Talks Scott Kim takes apart the art of puzzles

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG

For the last 20 years I've been designing puzzles.

Zadnjih 20 godina dizajniram zagonetke.

And I'm here today to give you

I danas sam ovdje kako bih vam dao

a little tour, starting from the very first puzzle I designed,

malu turneju, počevši od prve zagonetke koju sam dizajnirao,

through what I'm doing now.

do onoga što radim sada.

I've designed puzzles for books, printed things.

Dizajnirao sam zagonetke za knjige, tiskane stvari.

I'm the puzzle columnist for Discover Magazine.

Ja sam kolumnist zagonetki za časopis Discover.

I've been doing that for about 10 years.

To radim već 10 godina.

I have a monthly puzzle calendar.

Imam mjesečni kalendar zagonetki.

I do toys. The bulk of my work is in computer games.

Radim igračke. Dio mog rada je u računalnim igrama.

I did puzzles for "Bejeweled."

Radio sam zagonetke za igru "Bejeweled."

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

I didn't invent "Bejeweled." I can't take credit for that.

Nisam izmislio "Bejeweled." Ne mogu si pripisati zasluge za to.

So, very first puzzle,

Dakle, prva zagonetka,

sixth grade, my teacher said,

šesti razred, moja učiteljica rekla je,

"Oh, let's see, that guy, he likes to make stuff.

"Oh, da vidimo, ovaj dečko, on voli izrađivati stvari.

I'll have him cut out letters out of construction paper

Dat ću mu da sječe slova iz konstrukcijskog papira

for the board."

za ploču."

I thought this was a great assignment.

Mislio sam kako je to odličan zadatak.

And so here is what I came up with. I start fiddling with it.

I evo što sam smislio. Počeo sam se igrati s tim.

I came up with this letter. This is a letter of the alphabet

Smislio sam ovo slovo. Ovo je slovo abecede

that's been folded just once.

koje je preklopljeno samo jednom.

The question is, which letter is it if I unfold it?

Pitanje je, koje je to slovo ako ga rasklopim?

One hint: It's not "L."

Jedan trag: Nije "L."

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

It could be an "L," of course.

Može biti "L," naravno.

So, what else could it be?

Dakle, što bi još moglo biti?

Yeah, a lot of you got it.

Da, puno toga ste shvatili.

Oh yeah. So, clever thing.

Da. Jako pametna stvar.

Now, that was my first puzzle. I got hooked.

To je bila moja prva zagonetka. Navukao sam se.

I created something new, I was very excited

Stvorio sam nešto novo, bio sam jako uzbuđen

because, you know, I'd made crossword puzzles,

jer, znate, radio bih križaljke,

but that's sort of like filling in somebody else's matrix.

ali to je bilo kao da popunjavaš tuđu matricu.

This was something really original. I got hooked.

Ovo je bilo nešto stvarno originalno. Navukao sam se.

I read Martin Gardner's columns in Scientific American.

Čitao sam kolumne Martna Gardnera u Scientific Americanu.

Went on, and eventually decided to devote myself, full time, to that.

Išao dalje, i s vremenom odlučio posvetiti se, u potpunosti, tome.

Now, I should pause and say, what do I mean by puzzle?

Sad moram napraviti pauzu i reći na što mislim kad kažem zagonetka?

A puzzle is a problem that is fun to solve

Zagonetka je problem koji je zabavno riješiti

and has a right answer.

i ima pravi odgovor.

"Fun to solve," as opposed to everyday problems,

"Zabavno za rješavati," nasuprot svakodnevnim problemima,

which, frankly, are not very well-designed puzzles.

koji, zapravo, i nisu vrlo dobro dizajnirane zagonetke.

You know, they might have a solution.

Znate, možda imaju rješenje.

It might take a long time. Nobody wrote down the rules clearly.

Možda je potrebno puno vremena. Nitko nije zapisao jasna pravila.

Who designed this?

Tko je ovo dizajnirao?

It's like, you know, life is not a very well-written story

To je kao, znate, život nije dobro napisana priča

so we have to hire writers to make movies.

pa moramo unajmiti pisce da rade filmove.

Well, I take everyday problems, and I make puzzles out of them.

