Toni Griffin: A new vision for rebuilding Detroit

Prevodilac: Srdjana Sredojevic Lektor: Mile Živković

By 2010, Detroit had become the poster child

Do 2010. Detroit je postao istaknuti primer

for an American city in crisis.

američkog grada koga je zahvatila nevolja.

There was a housing collapse,

Nastao je stambeni kolaps,

an auto industry collapse,

kolaps u automobilskoj industriji

and the population had plummeted by 25 percent

i populacija je opala za 25%

between 2000 and 2010,

između 2000. i 2010.

and many people were beginning to write it off,

i mnogi ljudi su ga otpisali

as it had topped the list of American shrinking cities.

jer je izbio na vrh liste američkih gradova koji se smanjuju.

By 2010, I had also been asked by

Do 2010, fondacija Krezgi i grad Detroit

the Kresge Foundation and the city of Detroit

su me pitali

to join them in leading a citywide planning process

da im se pridružim u vođenju procesa koji je obuhvatao ceo grad

for the city to create a shared vision for its future.

u svrhu stvaranja vizije grada u budućnosti.

I come to this work

Pristupila sam poslu

as an architect and an urban planner,

kao arhitekta i projektant

and I've spent my career working in other contested cities,

i karijeru sam provela radeći u suparničkim gradovima

like Chicago, my hometown;

kao što je Čikago, moj rodni grad;

Harlem, which is my current home;

Harlem, grad u kom trenutno živim;

Washington, D.C.; and Newark, New Jersey.

Vašington, Njuark, Nju Džerzi.

All of these cities, to me, still had a number

Po mom mišljenju, svi ovi gradovi još uvek imaju

of unresolved issues related to urban justice,

izvestan broj nerešenih problema vezanih za urbanizam,

issues of equity, inclusion and access.

probleme vezane za kapital, inkluziju i priključenje.

Now by 2010, as well,

Sada, do 2010,

popular design magazines were also beginning

popularni časopisi o dizajnu su takođe počeli da

to take a closer look at cities like Detroit,

pažljivije posmatraju gradove kao što je Detroit,

and devoting whole issues to "fixing the city."

i pažnju usmeravaju na ''popravljanje grada''.

I was asked by a good friend, Fred Bernstein,

Moj dobar prijatelj Fred Bernstajn me je pitao

to do an interview for the October issue

da uradim intervju za oktobarsko izdanje

of Architect magazine,

časopisa ''Arhitekta'',

and he and I kind of had a good chuckle

i on i ja smo se baš nasmejali

when we saw the magazine released with the title,

kad je izašao časopis s naslovom

"Can This Planner Save Detroit?"

''Može li ovaj projektant da sačuva Detroit?''

So I'm smiling with a little bit of embarrassment right now,

Sada se smejem, ali me je malo sramota,

because obviously, it's completely absurd

jer, očigledno, potpuno je apsurdno

that a single person, let alone a planner,

da jedna osoba, projektant,

could save a city.

može da spase grad.

But I'm also smiling because I thought it represented

Ali se takođe smejem jer sam mislila da to predstavlja

a sense of hopefulness that our profession

neku vrstu nade da naše zanimanje

could play a role in helping the city to think about

može da pomogne čitavom gradu

how it would recover from its severe crisis.

da se oporavi od strašnih nevolja.

So I'd like to spend a little bit of time this afternoon

Stoga bih želela da iskoristim još malo vremena ovog poslepodneva

and tell you a little bit about our process

i da vam kažem ponešto o procesu koji vodimo

for fixing the city, a little bit about Detroit,

da bismo popravili grad, da vam kažem nešto o Detroitu

and I want to do that through the voices of Detroiters.

i to želim da uradim kroz glasove građana Detroita.

So we began our process in September of 2010.

Dakle, proces smo počeli u septembru 2010.

It's just after a special mayoral election,

To je usledilo odmah posle posebnog izbora za gradonačelnika,

and word has gotten out that there is going to be

i proširilo se da će

this citywide planning process,

da počne proces planiranja koji se tiče celog grada,

which brings a lot of anxiety and fears

koji je uneo mnogo straha i nemira

among Detroiters.

među građane Detroita.

