledalo”. Ne čita se isto naopako.

It's the same this way.

Čita se isto ovako.

And a marvelous fellow from the Media Lab

I divan čovek iz „Media Laba”

who just got appointed head of RISD, is John Maeda.

koji je upravo postavljen za šefa škole dizajna u Roud Ajlendu, Džon Maeda.

And so I did this for him. It's sort of a visual canon.

Ovo sam uradio za njega. Vrsta vizuelnog topa.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And recently in Magic magazine

I nedavno sam za časopis „Magija”

I've done a number of ambigrams on magician's names.

napravio par ambigrama od imena mađioničara.

So here we have Penn and Teller, same upside-down.

Ovde imamo imena Pen i Teler koja se čitaju isto i naopako.

Ovo se pojavljuje u mom kalendaru sa zagonetkama.

This appears in my puzzle calendar.

Okay, let's go back to the slides.

U redu, da se vratimo na slajdove.

Thank you very much.

Puno vam hvala.

Sada, ovo je zabavno za gledanje.

Now, those are fun to look at.

Now how would you do it interactively?

A kako biste se time bavili interaktivno?

For a while I was an interface designer.

Neko vreme sam bio dizajner interfejsa,

And so I think a lot about interaction.

tako da puno razmišljam o interakciji.

Well, let's first of all simplify the vases illusion,

Prvo pojednostavimo iluziju sa vazama,

make the thing on the right.

rešimo problem na desnoj slici.

Now, if you could pick up the black vase,

Sada, ako biste podigli crnu vazu,

it would look like the figure on top.

ličila bi na figuru na vrhu.

If you could pick up the white area,

Ako biste podigli beli deo slike,

it would look like the figure on the bottom.

ličio bi na figuru na dnu.

Well, you can't do that physically,

To fizički ne možete uraditi, ali na kompjuteru možete.

but on a computer you can do it. Let's switch over to the P.C.

Hajde da se prebacimo na pi-si.

And here it is, figure-ground.

I evo ih, figura i pozadina.

The goal here is to take the pieces on the left

Cilj je da se uzmu delovi sa leve strane

and make them so they look like the shape on the right.

i rasporede tako da liče na oblik sa desne strane.

And this follows the rules I just said:

Ovim se prate pravila koja sam sada naveo:

any black area that is surrounded by white can be picked up.

svaka crna oblast okružena belim može se podići.

But that is also true of any white area.

A to je tako i za bilo koju belu oblast.

So, here we got the white area in the middle,

Dakle, ovde imamo belu oblast u sredini,

and you can pick it up.

i možete je podići.

I'll just go one step further.

Ja ću otići korak dalje.

So, here is --

Dakle, ovde je --

here is a couple pieces. Move them together,

par delova. Kada ih pomerimo zajedno,

and now this is an active piece.

sada je ovo aktivan deo.

You can really get inside somebody's perception

Možete baš da uđete u nečiju percepciju

and have them experience something.

i izazovete da iskuse nešto.

It's like the old maxim of

Kao stara izreka:

"you can tell somebody something

„možete nekome nešto reći i pokazati mu,

and show them, but if they do it they really learn it."

a ako sam to uradi onda stvarno i nauči.“

Here is another thing you can do.

Evo još nešto što možete da uradite.

There is a game called Rush Hour.

Ova igra se zove „Gužva“.

This is one of the true masterpieces in puzzle design

Ovo je pravo remek delo u dizajniranju zagonetki

besides Rubik's cube.

pored Rubikove kocke.

So, here we have a crowded parking lot

Dakle, ovde imamo pretrpan parking

with cars all over the place.

sa automobilima na sve strane.

The goal is to get the red car out. It's a sliding block puzzle.

Cilj je da se crveni auto izbaci. Ovo je klizeća slagalica.

It's made by the company Think Fun.

Pravi je kompanija „Mislite zabavno“.

It's done very well. I love this puzzle.

Veoma je dobro urađena. Volim ovu slagalicu.

Well, let's play one. Here. So, here is a very simple puzzle.