Pa, ja uzimam svakodnevne probleme, i radim zagonetke od njih.

And "right answer," of course there might be more than one right answer;

I "pravi odgovor," naravno može biti više od jednog pravog odgovora;

many puzzles have more than one.

mnoge zagonetke imaju više od jednog.

But as opposed to a couple other forms of play,

Ali nasuprot par drugih načina igranja,

toys and games --

igračaka i igara --

by toy I mean, something you play with that doesn't have a particular goal.

pod igračka mislim, nešto s čime se igraš a nema određen cilj.

You can create one out of Legos.

Možete kreirati jednu od Lego kocaka.

You know, you can do anything you want.

Znate, možete napraviti što god želite.

Or competitive games like chess where,

Ili natjecateljske igre kao što je šah gdje,

well, you're not trying to solve ... You can make a chess puzzle,

pa, ne pokušavate riješiti ... možete napraviti šahovsku zagonetku,

but the goal really is to beat another player.

ali cilj je zapravo pobijediti drugog igrača.

I consider that puzzles are an art form.

Smatram kako su zagonetke vid umjetnosti.

They're very ancient. It goes back as long as there is written history.

One su vrlo drevne. Vraćaju se dokle god ima pisane povijesti.

It's a very small form, like a joke,

To je vrlo mala forma, poput šale,

a poem, a magic trick or a song, very compact form.

pjesme, magičnog trika ili pjesme, vrlo kompaktna forma.

At worst, they're throwaways, they're for amusement.

U najgorem slučaju, tu su za odbaciti, za zabavu.

But at best they can reach for something more

Ali u najboljem slučaju mogu posegnuti za nečim više

and create a memorable impression.

i stvoriti upečatljiv dojam.

The progression of my career that you'll see

Napredak moje karijere koji ćete vidjeti

is looking for creating puzzles that have a memorable impact.

jest traženje stvaranja zagonetke koje imaju upečatljiv dojam.

So, one thing I found early on, when I started doing computer games,

Dakle, jedna stvar koju sam otkrio u početku, kada sam počeo raditi računalne igre,

is that I could create puzzles that will alter your perception.

je kako mogu kreirati zagonetku koja će vam promijeniti percepciju.

I'll show you how. Here is a famous one.

Pokazat ću vam kako. Ovdje je jedna slavna.

So, it's two profiles in black, or a white vase in the middle.

Dakle, to su dva profila u crnom, ili bijela vaza u sredini.

This is called a figure-ground illusion.

Ovo se zove iluzija osnovne figure.

The artist M.C. Escher exploited that

Umjetnik M. C. Escher iskoristio je to

in some of his wonderful prints.

u nekim od svojih prekrasnih radova.

Here we have "Day and Night."

Ovdje imamo "Dan i noć."

Here is what I did with figure and ground.

Evo što sam ja učinio s osnovnim figurama i pozadinom.

So, here we have "figure" in black.

Dakle, ovdje imamo "figuru" u crnom.

Here we have "figure" in white.

Ovdje imamo "figuru" u bijelom.

And it's all part of the same design.

I to je sve dio istog dizajna.

The background to one is the other.

Pozadina jednom je drugo.

Originally I tried to do the words "figure" and "ground."

U originalu pokušao sam riječi "figura" i "pozadina".

But I couldn't do that, I realized. I changed the problem.

Ali nisam mogao to napraviti, shvatio sam. Promijenio sam problem.

It's all "figure."

To je sve "figura".

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

A few other things. Here is my name.

Još nekoliko stvari. Ovo je moje ime.

And that turns into the title of my first book, "Inversions."

I to se pretvara u ime moje prve knjige, "Inverzije."

These sorts of designs now go by the word "ambigram."

Ovakve vrste dizajna sada se zovu "ambigrami".

I'll show you just a couple others. Here we have

Pokazat ću vam još samo nekoliko. Ovdje imamo

the numbers one through 10, the digits zero through nine, actually.

brojeve od jedan do 10, brojke od nula do devet, zapravo.

Each letter here is one of these digits.

Svako slovo ovdje je jedna od ovih brojki.

Not strictly an ambigram in the conventional sense.