We had planned to hold a number of community meetings in rooms like this

Nameravali smo da održimo nekoliko zajedničkih sastanaka u ovakvim sobama

to introduce the planning process,

da bismo predstavili proces planiranja,

and people came out from all over the city,

i došli su ljudi iz svih delova grada

including areas that were stable neighborhoods,

uključujući i četvrti koje su se dobro držale,

as well as areas that were beginning to see

kao i delove grada u kojima se naziralo

a lot of vacancy.

mnogo upražnjenog mesta.

And most of our audience was representative

I većina naše publike su bili

of the 82 percent African-American population

predstavnici Afro-američke populacije koja je činila 82% grada

in the city at that time.

u to vreme.

So obviously, we have a Q&A portion of our program,

Dakle, očigledno je da imamo deo s pitanjima i odgovorima o našem programu,

and people line up to mics to ask questions.

i ljudi su se poređali do mikrofona da postave pitanja.

Many of them step very firmly to the mic,

Mnogi od njih su veoma ukočeno iskoračili pred mikrofon,

put their hands across their chest, and go,

stavili ruke preko grudi i počeli:

"I know you people are trying to move me out of my house, right?"

''Znam da želite da me iselite iz moje kuće, zar ne?''

So that question is really powerful,

To pitanje je veoma snažno

and it was certainly powerful to us in the moment,

i takvo je bilo i za nas u tom trenutku

when you connect it to the stories

kada ga povežete s pričama

that some Detroiters had,

koje su neki od građana Detroita imali,

and actually a lot of African-Americans'

odnosno, koje je imalo mnogo Afro-američkih

families have had

porodica

that are living in Midwestern cities like Detroit.

koje žive u gradovima srednjeg zapada, kao što je Detroit.

Many of them told us the stories about

Mnogi od njih su nam ispričali

how they came to own their home

kako su nasledili svoje kuće

through their grandparents or great-grandparents,

preko prababe i pradede ili čukunbabe i čukunedede,

who were one of 1.6 million people who migrated

koji su bili među 1,6 miliona ljudi koji su emigrirali

from the rural South to the industrial North,

s ruralnog juga na industrijski sever,

as depicted in this painting by Jacob Lawrence,

kao što je Džejkob Lorens naslikao na svojoj slici

"The Great Migration."

''Velika migracija.''

They came to Detroit for a better way of life.

Došli su u Detroit tražeći bolji život.

Many found work in the automobile industry,

Mnogi su pronašli posao u automobilskoj industriji,

the Ford Motor Company, as depicted in this mural

kompanija Ford, kao što je Dijego Rivera naslikao na ovoj freski

by Diego Rivera in the Detroit Institute of Art.

u institutu za umetnost u Detroitu.

The fruits of their labors would afford them a home,

Plod njihovog rada bi im omogućio dom,

for many the first piece of property that they would ever know,

za mnoge i prvu nekretninu koju su ikada imali,

and a community with other first-time

i zajednicu s drugim Afro-amerikancima

African-American home buyers.

koji su po prvi put kupili kuće.

The first couple of decades of their life in the North

Prvih desetak godina njihovog života na severu

is quite well, up until about 1950,

je teklo dobro, sve do oko 1950,

which coincides with the city's peak population

što se podudara s godinom kad je populacija grada bila na vrhu

at 1.8 million people.

i iznosila 1,8 miliona ljudi.

Now it's at this time that Detroit begins to see

Međutim, sada je trenutak kad se u Detroitu nazire

a second kind of migration,

druga vrsta migracije,

a migration to the suburbs.

migracija u predgrađa.

Between 1950 and 2000,

Između 1950. i 2000.

the region grows by 30 percent.

region se proširio za 30 procenata.

But this time, the migration leaves

Do sada je migracija zadržala

African-Americans in place,

Afro-amerikance u mestu

as families and businesses flee the city,

s obzirom da porodice i velike kompanije beže iz grada,

leaving the city pretty desolate of people

ostavljajući grad opustošen i bez ljudi,

as well as jobs.

ali i poslova.

During that same period, between 1950 and 2000, 2010,

Tokom istog perioda između 1950. i 2000, 2010,

the city loses 60 percent of its population,

grad je izgubio 60% populacije

and today it hovers at above 700,000.

i danas broj kruži oko 700 000 ljudi.

The audience members who come and talk to us that night

Ljudi koji su bili u publici i koji su došli da pričaju s nama to veče,

tell us the stories of what it's like to live in a city

ispričali su nam kako je to živeti u gradu

with such depleted population.

s tako osiromašenom populacijom.