Pa, hajde da odigramo jednu partiju. Evo, ovo je jednostavna slagalica.

Well, that's too simple, let's add another piece.

Ovo je prelako, da dodamo jos jedan deo. Okej, kako biste rešili ovo?

Okay, so how would you solve this one?

Well, move the blue one out of the way.

Pa, pomerimo plavi deo sa puta.

Here, let's make it a little harder. Still pretty easy.

Evo, namestićemo da bude malo teže. Još uvek vrlo lako.

Now we'll make it harder, a little harder.

Sada ćemo namestiti da bude teže, malo teže.

Now, this one is a little bit trickier.

Sada, ovo je malo komplikovanije.

You know? What do you do here?

Znate li? Šta se ovde radi?

The first move is going to be what?

Koji će biti prvi potez?

You're going to move the blue one up in order to get the lavender one to the right.

Pomerićete plavi deo nagore da biste deo boje lavande pomerili nadesno.

And you can make puzzles like this one that aren't solvable at all.

Možete napraviti slične slagalice koje je nemoguće rešiti.

Those four are locked in a pinwheel; you can't get them apart.

Ove četiri su zaključane, ne možete ih razdvojiti.

I wanted to make a sequel.

Hteo sam da napravim nastavak.

I didn't come up with the original idea. But this is another way

Nisam prvobitni tvorac ideje, ali ovo je još jedan način

I work as an inventor is to create a sequel.

da radim kao pronalazač, da napravim nastavak.

I came up with this. This is Railroad Rush Hour.

Ovo sam ja smislio. Ovo je „Železnička gužva“.

It's the same basic game except I introduced a new piece,

Igra je u osnovi ista, ali sam ja ubacio novi deo,

a square piece that can move both horizontally and vertically.

četvrtasti deo koji se može pomerati horizontalno i vertikalno.

In the other game the cars can only move forward and back.

U drugoj igri, automobili se mogu pomerati samo napred i nazad.

Created a whole bunch of levels for it.

Napravio sam gomilu nivoa za igru.

Now I'm making it available to schools.

Sada je dostupna u školama.

And it includes exercises that show you

Uključuje vežbe koje vam pokazuju

not just how to solve these puzzles,

ne samo kako da rešite ove zagonetke,

but how to extract the principles that will let you solve

već i kako da izvučete principe koji vam pomažu da rešite

mathematical puzzles or problems in science, other areas.

matematičke zagonetke ili probleme u nauci, drugim oblastima.

So, I'm really interested in you learning how to make your own puzzles

Dakle, veoma me zanima da naučite

kako da napravite sopstvene zagonetke, kao i samo njihovo stvaranje.

as well as just me creating them.

Garry Trudeau calls himself an investigative cartoonist.

Geri Trudo naziva sebe istražnim crtačem stripova.

You know, he does a lot of research before he writes a cartoon.

Znate, dosta istražuje pre nego što napiše strip.

In Discover Magazine, I'm an investigative puzzle maker.

U časopisu Diskaver, ja sam istražni dizajner zagonetki.

I got interested in gene sequencing.

Zainteresovao sam se za genetsko sekvenciranje, i rekoh:

And I said, "Well, how on Earth can you come up with a sequence

„Pa, kako uopšte mogu smisliti sekvencu baznih parova DNK?“

of the base pairs in DNA?"

Cut up the DNA, you sequence individual pieces,

Izrežete DNK, sekvencirate pojedinačne delove,

and then you look for overlaps,

i onda tražite preklapanja,

and you basically match them at the edges. And I said,

i u suštini ih samo spojite po ivicama.

"This is kind of like a jigsaw puzzle, except the pieces overlap."

I rekao sam: „Ovo je poput slagalice, osim što se delovi preklapaju.“

So, here is what I created for Discover Magazine.

Dakle, evo šta sam osmislio za časopis Diskaver

And it has to be solvable in a magazine.

I mora biti rešivo u časopisu.

You know, you can't cut out the pieces and move them around.

Znate, ne možete isecati delove i pomerati ih.