Nije strogo ambigram u konvencionalnom smislu.

I like pushing on what an ambigram can mean.

Volim pomicati granice onoga što ambigram može značiti.

Here's the word "mirror." No, it's not the same upside-down.

Ovdje je riječ "zrcalo". Ne, nije jednaka naopako.

It's the same this way.

Ista je ovako.

And a marvelous fellow from the Media Lab

I jedan divan momak iz Media Laba

who just got appointed head of RISD, is John Maeda.

kojeg su upravo zaposlili kao voditelja RISD-a, John Maeda.

And so I did this for him. It's sort of a visual canon.

I ovo sam napravio za njega. To je neka vrsta vizaulnog kanonika.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And recently in Magic magazine

I nedavno u Magic časopisu

I've done a number of ambigrams on magician's names.

napravio sam velik broj ambigrama s imenima mađioničara.

So here we have Penn and Teller, same upside-down.

Dakle imamo ovdje Penn i Teller, isto naopako.

This appears in my puzzle calendar.

Ovo se pojavljuje u mom kalendaru zagonetki.

Okay, let's go back to the slides.

U redu, vratimo se slajdovima.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam puno.

Now, those are fun to look at.

Sad, ovi su zanimljivi za gledanje.

Now how would you do it interactively?

Kako biste ih napravili interaktivno?

For a while I was an interface designer.

Neko vrijeme bio sam dizajner sučelja.

And so I think a lot about interaction.

Tako da razmišljam puno o interakciji.

Well, let's first of all simplify the vases illusion,

Dakle, prvo pojednostavimo iluziju vaza,

make the thing on the right.

napravimo stvar s lijeve strane.

Now, if you could pick up the black vase,

Sad kad biste mogli pokupiti crnu vazu,

it would look like the figure on top.

izgledalo bi kao ovo što vidite na vrhu.

If you could pick up the white area,

Ako biste mogli pokupiti bijelo područje,

it would look like the figure on the bottom.

izgledalo bi kao ono što vidite na dnu.

Well, you can't do that physically,

Pa, ne možete to napraviti fizički,

but on a computer you can do it. Let's switch over to the P.C.

ali na računalu to možete napraviti. Prebacimo se na računalo.

And here it is, figure-ground.

I evo ga, tu je iluzija.

The goal here is to take the pieces on the left

Cilj ovdje je uzeti komade s lijeve strane

and make them so they look like the shape on the right.

i napraviti ih tako da izgledaju kao oblik s desne strane.

And this follows the rules I just said:

I ovo slijedi pravila koja sam upravo rekao:

any black area that is surrounded by white can be picked up.

svako crno područje koje je okruženo bijelim može se pokupiti.

But that is also true of any white area.

Ali to je isto tako istinito za bilo koje bijelo područje.

So, here we got the white area in the middle,

Dakle, ovdje imamo bijelo područje u sredini,

and you can pick it up.

i možete ga podići.

I'll just go one step further.

Otići ću samo korak dalje.

So, here is --

Dakle, ovdje je --

here is a couple pieces. Move them together,

ovdje je nekoliko komada. Pomaknem ih skupa,

and now this is an active piece.

i sada je ovo aktivni komad.

You can really get inside somebody's perception

Možete stvarno ući u nečiju percepciju

and have them experience something.

i možete ih navesti da iskuse nešto.

It's like the old maxim of

To je kao stari princip

"you can tell somebody something

"možete nekome reći nešto

and show them, but if they do it they really learn it."

i pokazati im, ali ako to naprave sami onda stvarno nauče."

Here is another thing you can do.

Ovdje je još jedna stvar koju možete učiniti.

There is a game called Rush Hour.

Postoji igra koja se zove 'Gužva'.

This is one of the true masterpieces in puzzle design

Ovo je jedno od pravih remek djela u dizajnu zagonetki

besides Rubik's cube.

pored Rubikove kocke.

So, here we have a crowded parking lot

Dakle, ovdje imamo nakrcano parkiralište

with cars all over the place.

s autima posvuda.

The goal is to get the red car out. It's a sliding block puzzle.

Cilj je crveni auto izvući van. To je zagonetka s pomičnim blokovima.