Many tell us that they're one of only a few homes

Mnogi su nam rekli da su oni samo nekolicina ljudi

on their block that are occupied,

iz bloka koji su ostali u kućama

and that they can see several abandoned homes

i da mogu da vide mnogo napuštenih kuća

from where they sit on their porches.

sa svojih tremova.

Citywide, there are 80,000 vacant homes.

Širom grada ima oko 80 000 napuštenih kuća.

They can also see vacant property.

Takođe se može naći i druga napuštena imovina.

They're beginning to see illegal activities

Uočavaju se razne ilegalne radnje

on these properties, like illegal dumping,

na ovoj imovini, kao na primer bacanje smeća,

and they know that because the city has lost so much population,

i znaju da se njihovi troškovi za vodu, struju i gas povećavaju ,

their costs for water, electricity, gas are rising,

s obzirom da je grad ostao bez mnogo populacije,

because there are not enough people to pay property taxes

jer nema mnogo ljudi koji će da plate porez na imovinu

to help support the services that they need.

i na taj način dobiju pomoć koja im je potrebna.

Citywide, there are about 100,000 vacant parcels.

Širom grada se nalazi oko 100 000 praznih parcela.

Now, to quickly give you all a sense of a scale,

Sada ću vam ukratko to pokazati na skali

because I know that sounds like a big number,

jer znam da to zvuči kao velik broj,

but I don't think you quite understand until you look at the city map.

a ne verujem da razumete dok ne pogledate plan grada.

So the city is 139 square miles.

Dakle, grad se prostire na 223 651 kvadratnih kilometara.

You can fit Boston, San Francisco,

Možete da stavite Boston, San Francisko

and the island of Manhattan

i ostrvo Menhetn

within its footprint.

u njegov otisak.

So if we take all of that vacant and abandoned property

Dakle, ako uzmemo u obzir svu tu napuštenu imovinu,

and we smush it together,

i spojimo je,

it looks like about 20 square miles,

izgleda kao oko 32 180 kvadratnih metara

and that's roughly equivalent to the size

i to je ugrubo jednako veličini

of the island we're sitting on today, Manhattan,

ostrva gde danas sedimo, Menhetna,

at 22 square miles.

koja iznosi 35 390 kvadratnih metara.

So it's a lot of vacancy.

Dakle, mnogo napuštenog prostora.

Now some of our audience members

Dalje, neki od ljudi iz publike

also tell us about some of the positive things

su nam spomenuli i neke pozitivne stvari

that are happening in their communities,

koje se dešavaju u njihovim zajednicama

and many of them are banding together

i mnogi od njih rade zajedno na

to take control of some of the vacant lots,

preuzimanju dela napuštenih objekata,

and they're starting community gardens,

i osnivaju zajedničke bašte

which are creating a great sense of community stewardship,

oko kojih se okupljaju.

but they're very, very clear to tell us

Međutim, jasno nam je

that this is not enough,

da to nije dovoljno,

that they want to see their neighborhoods

da žele da vide svoj komšiluk onako kako je izgledao

return to the way that their grandparents had found them.

u vreme njihovih predaka.

Now there's been a lot of speculation since 2010

Od 2010. postoji mnogo spekulacija

about what to do with the vacant property,

o tome šta da se radi s upražnjenom imovinom,

and a lot of that speculation has been around community gardening,

i mnoge spekulacije se odnose na zajedničke bašte

or what we call urban agriculture.

ili, kako mi to zovemo, urbanu poljoprivredu.

So many people would say to us,

Mnogi ljudi bi nam rekli:

"What if you just take all that vacant land and you could make it farmland?

''Šta bi bilo kad bi svu napuštenu imovinu pretvorili u farmu?

It can provide fresh foods,

Može da omogući hranu

and it can put Detroiters back to work too."

i mogla bi pomovo da vrati građane Detroita na posao.''

When I hear that story,

Uvek kad čujem tu priču,

I always imagine the folks from the Great Migration

zamišljam kako se ljudi, koji su učestvovali u velikoj migraciji,

rolling over in their graves,

prevrću u grobovima

because you can imagine that they didn't sacrifice

jer, kao što možete da zamislite, nisu žrtvovali

moving from the South to the North

selidbu s juga na sever

to create a better life for their families,

da bi svojim porodicama omogućili bolji život,

only to see their great-grandchildren return to an agrarian lifestyle,

i da bi opet videli svoje prapraunuke kako se vraćaju poljoprivredi,

especially in a city where they came

naročito u gradu u koji su došli

with little less than a high school education

s malo manje od osnovnog

or even a grammar school education

i srednjoškolskog obrazovanja

and were able to afford the basic elements

i mogli su da priušte osnovne elemente

of the American dream:

američkog sna:

steady work and a home that they owned.

stalan posao i kuću u njihovom vlasništvu.