So, here is the nine pieces. And you're supposed to put them into this grid.

Dakle, evo devet delova. I treba da ih postavite u ovu mrežu.

And you have to choose pieces that overlap on the edge.

I treba da izaberete delove koji se preklapaju na ivici.

There is only one solution. It's not that hard.

Postoji samo jedno rešenje.

Nije tako teško, ali potrebno je nešto upornosti.

But it takes some persistence.

And when you're done, it makes this design,

I kada završite, dobijete ovaj dizajn.

which, if you squint, is the word "helix."

koji, ako zaškiljite, jeste reč „helix“.

So, that's the form of the puzzle coming out of the content,

Dakle, to je oblik zagonetke koja proizilazi iz sadržaja,

rather than the other way around.

umesto obrnuto.

Here is a couple more. Here is a physics-based puzzle.

Evo još nekoliko. Ovo je zagonetka zasnovana na fizici.

Which way will these fall?

Na koju stranu će oni pasti?

One of these weighs 50 pounds, 30 pounds and 10 pounds.

Jedna teži 22,7 kg, druga 13,6 kg i treća 4,5 kg.

And depending on which one weighs which amount,

I zavisno od toga koliko je koja teška,

they'll fall different directions.

svaka će pasti na drugu stranu.

And here is a puzzle based on color mixing.

Evo zagonetke zasnovane na mešanju boja.

I separated this image into cyan, magenta, yellow, black,

Razdvojo sam ovu sliku na zeleno-plavu, purpurno crvenu, žutu, crnu,

the basic printing colors, and then mixed up the separations,

osnovne štamparske boje, a zatim pomešao odvojene boje,

and you get these peculiar pictures.

i dobijete ove ove čudne slike.

Which separations were mixed up to make those pictures?

Koje odvojene boje su pomešane da se naprave ove slike?

Gets you thinking about color.

Počnete misliti o boji.

Finally, what I'm doing now. So, ShuffleBrain.com,

Na kraju, ono što sada radim. Dakle, ShuffleBrain.com,

website you can go visit, I joined up with my wife, Amy-Jo Kim.

stranica koju možete posetiti,

udružio sam se sa svojom ženom Ejmi-Džo Kim.

She could easily be up here giving a talk about her work.

Ona bi lako mogla biti ovde i govoriti o svom radu.

So, we're making smart games for social media.

Dakle, pravimo pametne igre za društvene mreže.

I'll explain what that means. We're looking at three trends.

Objasniću šta to znači. Posmatramo tri trenda.

This is what's going on in the games industry right now.

Ovo je ono što se trenutno dešava u industriji igara.

First of all, you know, for a long time

Prvo, znate, dugo vremena,

computer games meant things like "Doom,"

kompjuterske igrice bile su poput igre „Dum“,

where you're going around shooting things, very violent games, very fast,

gde idete okolo pucajući u stvari, vrlo nasilne igre, vrlo brze,

aimed at teenage boys. Right? That's who plays computer games.

namenjene tinejdžerima. Jel' tako?

Oni igraju kompjuterske igrice. Pa, pogodite šta? Vremena se menjaju.

Well, guess what? That's changing.

"Bejeweled" is a big hit. It was the game that really broke open

„Bidžuld“ je veliki hit.

To je bila igra koja je otvorila vrata onome što nazivamo neobaveznim igrama.

what's called casual games.

And the main players are over 35, and are female.

I igrači su uglavnom žene preko 35 godina.

Then recently "Rock Band" has been a big hit.

I tek objavljeni „Rok bend“ je veliki hit.

And it's a game you play with other people.

To je igra koju igrate sa drugim ljudima.

It's very physical. It looks nothing like a traditional game.

Vrlo je fizička. Uopšte nije kao tradicionalne igre.

This is what's becoming the dominant form of electronic gaming.

Ovo postaje dominatni oblik elektronskih igara.

Now, within that there is some interesting things happening.

U okviru toga ima zanimljivih dešavanja.

There is also a trend towards games that are good for you.