It's made by the company Think Fun.

Napravila ju je tvrtka Think Fun.

It's done very well. I love this puzzle.

Napravljena je jako dobro, volim ovu zagonetku.

Well, let's play one. Here. So, here is a very simple puzzle.

Pa, idemo odigrati jednu. Evo. Dakle, ovo je jako jednostavna zagonetka.

Well, that's too simple, let's add another piece.

Pa, to je prejednostavno, dodajmo još jedan komad.

Okay, so how would you solve this one?

U redu, kako biste ovo riješili?

Well, move the blue one out of the way.

Pa, pomaknut ćemo plavu s puta.

Here, let's make it a little harder. Still pretty easy.

Evo, sad ćemo to učiniti malo težim. Još uvijek prilično lagano.

Now we'll make it harder, a little harder.

Sad ćemo učiniti da bude teže, malo teže.

Now, this one is a little bit trickier.

Ovaj je malo nezgodniji.

You know? What do you do here?

Znate? Što radite ovdje?

The first move is going to be what?

Što će biti prvi potez?

You're going to move the blue one up in order to get the lavender one to the right.

Pomaknut ćete plavu gore kako biste ovu ljubičastu pomaknuli u desno.

And you can make puzzles like this one that aren't solvable at all.

I možete raditi zagonetke poput ove koje uopće nisu rješive.

Those four are locked in a pinwheel; you can't get them apart.

Ove četiri su zaključane, ne možete ih razdvojiti.

I wanted to make a sequel.

Htio sam napraviti nastavak.

I didn't come up with the original idea. But this is another way

Nisam smislio originalnu ideju. Ali ovo je još jedan način

I work as an inventor is to create a sequel.

na kojem radim kao izumitelj kako bih stvorio nastavak.

I came up with this. This is Railroad Rush Hour.

Ovo sam ja smislio. Ovo je 'Željeznička gužva'.

It's the same basic game except I introduced a new piece,

To je ista osnovna igra, ali sam ja uveo novi dio,

a square piece that can move both horizontally and vertically.

četvrtasti komad koji može ići i horizontalno i vertikalno.

In the other game the cars can only move forward and back.

U drugim igrama auti idu samo naprijed i natrag.

Created a whole bunch of levels for it.

Stvorio sam hrpu razina za to.

Now I'm making it available to schools.

Sada ih činim dostupnim u školama.

And it includes exercises that show you

I to uključuje vježbe koje vam pokazuju

not just how to solve these puzzles,

ne samo kako riješiti ove zagonetke,

but how to extract the principles that will let you solve

već kako izvući principe koji će vam dozvoliti da riješite

mathematical puzzles or problems in science, other areas.

matematikčke zagonetke ili probleme u znanosti, drugim područjima.

So, I'm really interested in you learning how to make your own puzzles

Dakle, ja sam zainteresiran naučiti vas kako napraviti vlastite zagonetke

as well as just me creating them.

kao što me zanima i samo njihovo stvaranje.

Garry Trudeau calls himself an investigative cartoonist.

Garry Trudeau naziva sebe istražujućim crtačem.

You know, he does a lot of research before he writes a cartoon.

Znate, on puno istražuje prije nego nacrta crtani film ili animaciju.

In Discover Magazine, I'm an investigative puzzle maker.

U časopisu Discover, ja sam istražujući stvaratelj zagonetaka.

I got interested in gene sequencing.

Zainteresiralo me gensko sekvenciranje.

And I said, "Well, how on Earth can you come up with a sequence

I rekao sam, "Pa, kako mogu smisliti sekvencu

of the base pairs in DNA?"

baznih parova DNK?"

Cut up the DNA, you sequence individual pieces,

Ako izrežeš DNK, sekvenciraš individualne dijelove,

and then you look for overlaps,

i onda tražiš preklapanja,

and you basically match them at the edges. And I said,

i u biti poklapaš ih na rubovima. i rekao sam,

"This is kind of like a jigsaw puzzle, except the pieces overlap."

"Ovo je poput slagalice, samo što se dijelovi preklapaju."

So, here is what I created for Discover Magazine.