Now, there's a third wave of migration

Danas se treći talas migracija

happening in Detroit:

dešava u Detroitu:

a new ascendant of cultural entrepreneurs.

nova prevlast kulturnih preduzetnika.

These folks see that same vacant land

Ovi ljudi istu tu upražnjenu zemlju

and those same abandoned homes

i iste te napuštene kuće vide kao

as opportunity for new,

priliku za nove

entrepreneurial ideas and profit,

preduzetničke ideje i profite

so much so that former models

i to na takav način da isti ti

can move to Detroit,

mogu da se presele u Detroit,

buy property, start successful

kupe imovinu, započnu uspešne

businesses and restaurants,

poslove i otvore restorane

and become successful community activists in their neighborhood,

i postanu uspešna zajednica aktivista u njihovom komšiluku

bringing about very positive change.

unoseći sve pozitivne promene.

Similarly, we have small manufacturing companies

Slično tome, imamo male kompanije koje se bave manufakturom

making conscious decisions to relocate to the city.

i koje donose svesne odluke da se prebace u grad.

This company, Shinola, which is a luxury watch

Kompanija Šinola, luksuzna kompanija satova

and bicycle company,

i bicikala,

deliberately chose to relocate to Detroit,

namerno je odlučila da se prebaci u Detroit

and they quote themselves by saying

i sebe citiraju govoreći

they were drawn to the global brand of Detroit's innovation.

da ih je privukao svetski brend detroitskih inovacija.

And they also knew that they can tap into a workforce

Takođe su znali da mogu da unajme radnu snagu

that was still very skilled in how to make things.

koja je veoma obučena za stvaranje novih sadržaja.

Now we have community stewardship

Dakle imamo rukovodstvo zajednice

happening in neighborhoods,

iz komšiluka,

we have cultural entrepreneurs making decisions

imamo preduzetnike koji donose odluke

to move to the city and create enterprises,

da se presele u grad i otvore preduzeća

and we have businesses relocating,

i imamo premeštanje poslova.

and this is all in the context

Sve ovo u kontekstu

of what is no secret to us all,

koji nije tajna,

a city that's under the control

da bi grad bio pod kontrolom

of an emergency manager,

upravnika za hitna pitanja

and just this July filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy.

koji je ovog jula optužen za bankrot.

So 2010, we started this process, and by 2013,

Dakle, 2010. smo započeli proces i do 2013.

we released Detroit Future City,

smo predstavili grad Detroit u budućnosti

which was our strategic plan to guide the city

što je bio naš strateški plan da vodimo grad

into a better and more prosperous

u bolje, prosperitetnije

and more sustainable existence --

i obonovljivo postojanje -

not what it was, but what it could be,

ne ono što je bio, nego što bi mogao da bude,

looking at new ways of economic growth,

gledajući na razne načine da ekonomski ojača

new forms of land use,

da se zemlja koristi u druge svrhe,

more sustainable and denser neighborhoods,

održivije i gušće komšiluke,

a reconfigured infrastructure and city service system,

na drugačiju infrastrukturu i gradski sistem usluga

and a heightened capacity for civic leaders

i na povećan kapacitet građanskih lidera

to take action and implement change.

da preuzmu stvar i uvedu promene.

Three key imperatives were really important

Tri ključna cilja su bila važna

to our work.

za naš posao.

One was that the city itself wasn't necessarily too large,

Jedan je bio da grad nije mnogo velik,

but the economy was too small.

ali da je privreda slaba.

There are only 27 jobs per 100 people in Detroit,

Postoji samo 27 poslova na 100 ljudi u Detroitu,

very different from a Denver or an Atlanta or a Philadelphia

mnogo drugačije od Denvera, Atlante ili Filadelfije

that are anywhere between 35 to 70 jobs per 100 people.

koji nude između 35 do 70 poslova na 100 ljudi.