Postoji takođe i trend igara koje su korisne za vas.

Why? Well, we aging Boomers,

Zašto? Pa, mi iz bum generacije,

Baby Boomers, we're eating our healthy food,

bebi-bum generacije, mi jedemo zdravu hranu, vežbamo.

we're exercising. What about our minds?

Šta je sa našim umovima?

Oh no, our parents are getting Alzheimer's. We better do something.

O ne! Naši roditelji obolevaju od Alchajmera. Treba nešto da preduzmemo.

Turns out doing crossword puzzles can stave off some of the effects of Alzheimer's.

Ispostavlja se da rešavanje ukrštenica može da odloži neke simptome Alchajmera.

So, we got games like "Brain Age" coming out for the Nintendo DS, huge hit.

Dakle, dobili smo igre kao „Doba mozga“ za Nintendo DS, veliki hit.

A lot of people do Sudoku. In fact some doctors prescribe it.

Mnogo ljudi rešava Sudoku. Zapravo, neki lekari ga prepisuju.

And then there is social media, and what's happening on the Internet.

Zatim, tu su društvene mreže, i šta se događa na internetu.

Everybody now considers themselves a creator,

Svi se danas smatraju stvaraocima,

and not just a viewer.

a ne samo posmatračima.

And what does this add up to?

I na šta se to svodi?

Here is what we see coming.

Evo šta mi predviđamo.

It's games that fit into a healthy lifestyle.

Igre koje se uklapaju u zdrav stil života.

They're part of your life. They're not necessarily a separate thing.

One su deo vašeg života. Nisu nužno odvojene od njega.

And they are both, something that is good for you, and they're fun.

I jedno i drugo predstavljaju nešto što je dobro za vas, i zabavne su.

I'm a puzzle guy. My wife is an expert in social media.

Ja sam čovek za zagonetke. Moja žena je ekspert za društvene mreže.

And we decided to combine our skills.

Odlučili smo da udružimo naše veštine.

Our first game is called "Photo Grab." The game takes about a minute and 20 seconds.

Prva igra nam se zove „Uhvati fotku“. Traje oko minut i 20 sekundi.

This is your first time playing my game. Okay.

Ovo vam je prvi put da igrate moju igru. Okej.

Let's see how well we can do. There are three images.

Hajde da vidimo kako se snalazite. Postoje tri slike.

And we have 24 seconds each.

Imamo 24 sekunde za svaku.

Where is that?

Gde je to?

I'll play as fast as I can.

Igraću najbrže što mogu.

But if you can see it, shout out the answer.

Ali ako ga vidite, viknite odgovor.

You get more -- Down, okay, yeah where is that?

Ima još - Dole, dobro, gde je to?

Oh, yeah. There, okay. J-O and --

O, da. Tu je, ok. Dž-O i -

I guess that's that part. We got the bow. That bow helps.

Pretpostavljam da je to taj deo. Imamo mašnicu, ona pomaže.

That's his hair. You get a lot of figure-ground problems.

To je njegova kosa. Imate dosta problema za pozadinom.

Yeah, that one is easy. Okay. So, ahhh! Okay on to the next one.

Da, ovo je lako. Okej. Dakle, aaa! Okej, idemo na sledeću.

Okay, so that's the lens.

Okej, dakle, to su sočiva.

Anybody?

Zna li neko?

Looks like a black shape. So, where is that?

Izgleda kao crni oblik. Dakle, gde je to?

That's the corner of the whole thing.

To je ugao cele slike.

Yeah, I've played this image before,

Da, igrao sam ranije ovu sliku,

but even when I make up my own puzzles --

ali čak i kada smišljam sopstvene zagonetke -

and you can put your own images in here.

I vi možete ovde da postavite svoje slike.

And we have people all over the world doing that now.

Postoje ljudi širom sveta koji ovo sada rade.

There we are. Visit ShuffleBrain.com

To je to.

Posetite ShuffleBrain.com ako želite ovo sami da probate.

if you want to try it yourself. Thank you.

(Applause)

Hvala vam.

(Aplauz)