Dakle, evo što sam stvorio za časopis Discover.

And it has to be solvable in a magazine.

I mora biti rješivo u časopisu.

You know, you can't cut out the pieces and move them around.

Znate, ne možete izrezati dijelove i pomicati ih uokolo.

So, here is the nine pieces. And you're supposed to put them into this grid.

Dakle, tu je devet dijelova, i potrebno ih je složiti u ovu mrežu.

And you have to choose pieces that overlap on the edge.

I morate odabrati dijelove koji se preklapaju na rubu.

There is only one solution. It's not that hard.

Postoji samo jedno rješenje. Nije tako teško.

But it takes some persistence.

Ali zahtjeva određenu dozu ustrajnosti.

And when you're done, it makes this design,

I kada završite, nastaje ovaj dizajn,

which, if you squint, is the word "helix."

koji je, ako zaškiljite, riječ "helix."

So, that's the form of the puzzle coming out of the content,

Dakle, to je forma zagonetke koja proizlazi iz sadržaja,

rather than the other way around.

radije nego da je obrnuto.

Here is a couple more. Here is a physics-based puzzle.

Ovdje je još nekoliko. Ovdje je zagonetka bazirana na fizici.

Which way will these fall?

Na koju stranu će oni pasti?

One of these weighs 50 pounds, 30 pounds and 10 pounds.

Jedna teži 22,68 kg, druga je 13,61 kg a treća je 4,54 kg.

And depending on which one weighs which amount,

I ovisno o tome koliko koji teži,

they'll fall different directions.

padaju u raznim smjerovima.

And here is a puzzle based on color mixing.

I ovdje je zagonetka koja se zasniva na mješanju boja.

I separated this image into cyan, magenta, yellow, black,

Razdvojio sam ovu sliku u cian, magentu, žutu, crnu,

the basic printing colors, and then mixed up the separations,

osnovne boje kod tiskanja, i pomiješao odvojene boje,

and you get these peculiar pictures.

i dobijete ove čudne slike.

Which separations were mixed up to make those pictures?

Koje odvojene boje su pomiješane kako bi se dobile ove slike?

Gets you thinking about color.

Počnete misliti o boji.

Finally, what I'm doing now. So, ShuffleBrain.com,

Konačno, ono što sada radim. Dakle, ShuffleBrain.com,

website you can go visit, I joined up with my wife, Amy-Jo Kim.

stranica koju možete posjetiti, udružio sam se sa svojom ženom, Amy-Jo Kim.

She could easily be up here giving a talk about her work.

Ona bi lako mogla biti ovdje gore govoriti o svom radu.

So, we're making smart games for social media.

Dakle, radimo pametne igre za socijalne medije.

I'll explain what that means. We're looking at three trends.

Pojasnit ću vam što to znači. Gledamo tri trenda.

This is what's going on in the games industry right now.

Ovo je ono što se događa u industriji igara sada.

First of all, you know, for a long time

Kao prvo, znate, dugo vremena

computer games meant things like "Doom,"

računalne igrice značile su stvari poput "Doom",

where you're going around shooting things, very violent games, very fast,

gdje idete uokolo i pucate u stvari, vrlo nasilne igre, vrlo brze,

aimed at teenage boys. Right? That's who plays computer games.

ciljana grupa su bili tinejdžeri, dječaci. Je li tako? To je skupina koja igra računalne igre.

Well, guess what? That's changing.

Pa, znate što? To se mijenja.

"Bejeweled" is a big hit. It was the game that really broke open

"Bejeweled" je veliki hit. To je bila igra koja je otvorila

what's called casual games.

ono što nazivamo usputne igre.

And the main players are over 35, and are female.

I glavni igrači su stariji od 35, i žene su.

Then recently "Rock Band" has been a big hit.

Sad nedavno "Rock Band" je bio veliki hit.

And it's a game you play with other people.

I to je igra koju igraš s drugim ljudima.

It's very physical. It looks nothing like a traditional game.

Vrlo je fizička. Ne izgleda kao tradicionalne igre.

This is what's becoming the dominant form of electronic gaming.

Ovo je postalo dominantan oblik elektroničkog igranja.

Now, within that there is some interesting things happening.