Secondly, there had to be an acceptance

Druga stvar, morali smo da prihvatimo činjenicu

that we were not going to be able to use

da nećemo moći neko vreme da koristimo

all of this vacant land in the way that we had before

svu upražnjenu zemlju na način na koji smo i pre

and maybe for some time to come.

a možda i još neko vreme.

It wasn't going to be our traditional residential neighborhoods

To ne bi bio naš tradicionalni komšiluk

as we had before,

kao što je bio pre,

and urban agriculture, while a very productive

a urbana poljoprivreda, iako je veoma produktivno

and successful intervention happening in Detroit,

i uspešno dešavanje u Detroitu,

was not the only answer,

nije bila jedini odgovor

that what we had to do is look at these areas

morali smo da pogledamo ove oblasti

where we had significant vacancy

gde smo imali dosta praznine

but still had a significant number of population

ali smo još uvek posedovali značajan broj populacije

of what could be new, productive, innovative,

koja je mogla da bude nova, produktivna, inovativna

and entrepreneurial uses

i preduzetnička snaga

that could stabilize those communities,

koja bi stabilizovala te zajednice

where still nearly 300,000 residents lived.

gde još uvek živi skoro oko 300 000 stanovnika.

So we came up with one neighborhood typology --

Počeli smo od jedne tipologije komšiluka -

there are several -- called a live-make neighborhood,

ima ih mnogo - koja je nazvana životni komšiluk,

where folks could reappropriate

gde su ljudi mogli da ponovno prisvoje

abandoned structures

napuštene objekte

and turn them into entrepreneurial enterprises,

i pretvore ih u preduzetničke firme

with a specific emphasis on looking at the, again,

s posebnim naglaskom na onu većinu

od 82% Afro-američke populacije.

majority 82 percent African-American population.

So they, too, could take businesses

I oni bi, dakle, mogli da započnu poslove

that they maybe were doing out of their home

koje su možda radili od kuće

and grow them to more prosperous industries

i da ih učine prosperitetnim industrijama

and actually acquire property so they were actually

i da u stvari usvoje imovinu kako bi postali

property owners as well as business owners

njeni vlasnici, kao i poslovni vlasnici

in the communities with which they resided.

u zajednicama gde su živeli.

Then we also wanted to look at other ways

Zatim smo želeli da pogledamo i iz ugla

of using land in addition to growing food

upotrebe zemlje za uzgajanje hrane

and transforming landscape into

i pretvaranje pejzaža

much more productive uses,

u mnogo produktivniju namenu

so that it could be used for storm water management, for example,

da bi, na primer, mogla da se koristi za upravljanje vodom u slučaju oluja

by using surface lakes and retention ponds,

tako što bi koristili jezera i ribnjake

that created neighborhood amenities,

koji su stvorili korist u komšiluku,

places of recreation,

mesta za rekreaciju,

and actually helped to elevate

i u stvari pomogli da podignu

adjacent property levels.

nivo susedne imovine.

Or we could use it as research plots,

Ili možemo da ih koristimo kao plan za istraživanje

where we can use it to remediate contaminated soils,

u svrhu remediranja zagađenog tla,

or we could use it to generate energy.

ili možemo da ih koristimo da bismo proizveli energiju.

So the descendants of the Great Migration

Potomci velike migracije

could either become precision watchmakers at Shinola,

bi mogli da se zaposle kao precizni časovničari u Šinoli,

like Willie H., who was featured in one of their ads last year,

kao Vili H, koji je bio u jednoj njihovoj reklami prošle godine

or they can actually grow a business

ili mogu da osnuju posao

that would service companies like Shinola.

koji bi pomagao kompanije poput Šinole.

The good news is, there is a future

Dobre vesti su da postoji budućnost

for the next generation of Detroiters,

za sledeću generaciju građana Detroita

both those there now and those that want to come.

kako za one koji su tamo tako i za one koji žele da dođu.

So no thank you, Mayor Menino,

Stoga, ne, hvala gradonačelniče Menino,

who recently was quoted as saying,

koji je nedavno citiran rekavši:

"I'd blow up the place and start over."

''Razneo bih mesto i počeo ispočetka.''

There are very important people,

U Detroitu su veoma važni ljudi,

business and land assets in Detroit,

posao i zemlja

and there are real opportunities there.

kao i prave prilike za napredak.

So while Detroit might not be what it was,

Dok Detroit možda nije ono što je bio,

Detroit will not die.

neće ni umreti.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

Aplauz