Sada, unutar toga događaju se neke zanimljive stvari.

There is also a trend towards games that are good for you.

Postoji i trend prema igrama koje su dobre za vas.

Why? Well, we aging Boomers,

Zašto? Pa, mi ostarjeli Baby Boomeri,

Baby Boomers, we're eating our healthy food,

koji želimo ostati vječno mladi, jedemo našu zdravu hranu,

we're exercising. What about our minds?

vježbamo. Ali što je s našim umom?

Oh no, our parents are getting Alzheimer's. We better do something.

O ne, naši roditelji su dobili Alzheimerovu bolest. Poduzmimo nešto.

Turns out doing crossword puzzles can stave off some of the effects of Alzheimer's.

Izgleda kako rješavanje križaljki može odgoditi neke učinke Alzheimera.

So, we got games like "Brain Age" coming out for the Nintendo DS, huge hit.

Pa imamo igre kao što je "Brain Age" koji izlazi za Nintendo DS, velik hit.

A lot of people do Sudoku. In fact some doctors prescribe it.

Velik broj ljudi rješava Sudoku. Zapravo, neki doktori ih propisuju.

And then there is social media, and what's happening on the Internet.

I tu su socijalni mediji, i ono što se događa na Internetu.

Everybody now considers themselves a creator,

Svi smatraju same sebe kreatorima,

and not just a viewer.

i ne samo gledateljem.

And what does this add up to?

i što na kraju dobivamo?

Here is what we see coming.

Ovo je ono što vidimo da dolazi.

It's games that fit into a healthy lifestyle.

To su igre koje se uklapaju u zdrav životni stil.

They're part of your life. They're not necessarily a separate thing.

One su dio vašeg života. Nisu nužno odvojena stvar.

And they are both, something that is good for you, and they're fun.

I one su i dobre za vas a i zabavne.

I'm a puzzle guy. My wife is an expert in social media.

Ja sam čovjek od zagonetki. Moja žena je stručnjak za društvene medije.

And we decided to combine our skills.

I mi smo odlučili udružiti naše vještine.

Our first game is called "Photo Grab." The game takes about a minute and 20 seconds.

Naša prva igra se zove "Photo Grab". Igra traje oko minutu i 20 sekundi.

This is your first time playing my game. Okay.

Ovo je prvi put da igrate moju igru. U redu.

Let's see how well we can do. There are three images.

Sad ćemo vidjeti koliko dobri možemo biti. Postoje tri slike.

And we have 24 seconds each.

I imamo 24 sekunde svatko.

Where is that?

Gdje je to?

I'll play as fast as I can.

Igrat ću najbrže što mogu.

But if you can see it, shout out the answer.

Ali ako vidite, viknite odgovor.

You get more -- Down, okay, yeah where is that?

Dobivate više -- Dolje, u redu, da, gdje je to?

Oh, yeah. There, okay. J-O and --

O da. Ondje, u redu. J-O i --

I guess that's that part. We got the bow. That bow helps.

Mislim da je to taj dio. Dobili smo luk. Taj luk pomaže.

That's his hair. You get a lot of figure-ground problems.

Ovo je kosa. Dobijete dosta problema s osnovnim figurama.

Yeah, that one is easy. Okay. So, ahhh! Okay on to the next one.

Da, ovaj je lagan. U redu. Dakle, ahhh! U redu idemo na sljedeću.

Okay, so that's the lens.

U redu, to je leća.

Anybody?

Netko?

Looks like a black shape. So, where is that?

Izgleda kao crni oblik. Dakle, gdje je to?

That's the corner of the whole thing.

To je ugao čitave stvari.

Yeah, I've played this image before,

Da, igrao sam ovu sliku prije,

but even when I make up my own puzzles --

ali čak i kad napravim vlastitu zagonetku --

and you can put your own images in here.

a možete staviti vlastite slike ovdje.

And we have people all over the world doing that now.

I sada imamo ljude po čitavom svijetu koji to čine.

There we are. Visit ShuffleBrain.com

Eto. Tu smo. Posjetite ShuffleBrain.com

if you want to try it yourself. Thank you.

ako želite sami probati. Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)